HERALDRY

A SCIENCE which teaches how to blazon, or explain in proper terms, all that belongs to coats-of-arms; and how to marshal, or dispose regularly, divers arms on a field. It also teaches whatever relates to the marshalling of solemn calvacades, processions, and other public ceremonies at coronations, installations, creations of peers, nuptials, christening of princes, funerals, &c.

Arms, or coats-of-arms, are hereditary marks of honour, made up of fixed and determined colours and figures, granted by sovereign princes, as a reward for military valour, a shining virtue, or a signal public service; and which serve to denote the descent and alliance of the bearer, or to distinguish states, cities, societies, &c. civil, ecclesiastical, and military.

Thus heraldry is the science, of which arms are the proper object; but yet they differ much both in their origin and antiquity. Heraldry, according to Sir George Mackenzie, "as digested into an art, and subjected to rules, must be ascribed to Charlemagne and Frederick Barbarossa, for it did begin and grow with the feudal law." Sir John Ferne is of opinion, that we did borrow arms from the Egyptians; meaning, from their hieroglyphicks. Sir William Dugdale mentions, that arms, as marks of honour, were first used by great commanders in war, necessity requiring that their persons should be notified to their friends and followers. The learned Alexander Nisbet, in his excellent system of heraldry, says, that arms owe their rise and beginning to the light of nature; and that signs and marks of honour were made use of in the first ages of the world, and by all nations, however simple and illiterate, to distinguish the noble from the ignoble. We find in Homer, Virgil, and Ovid, that their heroes had divers figures on their shields, whereby their persons were distinctly known. Alexander the Great, desirous to honour those of his captains and soldiers who had done any glorious action, and also to excite an emulation among the rest, did grant them certain badges to be borne on their armour, pennons, and banners: ordering, at the same time, that no person or potentate, through his empire, should attempt or presume to give or tolerate the bearing of those signs upon the armour of any man, but it should be a power reserved to himself; which prerogative has been claimed ever since by all other kings and sovereign princes within their dominions.

After these and many other different opinions, all that can be said with any certainty is, that, in all ages, men have made use of figures of living creatures, or symbolical signs, to denote the bravery and courage either of their chief or nation, to render themselves the more terrible to their enemies, and even to distinguish themselves or families, as names do individuals. The famous C. Agrippa, in his treatise of the vanity of sciences, cap. 81. has collected many instances of these marks of distinction, anciently borne by kingdoms and states that were any way civilized, viz.

The last is still borne in the arms of his present Britannic Majesty. As to hereditary arms of families, William Camden, Sir Henry Spelman, and other judicious heralds, agree, that they began no sooner than towards the latter end of the 11th century. According to Father Menefrier's opinion, a French writer whose authority is of great weight in this matter, Henry l'Oiseleur (the Falconer) who was raised to the imperial throne of the West in 920, by regulating tournaments in Germany gave occasion to the establishment of family-arms, or hereditary marks of honour, which undeniably are more ancient and better observed among the Germans than in any other nation. Moreover, this last author asserts, that with tournaments first came up coats-of-arms; which were a sort of livery, made up of several lills, fillets, or narrow pieces of stuff of divers colours, from whence came the fess, the bend, the pale, &c. which were the original charges of family-arms; for they who never had been at tournaments, had not such marks of distinction. They who inscribed themselves in the Croisades, took up also several new figures hitherto unknown in armorial ensigns; such as alerions, bezants, escalop shells, martlets, &c. but more particularly crosses, of different colours for distinction's sake. From this it may be concluded, that heraldry, like most human inventions, was insensibly introduced and established; and that, after having been rude and unsettled for many ages, it was at last methodised, perfected, and fixed, by the Croisades and tournaments.

These marks of honour are called arms, from their being principally and first worn by military men at war and tournaments, who had them engraved, embossed, or depicted on shields, targets, banners, or other martial instruments. They are also called coats-of-arms, from the custom of the ancients embroidering them on the coats they wore over their arms, as heralds do to this day.

Arms are distinguished by different names, to denote the causes of their bearing; such as,

Arms of dominion or sovereignty are those which emperors, kings, and sovereign states, do constantly bear; being, as it were, annexed to the territories, kingdoms, and provinces, they possess. Thus the three lions are the arms of England, the fleurs-de-lis those of France, &c.

Arms of pretension are those of such kingdoms, pro-

provinces, or territories, to which a prince or lord has some claim, and which he adds to his own, although the said kingdoms or territories be possessed by a foreign prince or other lord. Thus the kings of England have quartered the arms of France with their own, ever since Edward III. laid claim to the kingdom of France, which happened in the year 1330, on account of his being son to Isabella, sister to Charles the Handsome, who died without issue.

Arms of concession or augmentation of honour, are either entire arms, or else one or more figures, given by princes as a reward for some extraordinary service. We read in history, that Robert Bruce, king of Scotland, allowed the earl of Wintoun's ancestor to bear, in his coat-armour, a crown supported by a sword, to shew that he, and the clan Seaton, of which he was the head, supported his tottering crown. The late Queen Anne granted to Sir Cloudesly Shovel, rear-admiral of Great Britain, a chevron between two fleurs-de-lis in chief, and a crescent in base, to denote three great victories he had gained; two over the French, and one over the Turks.

Arms of community, are those of bishoprics, cities, universities, academies, societies, companies, and other bodies corporate.

Arms of patronage, are such as governors of provinces, lords of manors, patrons of benefices, &c. add to their family-arms, as a token of their superiority, rights, and jurisdiction. These arms have introduced into heraldry, castles, gates, wheels, ploughs, rakes, harrows, &c.

Arms of family, or paternal-arms, are those that belong to one particular family, that distinguish it from others, and which no person is suffered to assume without committing a crime, which sovereigns have a right to restrain and punish.

Arms of alliance, are those which families, or private persons, take up and join to their own, to denote the alliances they have contracted by marriage. This sort of arms is either impaled, or borne in an escutcheon of pretence, by those who have married heiresses.

Arms of succession, are such as are taken up by them who inherit certain estates, manors, &c. either by will, entail, or donation, and which they either impale or quarter with their own arms; which multiplies the titles of some families out of necessity, and not through ostentation, as many imagine.

These are the eight classes under which the divers sorts of arms are generally ranged; but there is a sort which blazoners call assumptive arms, being such as are taken up by the caprice or fancy of upstarts, though of ever so mean extraction, who, being advanced to a degree of fortune, assume them without a legal title. This, indeed, is a great abuse of heraldry; and common only in Britain, for on the continent no such practice takes place.

We now proceed to consider the essential and integral parts of arms, which are these:

The ESCUTCHEON, The CHARGES,
The TINCTURES, The ORNAMENTS.

C H A P. I.

Of the SHIELD or ESCUTCHEON.

THE Shield, or Escutcheon, is the field or ground whereon are represented the figures that make up a

coat of arms: for these marks of distinction were put on bucklers or shields, before they were placed on banners, standards, flags, and coat-armour; and wherever they may be fixed, they are still on a plane or superficies, whose form resembles a shield.

Shields, in heraldry called escutcheons, or seutcheons, from the Latin word scutum, have been, and still are, of different forms, according to different times and nations. Amongst ancient shields, some were almost like a horse-shoe, such as is represented by n^o 1. in the figure of Escutcheon; others triangular, somewhat rounded at the bottom, as n^o 2. The people who inhabited Mesopotamia, now called Diarbeck, made use of this sort of shield, which, it is thought, they had of the Trojans. Sometimes the shield was heptagonal, that is, had seven sides, as n^o 3.—The first of this shape is said to have been used by the famous triumvir M. Antony. That of knights-banneret was square, like a banner, as n^o 4. As to modern escutcheons, those of the Italians, particularly of ecclesiastics, are generally oval, as n^o 5. The English, French, Germans, and other nations, have their escutcheons formed different ways, according to the carver's or painter's fancy; see the various examples contained from n^o 6—16 of the figure. But the escutcheon of maids, widows, and of such as are born ladies, and are married to private gentlemen, is in the form of a lozenge. See n^o 17—20. Sir George Mackenzie mentions one Muriel, countess of Strathern, who carried her arms in a lozenge, anno 1284, which shews how long we have been versant in heraldry.

Armorists distinguish several parts or points in escutcheons, in order to determine exactly the position of the bearings they are charged with; they are here denoted by the first nine letters of the alphabet, ranged in the following manner:

A—the dexter chief.
B—the precise middle chief.
C—the sinister chief.
D—the honour point.
E—the fess point.
F—the nombril point.
G—the dexter base.
H—the precise middle base.
I—the sinister base.

The knowledge of these points is of great importance, and ought to be well observed, for they are frequently occupied with several things of different kinds. It is necessary to observe, that the dexter-side of the escutcheon is opposite to the left hand, and the sinister side to the right hand of the person that looks on it.

C H A P. II.

Of TINCTURES, FURS, LINES, and DIFFERENCES.

SECT. I. Of Tinctures.

By tinctures is meant that variable hue of arms which is common both to shields and their bearings. According to the French heralds, there are but seven tinctures in armory; of which two are metals, the other five are colours.

The Metals are,

Gold, } termed } Or.
Silver, } } Argent.

20 M 2

The

When natural bodies, such as animals, plants, celestial bodies, &c. are introduced into coats of arms, they frequently retain their natural colours, which is expressed in this science by the word proper.

Besides the five colours abovementioned, the English writers on heraldry admit two others, viz.

But these two are rarely to be found in British bearings.

These tinctures are represented in engravings and drawings (the invention of the ingenious Silvester Petra Sancta, an Italian author of the last century), by dots and lines, as in fig. ii. n^o 1-9.

Or is expressed by dots.

Argent needs no mark, and is therefore plain.

Azure, by horizontal lines.

Gules, by perpendicular lines.

Vert, by diagonal lines from the dexter chief to the sinister-base points.

Purpure, by diagonal lines from the sinister-chief to the dexter-base points.

Sable, by perpendicular and horizontal lines crossing each other.

Tenny, by diagonal lines from the sinister-chief to the dexter-base points, traversed by horizontal lines.

Sanguine, by lines crossing each other diagonally from dexter to sinister, and from sinister to dexter.

Sir George McKenzie observes, that "some fantastic heralds have blazoned not only by the ordinary colours and metals, but by flowers, days of the week, parts of a man's body, &c. and have been condemned for it by the heralds of all nations. "Yet the English have so far owned this fancy," (the most judicious of them, as Mr Cartwright and others, reprobate it as absurd,) "that they give it for a rule, that the coats of sovereigns should be blazoned by the planets, those of noblemen by precious stones; and have suited them in the manner here set down:

" But I crave leave to say, that these are but mere fancies, and are likewise unfit for the art, for these reasons: 1st, The French (from whom the English derive their heraldry, not only in principles, but in words of the French language,) do not only not use these different ways of blazoning, but treat them en ridicule. 2dly, The Italian, Spanish, and Latin heralds use no such different forms, but blazon by the ordinary metals and colours. 3dly, Art

" should imitate nature; and as it would be an unnatural thing in common discourse not to call red red, because a prince wears it, so it is unnatural to use these terms in heraldry, and it may fall out to be very ridiculous in some arms; for instance, if a prince had for his arms an ass couchant under his burden gules, how ridiculous would it be to say he had an ass couchant Mars?—A hundred other examples might be given; but it is enough to say, that this is to confound colours with charges, and the things that are borne with colours. 4thly, It makes the art unpleasant, and deters gentlemen from studying it, and strangers from understanding what our heraldry is; nor could the arms of our princes and nobility be translated in this disguise into Latin or any other language. But that which convinces most that this is an error is, because it makes that great rule unnecessary, whereby colour cannot be put upon colour, nor metal upon metal; but this cannot hold but where metals and colours are expressed."

The English heralds give different names to the roundlet (n^o 10), according to its colour. Thus, if it is

The French, and all other nations, do not admit such a multiplicity of names to this figure; but call them Bezants, after an ancient coin struck at Constantinople, once Byzantium, if they are Or and Torteaux; if of any other tincture, expressing the same.

SECT. II. Of Furs.

Furs represent the hairy skin of certain beasts, prepared for the doublings or linings of robes and garments of state: and as shields were anciently covered with furred skins, they are therefore used in heraldry not only for the linings of the mantles, and other ornaments of the shields, but also in the coats of arms themselves.

There are three different kinds in general use, viz. Plate
1. Ermine; which is a field argent, powdered with black spots, their tails terminating in three hairs. (Fig. ii. n^o 11.)

2. Counter-ermine, where the field is sable, and the powdering white. (n^o 12.)

3. Vair (n^o 15.), which is expressed by blue and white skins, cut into the forms of little bells, ranged in rows opposite to each other, the base of the white ones being always next to that of the blue ones. Vair is usually of six rows; if there be more or fewer, the number ought to be expressed; and if the colours are different from those abovementioned, they must likewise be expressed.

The English multiply the furs, as well as the names of the tinctures, though no other nation has adopted such varieties. Thus they give us,

1. White, which is the natural colour of the ermine; but

Of Lines. but it is used on no other occasion but in the descriptions of mantles.

2. Ermines, which is the same with contra-ermine.

3. Ermineis; the field is Or, the powdering Sable, (n^o 13.). For the use of this fur Guillim cites Bara, p. 14. but no such fur is to be found in Bara.

4. Pean; the field is Sable, the powdering Or, (n^o 14.). The French use no such term; but they call all furs or doublings des pannes, or pennes, which term has possibly given rise to this mistake, and many others, in those who do not understand the French language.

5. Erminites; the same as Ermine, with the addition of a red hair on each side of the black. Sir Geo. Mackenzie calls these distinctions "but fancies, for Erminites signifies properly little Ermines."

6. Counter-vair; when the bells of the same tincture are placed base against base, and point against point, (n^o 16.).

7. Potent-counter-potent, anciently called Vairy-cuppy, as when the field is filled with crutches or potents counter-placed, (n^o 17.).

It may not be improper to observe, that the use of the tinctures took its rise from the several colours used by warriors whilst they were in the army, which S. de Petra Sancta proves by many citations. And because it was the custom to embroider gold and silver on silk, or silk on cloth of gold and silver, the heralds did therefore appoint, that in imitation of the clothes so embroidered, colour should never be used upon colour, nor metal upon metal.

SECT. III. Of the Lines used in the Parting of Fields.

ESCUTECHONS are either of one tincture, or more than one: those that are of one only, that is, when some metal, colour, or fur, is spread all over the surface or field, such a tincture is said to be predominant. But in such as have on them more than one, as most have, the field is divided by lines, which, according to their divers forms, receive various names.

Lines may be either straight or crooked. Straight lines are carried evenly through the escutcheon; and are of four different kinds, viz. a perpendicular line, |; a horizontal, —; a diagonal dexter, \; a diagonal sinister, /.

Crooked lines are those which are carried unevenly through the escutcheon with rising and falling. French armorists reckon 11 different sorts of them; Guillim admits of seven only; but there are 14 distinct kinds, the figures and names of which are as in fig. i. (A), n^o 1—14. viz.

1. The engrailed. 2. The invested. 3. The wavy. 4. The embattled, or crenelle. 5. The nebule. 6. The raguly. 7. The indented. 8. The dancette. 9. The dove-tail. 10. The grafted. 11. The embattled aronde. 12. The battled embattled. 13. The patee or dove-tail. 14. Champaine.

The principal reason why lines are thus used in heraldry, is to difference bearings which would be otherwise the same; for an escutcheon charged with a chief engrailed, differs from one charged with a chief

wavy, as much as if the one bore a cross and the other a saltier.

As the forementioned lines serve to divide the field, it must be observed, that if the division consists of two equal parts made by the perpendicular-line, it is called parted per pale; by the horizontal-line, parted per fess; by the diagonal-dexter, parted per bend; by the diagonal-sinister, parted per bend-sinister; examples of which will be given in the sequel of this treatise.

If a field is divided into four equal parts by any of these lines, it is said to be quartered, which may be done two ways, viz.

Quartered or parted per cross; which is made by a perpendicular and horizontal line, which, crossing each other at the centre of the field, divide it into four equal parts called quarters. See Plate CXLIV. under fig. i. (A).

Quartered or parted per saltier; which is made by two diagonal lines, dexter and sinister, that cross one another in the centre of the field, and likewise divide it into four equal parts. Ibid.

The escutcheon is sometimes divided into a greater number of parts, in order to place in it the arms of the several families to which one is allied; and in this case it is called a genealogical achievement. These divisions may consist of 6, 8, 12, and 16, quarters, [as under fig. i. (A.)] and even sometimes of 20, 32, 64, and upwards; there being examples of such divisions frequently exhibited at pompous funerals. An extraordinary instance of this kind was lately exhibited at the pompous funeral of the late worthy viscountess Townsend, whose corps was brought from Dublin castle in Ireland, to Rainham-hall in Norfolk, one of the principal tenants on horseback carrying before the hearse a genealogical banner, containing the quarterings of his lordship's and her ladyship's family, to the amount of upwards of 160 coats. Sir George Booth, the present rector of the valuable living of Ashton under Line, bears six distinct coats-of-arms in his shield, viz. those for Booth, Barton, Venables, Mountfort, Ashton, Egerton; and has besides a right to 37 other coats: but Sir William Dugdale very justly objects to so many arms being clustered together in one shield or banner, on account of the difficulty of discerning and knowing afunder one coat-of-arms from another.

SECT. IV. Of the Differences of Coats-of-Arms.

ARMORISTS have invented divers differences, or characteristic marks, whereby bearers of the same coat-of-arms are distinguished each from others, and their nearness to the principal bearer demonstrated. According to J. Guillim, these differences are to be considered either as ancient or modern.

ART. I. OF ANCIENT DIFFERENCES.

THOSE he calls ancient differences consist in bordures (A); which is a bearing that goes all round, and parallel to the boundary of the escutcheon, in form of a hem, and always contains a fifth part of the field in breadth. Bordures were used in ancient times for the distinguishing not only of one nation or tribe from another, but also to note a diversity between particular persons descended of one family and from the same parents.

(A) Bordures are still introduced into English coats-of-arms, but for particular reasons, which heralds can best explain. They are by the French frequently taken for a principal figure, and numbered among the rest of the ordinaries.

parents. This distinction, however, was not expressly signified by unvariable marks; nor were bordures always appropriated to denote the different degrees of consanguinity: for, as Sir Henry Spelman observes in his Alphologia, p. 140, ancient heralds, being fond of perspicuous differences, often inverted the paternal tincture, or sometimes inserted another charge in the escutcheon, such as bends, crosetts, cantons, or the like; which irregularity has, I suppose, induced modern armorists to invent and make use of others."

There are bordures of different forms and tinctures, as in the examples, fig. iii.

1. "Sable, a Bordure Argent;" borne by the right hon. Sackville Tufton, Earl of Thanet.—When a bordure is plain, you are not to mention it, as it is always understood so in heraldry, though it be not expressed; but if it has any other form, you are to signify it.

2. "Gules, a Bordure engrailed Argent;" borne by the right hon. Charles Gray, lord Gray.—This is called engrailed, from the French word engrillé, which signifies a thing the hail has fallen upon and broken off the edges, leaving it with little semicircles struck out of it.

3. "Gules, a Bordure engrailed Or;" borne by the right hon. George Talbot, earl of Shrewsbury.—You must observe, that, in a bordure or ordinary formed of these lines, the points are represented on all sides towards the field, and the semicircles turned towards the bordure or ordinary.

4. "Argent, a Bordure inverted Azure."—This is quite contrary to the last; for, as the other turns its points from the bordure into the field, so contrarywise this does, by the inversion of the points from the field into the bordure. Such a charge, or any other formed of these lines, is seldom to be met with in English coats-of-arms.

5. "Gules, a Bordure indented Argent."—The word indented requires very little explanation, the signification being obvious to all persons, from its figure, which is composed of tracts resembling teeth, called in Latin dentis.

6. "Azure, a Bordure Ermine."

7. "Vert, a Bordure Vair."

8. "Ermine, a Bordure compoy, or gobony, Or and Sable."—This is so termed from its being composed of small and equal pieces. J. Guillim calls this bordure gobonated, which implies the same meaning; but the word being obsolete, is not used by modern heralds.

9. "Quarterly, Azure and Gules, a Bordure compoy Argent and Azure;" borne by his grace Henry Somerset, duke of Beaufort, &c.

10. "Azure, a Bordure counter-compoy Argent and Gules."—Observe, that the counter-compoy does always consist of two tracts, and no more.

11. "Or, a Bordure checky Argent and Sable."—This has a great resemblance with the last bordure, having only one tract more; therefore you must take care, before you blazon, to number them, or else you may easily err in taking the one for the other.

12. "Gules, a Bordure Argent charged with eight Trefoils slipped proper, that is, Vert."—All nations use few terms in blazoning bordures; but English armorists, in order, possibly, to raise the dignity of this

science, have perplexed it, and rendered it unintelligible to all foreigners, by introducing into it several mythical names, among which may be reckoned the following ones, viz. They call a bordure, if charged with eight plants, fruits, flowers, or leaves, verday of such vegetables; or enalaron of such birds, enurny of beasts, perfeow of furs, and entoyre of inanimate things of what kind soever.

13. "Gules on a Bordure Azure, eight Stars Or."

14. "Argent, a Bordure compoy of the last and Gules, the first charged with Roses of the second, barbed and seeded proper."—This bordure is borne by his grace Charles Lennox, duke of Richmond, &c.

15. "Ermine, within a Bordure engrailed Gules;" the coat-of-arms of the right hon. Henry-Benedict Barnewall, viscount-Kingland, &c. of Ireland.—This ancient and noble family is of French extraction, and allied to the dukes of Little-Bretagne, where the name continues still in great repute.

16. "Argent, a Bordure Sable charged with eight Befants;" borne by the right hon. — Cole, lord Ranelagh, of Ireland.

17. "Party per pale Argent and Gules, a Bordure charged with eight Escalops counterchanged;" the coat-of-arms of the right hon. William Maule, earl of Panmure, &c. of Ireland. This very ancient family is originally French, and derives its surname from the town and lordship of Maule in Normandy, where the same arms are still to be seen in the parish-church.

18. "Azure, a Bordure quarterly, the first and fourth Ermine, the second and third counter-compoy Argent and Azure."

19. "Purpure, a Bordure compoy Or and Gules, each of the last charged with a Befant."

20. "Quarterly Or and Gules, within a Bordure Vert, charged with eight Escalops Or."

We shall conclude this head with observing, that a bordure is never of metal upon metal, and seldom of colour upon colour, but rather of the tincture which the principal bearing or charge is of. Thus Sir — Dalziel of Glenae, whose predecessor was a younger brother of the noble family of Carnwath, has, within a Bordure Argent, the paternal coat of the ancient name of Dalziel, viz. "Sable, a hanged man with his arms extended, Argent;" formerly they carried him hanging on a gallows. This bearing, though so very singular for a coat-of-arms, was given as a reward to one of the ancestors of the late Robert Dalziel, earl of Carnwath, to perpetuate the memory of a brave and hazardous exploit performed in taking down from a gallows the body of a favourite and near relation of king Kenneth II. hung up by the Picts, which story is thus related by Alexander Nisbet: "The king being exceedingly grieved that the body of his minion and kinsman should be so disgracefully treated, he proffered a great reward to any of his subjects who would adventure to rescue his corpse from the disgrace his cruel enemies had unjustly put upon it: but when none would undertake this hazardous enterprise, at last a valorous gentleman came and said to the king, Dalziel, which signifies, "I dare;" and he did actually perform that noble exploit to the king's satisfaction and his own immortal honour, and in memory of it got the aforesaid remarkable bearing; and afterwards his posterity took the word Dalziel for their surname, and

Fig. 1 (A).

LINES DIFFERENCES, &c.

N. 1. Engrailed

2. Involved.

3. The Navy.

4. The Embattled.

5. The Volute.

6. The Regule.

7. The Indented.

8. The Gancelle.

9. The Grafted

10. The Dove tail

11. The Embattled aronde

12. Battled Embattled

13. The Dove tail

14. The Champaine

2. Croissant.

3. Mullet.

4. Martlet.

5. Annulet.

7. Rose.

8. Crest. Mohr.

9. Waterfowl.

Quarterly per Orp.

Perle

Genealogical Achievement?

Fretty

Gyron.

Pile.

Inwaulchen.

Fressure.

Fianche.

Foiden.

Serenge.

Fusil.

Mascle.

Rustre.

Gyronny.

HERALDRY.

Fig. 1 (B)

ESCUTCHEONS.

Fig. 2.
TINCTURES.

Modern the interpretation of it, I dare, continues even to this Differences. day to be the motto of that noble family." We can have no better proof of the truth of this tradition than this, that the heads of this ancient family have, for many ages, carefully retained this bearing without any alteration or addition.

The modern differences, which the English have adopted, not only for the distinguishing of sons issued out of one family, but also to denote the difference and subordinate degrees in each house from the original ancestors, are nine, viz.

For the heir or first son, the Label. 2d son, the Crescent. 3d son, the Mullet. 4th son, the Martlet. 5th son, the Annulet. 6th son, the Flower-de-luce. 7th son, the Rose. 8th son, the Cross-moline. 9th son, the Double Quater-foil.

By these differences, the six sons of Thomas Beauchamp, the 15th earl of Warwick, who died in the 34th year of king Edward III. are distinguished in an old window of the church of St Mary at Warwick; so that although they are called modern differences, their usage with the English is ancient.

It must be observed, that, of all the forementioned marks of distinction, none but the label is affixed on the coats-of-arms belonging to any of the royal family; which the introducers of this peculiarity have, however, thought proper to difference by additional pendants and distinct charges on them.

As to the distinction to be made in the arms of the offspring belonging to each of the above-mentioned brothers, it is expressed by figures on the top and margin of the table contained in fig. iv. For instance, The heir or first son of the second house, beareth a crescent charged with a label during his father's life only. The second son of the second house, a crescent charged with another crescent. The third son of the second house, a crescent charged with a mullet. The fourth son of the second house, a crescent charged with a martlet. The fifth son of the second house, a crescent charged with an annulet. The sixth son of the second house, a crescent charged with a flower-de-luce; and so on of the other sons, taking care to have them of a different tincture.

In what part of the escutcheon these differences should be borne is not certain; for Guillim, Morgan, and others, give us many different examples of their position. The honour-point would be the properest place, if the arms would admit of it; but that is not always the case, as that part may be charged with some figure in the paternal coat, which cannot with propriety receive the difference. There are instances where these are borne as perfect coats of arms, as the examples subjoined to the Table of Houses sufficiently shew, which are to be blazoned thus:

The first is "Azure, a Label argent."—When such a label is borne as a difference, the pendants, according to G. Leigh, signify that he is but the third person; the dexter pendant referring to his father, the sinister to his mother, and the middle one to himself.

The second is "Argent, a Label of five points Azure;" borne by the name of Huntington. If a label has more or less than three pendants or points,

they are to be expressed as in the foregoing example. The third is "Azure, a Crescent argent," borne by the name of Lucy.—The reason G. Leigh assigns for the second son's having a crescent for a difference, is to show that he should increase the family by adding to it riches and reputation.

The fourth is "Argent, a Mullet Sable, on a Chief Azure, a Fleur-de-lis Or;" borne by the name of Rogers, in Gloucestershire.—A mullet or spur was appointed for the third son's difference, as the last-mentioned author says, to shew that he should follow chivalry.

The fifth is "Azure, a Fleur-de-lis Argent;" borne by the Right-hon. Henry Digby, baron Digby of Geeskil, in King's county, Ireland.

These few examples, among many more that might be given, demonstrate the impropriety of adopting these modern differences, as they are called, for marks of cadency to distinguish the different branches of a family; for it is impossible to distinguish the uncle or grand-uncle, from the nephew or grand-nephew, if each of them are second, third, or fourth sons; and in the course of succession these differences would multiply to such a number, that it would be impossible to delineate them distinctly in most cases. But as they are given by most of the English writers on heraldry, though no foreign nation uses them, it was thought proper to insert them here.

Sisters, except of the blood-royal, have no other mark of difference in their coats-of-arms, but the form of the escutcheon, (as observed before); therefore they are permitted to bear the arms of their father, even as the eldest son does after his father's decease. The reason of which is by Guillim said to be, that when they are married, they lose their surname, and receive that of their husbands.

Next to these diminutions G. Leigh, J. Guillim, and after them Dr Harris in his Lexicon Technicum, set forth at large divers figures, which they pretend were formerly added to the coats of such as were to be punished and branded for cowardice, fornication, slander, adultery, treason, or murder, for which they give them the name of abatements of honour; but as they produce but one instance of such whiffling bearings, we have not inserted them here. Besides, arms, being marks of honour, they cannot admit of any note of infamy; nor would anybody now-a-days bear them, if they were so branded. It is true, a man may be degraded for divers crimes, particularly high treason; but in such cases the escutcheon is reversed, trod upon, and torn in pieces, to denote a total extinction and suppression of the honour and dignity of the person to whom it belonged.

ARMORISTS call a charge whatsoever is contained in the field, whether it occupy the whole, or only a part thereof. All charges are distinguished by the names of honourable ordinaries, sub-ordinaries, and common charges.

Honourable ordinaries, the principal charges in heraldry, are made of lines only, which, according to their

Honourable Ordinaries. their disposition and form, receive different names. Sub-ordinaries are ancient heraldic figures frequently used in coats-of-arms, and which are distinguished by terms appropriated to each of them. Common charges are composed of natural, artificial, and even chimerical things, such as planets, creatures, vegetables, instruments, &c.

SECT. I. Of Honourable Ordinaries.

THE most judicious armorists admit only of nine honourable ordinaries, viz.

Of these, but six have diminutives, which are called as follows: That of the chief is a fillet: The pale has a pallet and endorse; the bend, a bendlet, cost, and ribband: The bend-sinister has the scarpe and bâton; the bar, the closet and barulet; the cheveron a chevronel and couple-cloise. All which shall be treated of in order.

ART. I. Of the CHIEF.

THE chief is an ordinary determined by an horizontal line, which, if it is of any other form but straight, must be expressed. It is placed in the upper part of the escutcheon, and containeth in depth the third part of the field. Its diminutive is a fillet, the content of which is not to exceed one fourth of the chief, and standeth in the lowest part thereof. This ordinary is subject to be charged with variety of figures; and may be indented, wavy, nebule, &c. as in the examples, fig. v.

N^o 1. is "Or, a Chief indented Azure;" borne by the right hon. Edmund Butler, viscount Mountgarret, &c. of the kingdom of Ireland. This great and illustrious family of the Butlers, so renowned for the many valiant and loyal persons it has produced, is descended from the ancient counts of Brion in Normandy; but since king Henry II. conferred the office of chief butler of Ireland upon one of the family, he and his successors have assumed the name of Butler.

2. "Azure a Chief engrailed Or."

3. "Argent, a Chief invested Vert."

4. "Vert, a Chief undy Or."

5. "Azure, a Chief nebule Argent."

6. "Or, a Chief checky Azure and Argent."

7. "Ermine, a Chief quarterly Or and Gules;" borne by the name of Peckham.

8. "Argent, a Chief Sable, in the lower part thereof a Fillet of the Field."

9. "Azure, fretty Argent, a Chief Or;" borne by the right hon. Hayes St Leger, viscount Doneraile, &c. of the county of Cork in Ireland. This ancient and noble family is of French extraction; and is descended from Sir Robert Sent Legere, knight, who, in 1066, accompanied William duke of Normandy in his expedition into England; and the family have a tradition, that he, with his own hand, supported the said duke when he quitted the ship to land in Sussex.

10. "Argent, on a Chief engrailed Azure, a Tortoise passant Or;" borne by the name of Bidgood.

Honourable Ordinaries. 11. "Argent, on a Chief Gules, two Spur revels Or;" borne by the right hon. John St John, lord St John of Bletshoe, &c. Of this ancient family, which derive their surname from a place called St John in Normandy, was John de St John, Esq. who having a principal employment in the army of the Norman duke, attended him in his expedition into England.

12. "Argent, on a Chief Vert, two Spears Heads erect of the Field, the points imbrued Gules;" borne by the Right Hon. George Brodrick, Viscount Middleton, &c. of the kingdom of Ireland. This family is lineally descended from George de Brodrick, who came into England in the reign of William II.

13. "Or, on a Chief Sable, three Escalops of the field," for the name of Graham; and borne quartered in the arms of his Grace William Graham, duke, marquis, and earl of Montrose, &c. with Argent three Roses Gules. According to the Scots writers, this great and noble family is descended from the renowned Greme or Grame, who, in the year 404, was general of king Fergus II.'s army, and, in 420, forced his way through the wall built by the Romans between the rivers Forth and Clyde to keep out the Scots from molesting them in their possessions, and the said breach has ever since been called Grame's dike.

14. "Argent, on a Chief indented Gules, three Crosses pattee of the Field;" borne by the right hon. John Perceval, earl of Egmont, &c. This very ancient and noble family is supposed, from circumstances little short of positive proof, to have sprung from a younger branch of the sovereign dukes of Bretagne in France, of the same name. They were transplanted into Normandy before the conquest, possessed of great estates and power, and invested with the office of chief butler. Upon the Norman invasion, two of this family came over into England with the Conqueror, from one of which the descent of the present earl of Egmont is deduced by the clearest and most indisputable proofs of historians and records.

15. "Azure, on a Chief indented Or, three Spur revels Gules;" borne by the right hon. Charles Moore, earl of Drogheda, &c. of the kingdom of Ireland. This noble family, which is of French extraction, came into England soon after the conquest, and made their first residence in the manor of Moore-court, in the county of Kent.

16. "Ermine, on a Chief indented Azure, three ducal coronets Or;" borne by the name of Lytton.

17. "Azure, on a Chief Or, three Martlets Gules," for the name of Wray; and borne by Sir Cecil Wray, Bart. of Lincolnshire.

18. "Ermine, on a Chief Gules; five Lozenges of the first;" borne by the name of Dixin.

19. "Argent, fretty Gules, on a Chief of the second, three Leopard's Faces Or;" borne by the right hon. Henry Liddel, lord Ravenworth. This noble lord is descended from the ancient lords of Liddlecastle, in the county of Durham, where they have been proprietors of great coal-mines time out of mind.

20. "Ermine, a Chief party per pale Azure and Or; on the dexter the Sun in its splendor, on the sinister a Cross pattee Gules." The arms of the bishopric of Raphoe, in the kingdom of Ireland.

Fig. 3.
BORDURES.

Fig. 4.
TABLE of HOUSES.

Fig. 5.
CHIEFS &c.

Fig. 6.
PALES &c.

THE Pale is an ordinary, consisting of two perpendicular lines drawn from the top to the base of the Escutcheon, and contains the third middle part of the field. Its diminutives are, The pallet, which is the half of the pale; and the endorse, which is the fourth part of a pale. This ordinary and the pallet may receive any charge, but the endorse should not be charged. The endorse, besides, is never used, according to J. Leigh, but to accompany the pale in pairs, as cotices do the bend; but Sir John Ferne is of a different opinion.

Ex. 1. "Gules, a Pale Or;" by the name of Grandmain.

2. "Party per Pale Argent and Gules, a Pale counterchanged."

3. "Argent, a Pale between two Endorses Gules."

4. "Party per Pale, 1st, Paly of six Argent and Sable, 2d, Azure;" borne by the name of Trenchard.

5. "Paly of six Or and Azure."

6. "Argent, three Pallets undy Sable;" by the name of Downer.

7. "Party per Pale, Argent and Gules;" borne by the right hon. John Waldegrave, earl Waldegrave, &c. This noble earl is descended from John de Waldegrave, who was sheriff of London in the year 1205, in the seventh year of king John.

8. "Party per Pale indented, Or and Gules;" borne by the right hon. Thomas Bermingham, baron of Atheny, in the kingdom of Ireland. Of this ancient and noble family, which are of English extraction, and took their name from the town of Bermingham in the county of Warwick, was William de Bermingham, who was possessed of the town of that name in the reign of Henry II. which continued in that family till the reign of Henry VIII.

9. "Quarterly per Pale dove-tail, Gules and Or;" borne by the right hon. Thomas Bromley, lord Montfort, &c. This noble lord is maternally descended from Sir Walter Bromley, of Bromley, in the county of Stafford, who flourished in the reign of king John. Sir Thomas Bromley, another of his lordship's ancestors, was constituted lord high chancellor of England, 21 Elizabeth; in which post he died, 29 Elizabeth.

10. "Argent, a Pale flossy countersflossy Sable."

11. "Argent, a Pale lozengey Sable;" borne by the name of Savage.

12. "Argent, a Pale indented Vert;" borne by the name of Dixon.

13. "Argent, on a Pale engrailed Sable, three Crescents Or;" borne by the name of Ashley.

14. "Ermine, on a Pale engrailed azure, three Lion's Heads couped Or;" borne by the name of Avery.

15. "Vert, on a Pale radiant Or, a Lion rampant Sable;" borne by the right hon. James O'Hara, lord Tyrawley, &c. in the kingdom of Ireland. This noble lord is descended from Milesius king of Spain, by his eldest son Hiberius, who, with his brother Heremon, established a colony in Ireland. Sir Charles O'Hara, father to the present lord, was created baron of Tyrawley by queen Anne, Jan. 10. 1706, being at that time a lieutenant-general, and colonel of the

VOL. V.

royal regiment of fusileers: and the next year was made general in Spain, where this son, lord James, was wounded at the battle of Almanza.

16. "Azure, a Pallet Argent."

17. "Vert, an Endorse Or."

18. "Argent, on two Pallets Sable, six Cross-crosetts fitchy Or;" borne by the name of Betunes, of the county of Salop.

19. "Argent, two Endorses Gules, in Chief three Mullets Sable;" borne by the name of Vautort.

20. "Azure, on a Pale walled with three pieces on each side Or, an Endorse Sable;" borne by the name of Sublet de Noyers, a family of distinction in France.

THE Bend is an ordinary formed by two diagonal lines, drawn from the dexter-chief to the sinister-base; and contains the fifth part of the field in breadth, if uncharged; but if charged, then the third. Its diminutives are, The bendlet, which is the half of a bend; the cost or cotice, when two of them accompany a bend, which is the fourth part of a bend; and the riband, the moiety of a cost, or the eighth part of the field.

There is also the bend-sinister, which is of the same breadth as the bend, but drawn the contrary way: this is subdivided into a scarpe, which is the half of the bend, and into a bâton, which is the fourth part of the bend, but does not extend itself to the extremities of the field, there being part of it seen at both ends. See the examples, fig. vii.

Ex. 1. "Argent, a Bend wavy Sable;" borne by the right hon. John Wallop, earl of Portsmouth, &c. This noble earl is descended from the Wallops of Hampshire, a Saxon family, who were possessed of lands to a considerable value in the county at the time of the conquest.

2. "Checky Or, and Azure, a Bend Ermine;" borne by the right hon. John Ward, viscount Dudley and Ward, &c. The ancestors of this noble lord were anciently of the county of Norfolk, of which was Simon Ward, who had large possessions in the reign of Edward I. and was in France and Scotland in the reigns of king Edward II. and III.

3. "Azure, a Bend engrailed Argent, between two Cotices Or;" borne by the right hon. Matthew Fortescue, lord Fortescue, as also by the right hon. Hugh Fortescue-Aland, baron Fortescue, in the kingdom of Ireland, this last nobleman bearing a crescent in his arms for difference. The family of Fortescue is descended from Sir Richard le Forte, a person of extraordinary strength and courage, who accompanied William duke of Normandy in his invasion of England; and bearing a strong shield before the duke, at the battle of Hastings, had three horses killed under him, and from that signal event the name and motto of the family were assumed; for the Latin word scutum, or the old French word escue (a shield) being added to forte (strong), compose their name; and the motto is, Forte scutum salus ducum.

4. "Sable, a Bend Argent between two Cotices indented Or;" borne by the name of French.

5. "Paly of six Or and Sable, a Bend counterchanged;" borne by the right hon. Frederick Calvert, baron Baltimore. The original of this family is from an ancient and noble house of that surname in the earl-

dom of Flanders, whereof Sir George Calvert, knight, among other honourable employments, was secretary of state to king James I. by whom he was created a baron, Feb. 20. 1624, and from whom he had a grant to him, and his heirs, of the province of Maryland and Avalon in America.

6. "Party per Bend crenelle Argent and Gules;" borne by the right hon. Edmund Boyle, earl of Cork and Orrery, &c. in the kingdom of Ireland. This noble lord is said to be descended from Sir Philip Boyle, a knight of Arragon, who, in the reign of king Henry VI. tilted at a tournament with Sir Joseph Alley, knight of the Garter.

7. "Argent, three Bendlets enbansed Gules," as the English expresses it, but the phrase enbansed is used by no other nation. The proper blazon of this arms is, Parted per bend, 1st bendy of six gules, and argent; 2d of the lalt. Borne by the right hon. William Byron, lord Byron. From Doomsday-book it appears, that this family was possessed of numerous manors and lands in the reign of the Conqueror; and that Sir John Byron, one of his lordship's ancestors, attended king Edward III. in his wars in France.

8. "Ermine, a Bend voided Gules;" borne by the name of Ireton.

9. "Argent three Bendlets wavy Azure;" borne by the name of Wilbraham.

10. "Bendy of six pieces Argent and Azure". Observe, that when the shield is filled with an equal number of bendlets of metal and colour, it is called bendy; but if the number of them is unequal, they are to be blazoned by the name bendlets, and their number specified.

11. "Party per Bend Azure and Argent, two Bendlets engrailed counterchanged;" borne by the name of Frenes.

12. "Quarterly, Or and Gules, a Bend over-all Vair;" borne by his grace Lionel Cranfield Sackville, duke of Dorset and earl of Middlesex, &c. The ancestors of this family were lords of the town and feignoriory of Sackville in Normandy, and came over with the Conqueror when he invaded England in 1066.

13. "Gules on a Bend Argent, three Trefoils flipped proper;" borne by the right hon. George William Hervey, earl of Bristol, &c. This noble lord derives his pedigree from Robert Fitz-Hervey, a younger son of Hervey duke of Orleans, who came over from France with William the Conqueror.

14. "Argent, on a bend Gules cotised Sable, three pairs of Wings conjoined of the first;" borne by the right hon. Richard Wingfield, viscount Powerscourt, in the kingdom of Ireland. This noble lord is denominated from the manor of Wingfield in Suffolk, where they had a feat before the Norman conquest, called Wingfield-castle.

15. "Gules, on a Bend contre Ermine cotised Or, three Boars Heads couped Argent;" borne by the right hon. George Edgecumbe, lord Edgecumbe, &c. The ancestors of this noble lord received their name from the manor of Edgecumbe in Devonshire. One of this lord's ancestors was Sir Richard Edgecumbe, who came over to England with the earl of Richmond, having a great share in the victory he obtained over king Richard III. at Bosworth, by which the earl made his way to the throne of England.

16. "Argent, a Bend-finister Gules."

17. "Or, a Bendlet Gules."

18. "Argent, a Ribband Gules."—The name of this bearing corresponds well with its form, being both long and narrow, which is the shape of a ribband.

19. "Azure, a Scarpe Or."—This bearing, as Guillim observes, is that kind of ornament called now a-days a Scarf, which is used by officers on duty, and usually worn after the same manner.

20. This contains three Batons. The first is compeer ermine and azure; set over the royal arms, for his grace William Fitzroy duke of Cleveland. The second is compeer argent and azure; set over the royal arms, for his grace Augustus Henry Fitzroy, duke of Grafton. The third is Gules, charged with three rosts argent, seeded and barbed proper; set over the royal arms, for his grace George Beauchamp, duke of St Albans. The grandfathers of these noble dukes being natural sons of king Charles II. is what entitles them to the royal arms.

ART. IV. Of the Fess and Bar.

THE Fess is an ordinary which is produced by two parallel lines drawn horizontally across the centre of the field, and contains in breadth the third part thereof. Some English writers say it has no diminutive, for the bar is a distinct ordinary of itself.

The Bar, according to their definition, is formed of two lines, and contains but the fifth part of the field: which is not the only thing wherein it differs from the fess; for there may be more than one in an escutcheon, placed in different parts thereof, whereas the fess is limited to the centre-point; but in this the French differ from them. The bar has two diminutives: the barulet, which contains the half of the bar; and the closet, which is the half of the barulet. When the shield contains a number of bars of metal and colour alternate, of even number, that is called barry of so many pieces, expressing their number. See the examples, Fig. viii.

Nº 1. is "Argent, a Fess indented Sable;" borne Plate by the right hon. John West, earl Delawarr, &c. This CXLVI. noble family is descended from the Wests, a great family in the west of England; but in the reign of Edward II. they appear to have been seized of manors and lands in the county of Warwick. Sir Thomas de West, knight, one of his lordship's ancestors, being at the battle of Cressy, and there taking John the French king prisoner, had granted him, for that remarkable action, an augmentation to his achievement, viz. a crampette or, distinguished by the chape of a sword in the middle; the chape being given him by the said king, as an acknowledgment of his becoming his prisoner: his cognizance was a rose parted per pale, argent, and gules; which two badges are still borne in the achievement of the present lord Delawarr.

2. "Argent, a Fess wreathed Azure and Gules;" borne by the right hon. John Carmichael, earl of Hyndford. Of this ancient family, which is said to assume their surname from the lands of Carmichael, in the county of Lanark, in Scotland, where they still have their chief seat, was Sir John Carmichael, who accompanied Archibald, earl of Douglas, to the assistance

assistance of Charles VI. of France, against the English; and signalizing his valour at the battle of Baughey in April 1421, and breaking his spear when the French and Scots got the victory, had thereupon added to his paternal coat, a dexter arm holding a broken spear, which is now the crest of the family.

3. "Party per Fess Or and Argent, a Fess nebule Gules;" borne by the name of Antebod.

4. "Party per Fess indented Or and Azure;" borne by the name of Saunders.

5. "Cheeky Or and Azure on a Fess Gules, a Crescent argent for difference;" borne by the right hon. Hugh Clifford, lord Clifford, of Chudley. This noble lord is descended from Walter de Clifford, of Clifford-castle, in the county of Hereford, who came over into England with the Conqueror; of which family was fair Rosamond, mistress to king Henry II.

6. "Argent on a Fess Azure three Lozenges Or;" borne by the right hon. Basil Fielding, earl of Denbigh and Desmond, &c. This noble earl is descended from the earls of Hapsburg, in Germany. Geoffrey earl of Hapsburg, being oppressed by Rodolph emperor of Germany, came over into England, and one of his sons served king Henry III. in his wars, whose ancestors laying claim to the territories of Lauffenburg and Rhin-Felding, in Germany, he took the name of Fielding.

7. "Or, on a Fess Gules, three Fleur-de-lis of the first;" borne by the name of Lennard. This is in the first and fourth quarters of the right hon. Thomas Barret Lennard lord Dacre's arms.

8. "Ermine, on a Fess Gules, a Lion passant Or;" borne by the right hon. John Proby, baron Carysfort, &c. in the kingdom of Ireland.

9. "Sable, a Fess Ermine, between three Crescents Or;" borne by the right hon. George-William Coventry, earl of Coventry, &c. This noble earl is descended from John Coventry, a native of the city of Coventry, and afterwards mercer and lord mayor of London, in the reign of Henry V.; from whom descended Thomas Coventry, one of the justices of the court of common-pleas, in the reign of queen Elizabeth; whose son Thomas was recorder of London, and afterwards lord keeper of the great seal in the reign of king Charles I.

10. "Sable, a Fess cheeky, Or and Azure, between three Besants;" borne by the right hon. Ridgeway Pitt, earl and baron of Londonderry, &c. Of this noble family, which were anciently of Bandfort, in the county of Dorset, was Thomas Pitt, esq; who, in the reign of Queen Anne, was made governor of fort St George in the East Indies, where he resided many years, and purchased a diamond, which he sold to the king of France for 125,000l. Sterling, weighing 136 carats, and commonly known at this day by the name of Pitt's diamond.

11. "Or, on a Fess Sable, between three Muscovy Ducks proper, a Rose of the Field;" borne by the right hon. John Bateman, viscount Bateman, &c. Of this noble family, which was anciently seated at Halebrook, near St Omers in Flanders, was Giles Bateman, esq; whose son was a merchant of London, and was father to Sir James Bateman, knight, who, in 1712, was chosen member of parliament for Ilchester in the county of Somerset, and re-chosen in 1713.

12. "Sable, on a Fess Argent, between three Leopards passant guardant Or, three Escalops Gules;" borne by the right hon. Wills Hill, earl of Hillsborough, &c. Of this family, which, in the reign of Queen Elizabeth, were of note in the county of Downe, was Sir Moses Hill, who, during O'Neill's rebellion, was one of those gentlemen who associated under the earl of Essex to suppress it; and afterwards served under Arthur, lord Chichester, lord deputy, and by king James I. was appointed provost-marshal of the whole province of Ulster in Ireland.

13. "Gules, two Bars Or;" borne by the right hon. Simon Harcourt, earl of Harcourt, &c. This noble earl is descended from the Harcourts of Normandy, who took their name from a place called Harcourt, in that province, where the family usually resided. Gervaise, count de Harcourt, with his two sons Jeffrey and Arnold, came over with the conqueror, when he invaded England, in 1066.

14. "Ermine, two Bars Gules;" borne by the right hon. Thomas Nugent, earl of Wellman, and baron Delvin.

15. "Argent, two Bars indented Sable;" borne by the right hon. Godart Ginkle, earl of Athlone. Godart, who was the first earl, was descended of a very ancient family in the united provinces of Holland, where he was baron de Reede and Ginkle, &c. In 1691, he was a lieutenant-general of king William's forces in Ireland; where, in June the same year, he took Ballymore for the English; and, in July following, the Irish town of Athlone, which last exploit is one of the greatest recorded in history.

16. "Argent, three Bars gemels Gules;" borne by the right hon. Richard Barry, earl of Barrymore, &c. This noble family, who have been renowned for their loyalty and valour, are said to derive their surname from the island of Barry, in the county of Glamorgan, in Wales; and from their riches and estates have been called by the people Barrymore, or the Great Barry.

17. "Or, a Fess-couped Gules, between two Lions passant Sable;" borne by the right hon. Samuel Masham, lord Masham, &c. This noble lord is descended from Sir John Masham, who flourished in the reign of king Henry VI. and was buried at Thorneham, in the county of Suffolk, in 1455.

18. "Argent, a Lion rampant guardant Gules, debruised by a Fess Azure, between three Etoiles issuing out of as many Crescents of the second;" borne by the right hon. Robert Dillon, earl of Roscommon, &c. in the kingdom of Ireland. This noble family is derived from Logan, surnamed Dilune or Delion, which signifies brave and valiant, to whom the duke of Aquitaine gave his daughter in marriage, in whose right, after her father's death, he became prince and sovereign of Aquitaine, which continued in his posterity till Henry II. married Alionora, daughter and heir to William V. duke of Aquitaine, and about 1172 obtained that principality by superior force; and, to prevent any disturbance, brought Sir Henry Delion or Dillon, and his brother Thomas, then infants, to England, their father being slain.

19. "Or, two Bars Azure, a Chief quarterly of the second and Gules, the 1st and 4th charged each with two Fleur-de-lis of France; the 2d and 3d with

a Lion of England;" borne by his grace John Manners, duke of Rutland, marquis of Granby, &c. This chief was anciently Gules; and the charge thereon is an honorary augmentation, shewing his grace's descent from the blood royal of king Edward IV.

20. "Barry of ten pieces Argent and Azure, over all six Escutecheons; 3, 2, 1, Sable, each charged with a Lion rampant of the first, armed, and langued Gules, a Crescent for difference;" borne by the right hon. James Cecil, earl of Salisbury, &c. This noble earl is descended from the famous William Cecil, lord Burleigh, statesman in the reigns of Edward VI. and Elizabeth. This great man left two sons, Thomas and Robert, who were both made earls in one day, May 4. 1603. Robert, the younger son, ancestor of the present noble lord, was created earl of Salisbury in the morning; and Thomas, the eldest, earl of Exeter in the afternoon.

ART. V. Of the CHEVERON.

THE Cheveron, which represents two rafters of a house well jointed together, or a pair of compasses half open, takes up the fifth part of the field with the English, but the French give it the third. Its diminutives are, The cheveronel, which contains the half of a cheveron; and the couple-cloze, which is the half of a cheveronel, that is, its breadth is but the fourth part of a cheveron. Leigh observes, that this last diminutive is never borne but in pairs, or with a cheveron between two of them. The French have but one diminution of this ordinary called Etaye, containing the third part of its breadth.

Examples of cheverons are given in fig. ix. viz.

1. "Argent, a Cheveron Gules between three Torteaux;" borne by the right hon. Bennet Sherard, earl of Harborough, &c. This noble earl is lineally descended from Scherard, who was possessed of manors and lands to a great value in the counties of Cheshire and Lancashire in the reign of William the Conqueror. Geoffrey, another of this earl's ancestors, was three times sheriff of Rutlandshire, in the reigns of king Edward IV. and king Richard III.

2. "Sable, a Cheveron between three Etoiles Argent;" borne by the right hon. Marmaduke Langdale, lord Langdale. This noble lord is descended from the Langdales of Yorkshire, who resided at the town of Langdale, from whence they took their name, in the reign of king John; but his ancestor, who makes the greatest figure in history, is Sir Marmaduke Langdale, who raised forces in the north of England in defence of king Charles I. was victorious in numberless battles and sieges, and when his Majesty, by the united forces of England and Scotland, was at length overpowered, he attended king Charles II. in his exile, and returned to England with his Majesty at the restoration.

3. "Sable, a Cheveron between three Leopards Heads Or;" borne by the right hon. William Wentworth, earl of Strafford, &c. All genealogists agree, that the name of Wentworth is of Saxon original, and taken from the manor of Wentworth in Yorkshire, where, in the reign of William the Conqueror, lived Reginald de Wentworde, as it is spelt in doomsday-book.

4. "Argent, a Cheveron between three Griff-

fons passant Sable, a Crescent for difference;" borne by the right hon. Henage Finch, earl of Ailesford, &c. This family is descended from Herbert Fitz-Herbert, earl of Pembroke, and chamberlain to king Henry I. They took the name of Finch in the reign of king Edward I. One of the ancestors of the present earl was the right hon. Henage Finch, earl of Nottingham, who was constituted lord high-chancellor of England in 1675; and lord high-steward on the trials of Philip earl of Pembroke, and William viscount Stafford, in 1680.

5. "Azure, a Cheveron Ermine, between three Escalops Argent;" borne by the right hon. George Townshend, viscount Townshend, &c. This family is of Norman extraction, and came into England about the time of the conquest. Charles, lord viscount Townshend, grandfather of the present viscount, was appointed principal secretary of state in the reign of king George I. in 1720, and continued so to the end of his majesty's reign; when, upon resigning the seals, they were returned to him again by his late majesty king George II. who continued him in that honourable office to the year 1730.

6. "Azure, a Cheveron between three Mullets Or;" borne by the right hon. John Chetwind, viscount Chetwind, &c. of the kingdom of Ireland. Of this family, which hath been of great antiquity in the county of Salop, taking their surname from Chetwynd in that county, was Adam de Chetwynd, who married Agnes daughter of John lord Lovel, baron of Docking, and lord of Minster Lovel in Oxfordshire; and by her had issue Sir John de Chetwynd, who, in the 37th of Henry III. had a charter of free-warren thro' all his demesne in the counties of Salop, Stafford, and Warwick.

7. "Argent, a Cheveron Gules, between three square Buckles Sable;" borne by the right hon. Matthew Ducie-Morton, lord Ducie, &c. This noble lord is descended from the Ducies in Normandy. After they came into England, king Edward I. conferred on them the lordship of Morton in Staffordshire, and several other lordships and manors, which the family enjoyed for many years. Sir Robert Ducie, one of his lordship's ancestors, was lord-mayor of London in the reign of king Charles I. and though he lent his majesty L. 80,000, which was lost by the king's being driven out of London, he died, however, worth L. 400,000.

8. "Argent, a Cheveron Checky Gules, and of the Field, between three Bugle-horns strung Sable, garnished of the second;" borne by the right hon. lord Hugh Semple, lord Semple. The principal family of this name was Semple of Elliotston in Renfrew, where they had large possessions and offices, as stewards and bailiffs under the family of Stewart, proprietors of that county before they came to the crown. The first lord Semple was Sir Robert, who, being much in favour with king James IV. was by him created lord Semple in 1489.

9. "Argent, a Cheveron engrailed between three Lions passant Sable;" borne by the right hon. and the reverend Philip Smithe, viscount Strangford. One of this lord's ancestors was John Smithe, esq; who acquired a considerable estate whilst he was farmer of the customs in the reign of Henry VIII. He left two sons,

Of the sons, John and Sir Thomas, which last was sent ambassador by king James I. to the empress of Russia.

10. "Quarterly Argent and Azure, a Cheveron engrailed counter-changed;" borne by the name of Chamber.

11. "Party per Cheveron engrailed Gules and Argent, three Talbots Heads erased counter-changed;" borne by the right hon. Anthony Duncombe, lord Feversham, &c. His lordship is descended from the Duncombes of Barley-end in Buckinghamshire. Sir Charles Duncombe, uncle to the present lord, was lord-mayor of London in 1709; and this nobleman was created lord Feversham and baron of Downton in Wiltshire, June 23, 1744.

12. "Paly of six, Argent and Gules, on a Cheveron Azure, three Crosses-crosetts Or;" borne by the right hon. George Carpenter, baron Carpenter, of Killaghy in Ireland. This ancient and noble family are of great antiquity in the county of Hereford, and have been lords of the manor of the Home in the parish of Delwyn, near Weobly, for above 300 years. George, the first lord Carpenter, was so created May 4, 1719.

13. "Azure, on a Cheveron Or, between three Besants, a Bay Leaf Proper;" borne by the right hon. James Hope, earl of Hopeton, &c. This noble family is descended from Henry Hope, a native of Holland, who, about two centuries ago, came over and settled in Scotland. Charles Hope, esq; father of the present earl, was created an earl by queen Anne, April 15, 1703.

14. "Vert, on a Cheveron between three Unicorns Heads erased Argent, horned and maned Or, three Mullets Sable;" borne by the name of Ker, being the 1st and 4th quarters in the arms of his grace John Ker, duke of Roxburgh, &c. This ancient family is said to come from Normandy. John Ker, marquis of Beaumont and Cesford, the first duke of Roxburgh, was so created April 27, 1707.

15. "Azure, on a Cheveron Or, between three Bears Heads couped Argent, muzzled Gules, a Roe-buck's Head erased, between two Hands holding Daggers all proper;" borne by the right hon. Donald Mackay, lord Reay. This family is said to derive their descent from Alexander, a younger son of Ochoanacker, who, about the end of the twelfth century, came from Ireland; and the fourth in descent from him was Donald of Strathnavern, whose son was named T More; and from him began the surname of Mac T, Mackie, or Mackay. Donald, the first lord of this family, was created baronet in 1625, and on June 20, 1628, was created baron Reay of the county of Caithness, by Charles I.

16. "Ermine, on a Cheveron Azure, three Foxes Heads erased Or, and in a Canton of the second a Fleur-de-lis of the third;" borne by the right hon. Stephen Fox, earl of Ilchester, &c. Of the family of Fox there have been many persons of note living in the counties of Dorset, Somerset, Wilts, and Hants, particularly Richard Fox, bishop of Winchester. His lordship was created lord Ilchester and baron Strange-ways, May 11, 1741, 14 Geo. II. and earl of Ilchester in June 1756.

17. "Or, two Cheveronels Gules;" borne by the right hon. John Monson, lord Monson. This noble lord is descended from John Monson, who flourished in

the reign of king Edward III. from whom descended another John, who attended king Henry V. in his wars in France. Sir John Monson, bart. father of the present lord, was created lord Monson, May 28, 1728.

18. "Or, on a Fess, between two Cheveronels Sable, three Crosses-crosetts of the first;" borne by the right hon. George Walpole, earl of Oxford, &c. This family took their name from Walpole in Norfolk, where they resided before the conquest. Sir Robert Walpole was, in king George II.'s reign, elected knight of the garter in 1726, and created earl of Oxford, February 9, 1741-2.

19. "Azure, three Cheveronels interlaced Or, and a Chief of the last;" borne by the name of Fitz-Hugh.

"19. Argent, three Cheveronels Gules, in Chief a Label Azure;" borne by the right hon. William Wildman Barrington, viscount Barrington, &c. This family is of Norman extraction; in which duchy, whilst it continued annexed to the English crown, there were to be seen the remains of a castle bearing the name of Chute or Shute, and formerly in the family, with other monuments in several towns of that duchy. John Shute, the late viscount Barrington, was in 1708 made a commissioner of the customs, and succeeded to the estates of Francis Barrington, Esq; and of John Wildman of the county of Berks, who made him their heir; and, in pursuance of the will of the former, he took the name and arms of Barrington. On June 11, 1720, he was created viscount Barrington, with a reverfionary grant of the office of master of the rolls in Ireland.

ART. VI. Of the Cross.

THE Cross is an ordinary formed by the meeting of two perpendicular with two horizontal lines in the fess-point, where they make four right-angles; the lines are not drawn throughout, but discontinued the breadth of the ordinary, which takes up only the fifth part of the field when not charged; but if charged, then the third. It is borne as well engrailed, indented, &c. as plain.

There is so great a variety of crosses used in heraldry, that it would be a very difficult task to treat of them all. Guillim has mentioned 39 different sorts; De la Columbiere, 72; Leigh, 46; and Upton declares he dares not ascertain all the various crosses borne in arms, for that they are almost innumerable: therefore, as all their forms cannot be expected here, we will only take notice of such as are most commonly seen at present in coats-of-arms. See Fig. x.

The first is "Quarterly, Ermine and Azure, a Cross Or;" borne by his grace Thomas Osborne duke of Leeds, &c. This noble duke is descended from the honourable family of the Osbornes of Ashford, in the county of Kent; Sir Thomas Osborne, the grandfather to the present duke, was advanced to the peerage by king Charles II.

2. "Gules, a Cross engrailed Argent, a Lozenge in the dexter-chief of the second;" borne by the right hon. Edward Leigh, lord Leigh. This family took their surname from the town of High-Leigh in Cheshire, where they resided before the Norman Conquest. Sir Thomas Leigh, the first lord of this family, was created

3. "Gules, a Cross Argent fretty Azure;" borne by the right hon. Nicholas Taaffe, viscount Taaffe, of Corran, &c. in Ireland. Of this noble and ancient family was Richard Taaffe, who lived in 1282; as in 1306 did John Taaffe, who was archbishop of Armagh; and, in 1479, the order of the Garter being established in Ireland, Sir Nicholas Taaffe was one of the first members; and John, his son and heir, was created a baron and viscount by Charles I. August 1, 1628.

4. "Sable, a Cross raguly Or;" borne by the name of Stoway.

5. "Argent, on a Cross Sable a Leopard's-face Or;" borne by his grace Henry Brydges duke of Chandos, &c. The ancestors of this noble family took their name from the city of Bruges in Flanders; and one of them came over with William the Conqueror, and had a considerable share in the victory obtained near Hastings in Sussex, 1066. James, the father of the present duke, was created viscount Wilton and earl of Caernarvon, October 19, 1714; and marquis of Caernarvon and duke of Chandos, — 30, 1719.

6. "Or, on a Cross Sable, a patriarchal Cross of the Field;" borne by the right hon. Thomas Vesey, baron of Knapton in the kingdom of Ireland. The truly noble family of Vesey or Vefey, derives its origin from Charles the Great, king of France, and emperor of the west, who died at Aix-la-Chapelle in Germany, Jan. 28, 814. His lordship's father was created a peer April 10, 1750.

7. "Argent, on a Cross Gules, five Escalops Or;" borne by the right hon. William Villiers earl of Jersey, &c. This noble earl is descended from the family of Villiers in Normandy, some whom came over to England with the Conqueror; several manors and lands in England being soon after granted to Pagan de Villiers, one of this earl's ancestors. The first peer of this family was created a baron and viscount, March 20, 1690.

8. "Sable, on a Cross within a Bordure engrailed Or, five Pellets;" borne by the right hon. Francis Greville, earl of Brooke and Warwick, &c. The ancestors of this noble family are of Norman extraction, and came over with William the Conqueror, who conferred manors and land on them in England, of a considerable value; and at length they obtained the government of the castle of Warwick, the present seat of the family. Sir Fulke, the first peer of this family, was created baron Brooke by king James I. Jan. 9, 1620.

9. "Argent, a Cross botonny Sable;" borne by the name of Winwood.

10. "Or, a Cross-croset Gules;" borne by the name of Taddington.

11. "Azure, a Cross potent fitchy Or." This ensign is said to have been borne by Ethelred king of the West-Saxons; and crosses of this sort are frequently met with in coats-of-arms.

12. "Party per pale, Gules and Argent; a Cross potent quadrate in the centre, between four Crosses pattee counter-changed;" the arms of the episcopal see of Litchfield and Coventry. This see was originally fixed at Litchfield; from thence removed to Chester,

and from both to Coventry. It contains the whole county of Stafford, except two parishes; all Derbyshire; the better part of Warwickshire, and near half Shropshire; divided into the four archdeaconries of Coventry, Stafford, Derby, and Salop. The parishes are 557 in number; but, including chapels, they amount to 643.

13. "Azure, a Cross moline Argent;" borne by his grace William Henry Bentick, duke of Portland, &c. This noble duke is descended from a very ancient and distinguished family in the United Provinces of Holland, of which was William Bentick, Esq. who, in his youth was page of honour to William prince of Orange, afterwards William III. king of Great Britain, and, on the accession of William and his consort, was made groom of the stole, privy-purse to his majesty, lieutenant-general of his majesty's army, &c. and also created baron of Cirencester, viscount Woodstock, and earl of Portland, April 19, 1689.

14. "Argent, a Cross patonce Sable;" borne by the name of Rice.

15. "Sable, a Cross patee Argent;" borne by the name of Maplesden.

16. "Azure, a Cross flowery Or;" borne by the name of Cheney. — This is said to have also been the arms of Edwine, the first Christian king of Northumberland.

17. "Argent, six Cross crolets fitchy 3, 2, 1, Sable, on a Chief Azure, two Mullets pierced Or;" borne by his grace Henry Clinton, duke of Newcastle, &c. This noble family is descended from Jeffrey de Clinton, lord chamberlain and treasurer to king Henry I. grandson to William de Tankerville, chamberlain of Normandy; from whom descended William de Clinton, chief justice of Chester, governor of Dover castle, lord Warden of the king's forests south of Trent. Edward, lord Clinton, another of this noble earl's ancestors, was constituted lord high-admiral of England for life, in the reign of queen Elizabeth, who created him earl of Lincoln, May 4, 1572.

18. "Gules, a Cheveron between ten Crosses pattee, six above and four below, Argent;" borne by the right hon. Frederick Augustus Berkeley, earl of Berkeley, &c. This noble family is descended from Robert Fitz-Harding, who obtained a grant of Berkeley-castle in Gloucestershire, which the family still inherits, and from whence they obtained the surname of Berkeley, from Henry duke of Normandy, afterwards king of England; the said Robert Fitz-Harding was descended from the royal line of the kings of Denmark.

19. "Azure, three Mullets Or, accompanied with seven Cross-crolets fitchy Argent, three in Chief, one in Fess, two in Flanks, and the last in Base;" borne by the right hon. James Somerville, lord Somerville. The first of this name on record is Sir Walter de Somerville, lord of Wichmore, in the county of Stafford, who came to England with William the Conqueror. About the beginning of the reign of king William, in 1170, the Somervilles were possessed of a fair estate in the county of Lanark and elsewhere.

20. "Gules, three Crosses recercelée, voided Or, a Chief vairy ermine and contre ermine;" borne by the

Of the right hon. John-Peyto Verney, baron Willoughby de Broke. This noble lord is descended from William de Vernai, who flourished in the reign of king Henry I. 1419.

THE Saltier, which is formed by the bend and bend-finiter crossing each other in right angles, as the intersecting of the pale and fess forms the cross, contains the fifth part of the field, but if charged then the third. In Scotland, this ordinary is frequently called a St Andrew's cross. It may, like the others, be borne engrailed, wavy, &c. as also between charges or charged with any thing. See examples, fig. xi.

Plate CXLVII. N^o 1. is "Argent, a Saltier Gules;" borne by his grace James Fitz-Gerald, duke of Leinster, &c. This noble lord is descended from Otho, or Oister, a rich and powerful lord in the time of king Alfred, descended from the dukes of Tuscany; who passing from Florence into Normandy, and thence into England, there the family flourished, until Richard Strongbow, earl of Pembroke, their kinsman, engaged them to partake in his expedition to Ireland, in which Maurice Fitz-Gerald embarked, and was one of the principal conquerors of that kingdom, for which he was rewarded with a great estate in lands in the province of Leinster, and particularly the barony of Offaley, and the castle of Wicklow; and died, covered with honours, in the year 1177, 24 Henry II.

2. "Gules, a Saltier Argent, between twelve Crosses crosslets Or;" borne by the right hon. Other-Lewis Windor Hickman, earl of Plymouth, &c. This noble earl is descended from Robert Fitz-Hickman, lord of the manor of Bloxham, Oxfordshire, in the 56 Hen. III. 1272; and he is maternally descended from the noble family of the Windsors, who were barons of the realm at the time of the conquest.

3. "Vert, a Saltier wavy Ermine;" borne by the name of Wakeman of Beckford, in Gloucestershire.

4. "Ermine, a Saltier counter-compony Or and Gules;" borne by the name of Ulston.

5. "Argent, a Saltier Azure with a Bezaunt in the centre;" borne by the right hon. Philip Yorke, earl of Hardwicke, &c. He was in October 1733 constituted lord chief-justice of the king's bench, and November 23, in the same year, created baron Hardwicke of Hardwicke.

6. "Argent on a Saltier Gules an Escallop Or;" the arms of the bishopric of Rochester—This Diocese, the least in England, comprehends only a small part of Kent, in which there are 150 churches and chapels; and the two parishes in Ielham in Cambridgeshire, and Frekenham in Suffolk. It has only one archdeacon, that of Rochester. For many years it was in the immediate patronage of the archbishop of Canterbury.

7. "Party per Saltier, Azure and Argent, on a Saltier Gules a Crescent of the second for difference;" quartered by the right hon. William Hall Gage, viscount Gage, of Castle-Island in Ireland. This noble family is of Norman extraction, and derives descent from de Gaga or Gage, who attended William I. in his expedition to England: and, after the conquest thereof, was rewarded with large grants of lands in the forest of Dean, and county of Gloucester, near which forest

he fixed his residence, by building a feat at Clarendon, in the same place where the house of Gage now stands: he also built a great house in the town of Cirencester, at which place he died, and was buried in the abbey there. Sir Thomas Gage, the eighth baronet, and father to the present lord Gage, was created baron of Castle-Bar, and viscount Gage, 1721.

8. "Gules, on a Saltier Argent, a Rose of the first barbed and feeced proper;" borne by the right hon. George Neville, lord Abergavenny, premier baron of England.

9. "Or, on a Saltier Azure, nine Lozenges of the first;" the paternal arms of the right hon. John Dalrymple, earl of Stair, &c. Of this family, which took their surname from the barony of Dalrymple, lying on the river Dun in Ayrshire, Scotland, was Adam de Dalrymple, who lived in the reign of Alexander III.

10. "Argent, on a Saltier engrailed Sable, nine Annulets Or;" borne by the name of Leak.

11. "Gules, a Saltier between four Crescents Or;" borne as the 2d and 3d quarters in the coat-of-arms of the right hon. Charles Kinnaird, lord Kinnaird. George Kinnaird, esq; one of the present lord's ancestors, being of great service to king Charles II. during the usurpation of Oliver Cromwell, he was by that prince, at his restoration, made one of the privy-council; and December 28. 1682, created a baron.

12. "Argent, a Saltier engrailed between four Roses Gules," for Lennox; and borne as 1st and 4th quarters in the coat-of-arms of the right hon. Francis Napier, lord Napier. This family is said to be descended from the ancient thanes or stewards of Lennox in Scotland, but took their surname of Napier from the following event. King David II. in his wars with the English, about the year 1344, convoking his subjects to battle, the earl of Lennox sent his second son Donald, with such forces as his duty obliged him; and, coming to an engagement, where the Scots gave ground, this Donald, taking his father's standard from the bearer, and valiantly charging the enemy with the Lennox men, the fortune of the battle changed, and they obtained the victory; whereupon every one advancing, and reporting their acts, as the custom was, the king declared they had all behaved valiantly, but that there was one among them who had na pier, that is, no equal; upon which the said Donald took the name of Napier, and had, in reward for his good services, the lands of Gosfield, and other estates in the county of Fife.

13. "Gules, a Saltier Or, surmounted of another Vert," for the name of Andrews; and borne by Sir William Andrews, bart. of Denton in Northamptonshire, who is descended from Sir Robert Andrews of Normandy, knight, who came into England with William the Conqueror. Sir William Andrews, the first baronet of this family, was created December 11, 1641.

14. "Azure, a Saltier quarterly quartered Or and Argent." The arms of the episcopal see of Bath and Wells.—The diocese of Bath and Wells contains all Somersetshire, except a few churches in Bristol. And in it there are three archdeaconries, viz. those of Wells, Bath, and Taunton. The number of the parishes is 388, though, according to some, the total number of the churches and chapels amounts to 503.

15. "Party per Saltier Argent and Gules, a Saltier counter-changed."

16. "Party per Pale indented Argent and Sable, a Saltier counter-changed;" borne by the name of Scots.

17. "Argent, three Saltiers coupé and engrailed Sable;" borne by the name of Benton.

18. "Argent, a Saltier Gules, and a Chief Ermine;" borne by the right hon. Francis Thomas Fitz-Maurice, earl of Kerry, &c. This very ancient and noble family is a branch of the family of Kildare, who are originally descended from the great duke of Tuiscany, and of which was Otho, a noble baron of Italy, whose son Walter, attending the Norman Conqueror into England, was made constable of the castle of Windsor. Raymond, one of the present earl's ancestors, had a principal hand in the reduction of Ireland to the subjection of Henry II. and Dermoid Mac-Carty, king of Cork, fought his aid against his son Cormac O'Lehanagh, which he undertook, and delivered the king from his rebellious son; for which that prince rewarded him with a large tract of land in the county of Kerry, where he settled his son Maurice, who gave his name to the county, which he called Clan Maurice, and is enjoyed by the present earl of Kerry, who is viscount Clan Maurice. Thomas the first earl, and father of the last, was the 21st lord Kerry, who was created earl, January 17. 1722.

19. "Sable, a Saltier Argent, on a Chief Azure, three Fleurs-de-lis Or;" borne by the right hon. John Fitz-Patrick, earl of Upper Ossory, and baron of Gowran in Ireland. This most ancient and princely family is descended from Heremon, the first monarch of the Milesian race in Ireland; and after they had assumed the surname of Fitz-Patrick, they were for many ages kings of Ossory, in the province of Leinster. John, the first earl of this family, succeeded his father Richard as lord Gowran, June 9. 1727, was created earl, October 5. 1751, and died 1758.

20. "Party per Pale Argent and Gules, three Saltiers counter-changed;" borne by the name of Lane. These arms are also borne, without the least alteration, by the name of Kingsman; for which similitude we can no otherwise account, than by supposing there has been some mistake made through many transcriptions.

SECT. II. Of Sub-Ordinaries.

BESIDES the honourable ordinaries and the diminutions already mentioned, there are other heraldic figures, called sub-ordinaries, or ordinaries only, which, by reason of their ancient use in arms, are of worthy bearing, viz. The Gyron, France-quarter, Canton, Pairle, Fret, Pile, Orle, Inescutcheon, Tressure, Annulet, Flanches, Flasques, Voiders, Billet, Lozenge, Gutts, Fusil, Rustre, Mascle, Papillone, and Diaper. See Plate CXLIV. fig. i. (A.)

The Gyron is a triangular figure formed by two lines, one drawn diagonally from one of the four angles to the centre of the shield, and the other is drawn either horizontal or perpendicular, from one of the sides of the shield, meeting the other line at the centre of the field.

Gyronny is said, when the field is covered with six, eight, ten, or twelve gyrons in a coat-of-arms: but a French author would have the true gyronny to consist

of eight pieces only, as in the fig. which represents the coat-of-arms of the right hon. John Campbell, earl of London, &c. whose ancestor was created baron of London in 1604 by James VI. and earl of the same place, May 12. 1633, the 9th of Charles I.

The France-quarter is a square figure, which occupies the upper dexter quarter of the shield. It is but rarely carried as a charge. Silvestra Petra Sancta has given us a few instances of its use.

The Canton is a square part of the escutcheon, somewhat less than the quarter, but without any fixed proportion. It represents the banner that was given to ancient knights-bannerets, and, generally speaking, possesses the dexter-chief-point of the shield, as in the fig.; but should it possess the sinister-corner, which is but seldom, it must be blazoned a canton-sinister.

James Coats reckons it as one of the nine honourable ordinaries, contrary to most heralds opinion. It is added to coats-of-arms of military men as an augmentation of honour: thus John Churchill, baron of Eymouth in Scotland, and one of the ancestors of the present duke of Marlborough, being lieutenant general to king James II. received from him a canton argent, charged with the red cross of England, added to his paternal coat, "which is Sable, a lion rampant Argent."

The pairle is a figure formed by the conjunction of the upper half of the saltier with the under half of the pale.

The fret is a figure representing two little sticks in saltier, with a mascle in the centre interlaced. J. Gibbon terms it the heralds true-lover's knot; but many differ from his opinion.

Fretty is said when the field or bearings are covered with a fret of six, eight, or more pieces, as in the fig. The word fretty may be used without addition, when it is of eight pieces; but if there be less than that number, they must be specified.

The pile, which consists of two lines, terminating in a point, is formed like a wedge, and is borne engrailed, wavy, &c. as in the fig. It issues in general from the chief, and extends towards the base, yet there are some piles borne in bend, and issuing from other parts of the field, as may be seen in Plate CXLVII. fig. xii. n° 12, &c.

The Orle is an ordinary composed of two lines going round the shield, the same way as the bordure, but its breadth is but one half of the latter, and at some distance from the brim of the shield, as in the fig.

The Inescutcheon is a little escutcheon borne within the shield; which, according to Guillim's opinion, is only to be so called when it is borne single in the fess-point or centre; see the fig. on Plate CXLIV. but modern heralds, with more propriety, give the name of inescutcheon to such as are contained in Plate CXLVII. fig. xii. n° 2. and call that which is fixed on the fess-point escutcheon of pretence, which is to contain the arms of a wife that is an heiress, as mentioned above.

The Tressure is an ordinary commonly supposed to be the half of the breadth of an orle, and is generally borne flowery and counter-flowery, as it is also very often double, and sometimes treble. See the fig. (Plate CXLIV.). This double tressure makes part of the arms of Scotland, as marshalled in the royal atchieve-

Sub-Ordinaries. achievement, Plate CXLIX. fig. xxi. 1^o 7. and was granted to the Scots kings by Charlemagne, being then emperor and king of France, when he entered in a league with Achaicus king of Scotland, to shew that the French lilies should defend and guard the Scottish lion.

The Annulet, or ring, is a well-known figure, and is frequently to be found in arms through every kingdom in Europe.

The Flanches are formed by two curved lines, or semicircles, being always borne double. See the figure. G. Leigh observes, that on two such Flanches two sundry coats may be borne.

The Flashes resemble the flanches, except that the circular lines do not go so near the centre of the field; (see the figure). J. Gibbon would have these two ordinaries to be both one, and wrote flank; alleging, that the two other names are but a corruption of this last: but as G. Leigh and J. Guillim make them two distinct and subordinate ordinaries, we have inserted them here as such.

The Voiders are by Guillim considered as a subordinate ordinary, and are not unlike the flashes, (see the figure,) but they occupy less of the field.

The Billet is an oblong square figure, twice as long as broad. Some heralds imagine, that they represent bricks for building; others more properly consider them as representing folded paper or letters.

The Lozenge is an ordinary of four equal and parallel sides, but not rectangular; two of its opposite angles being acute, and the other two obtuse. Its shape is the same with those of our window-glasses, before the square came so much in fashion. See the figure.

Gutts, or drops, are round at bottom, waved on the sides, and terminate at the top in points. Heraldists have given them different names according to their different tinctures: thus if they are

The fustil is longer than the lozenge, having its upper and lower part more acute and sharp than the other two collateral middle parts, which acuteness is occasioned by the short distance of the space between the two collateral angles; which space, if the fustil is rightly made, is always shorter than any of the four equal geometrical lines whereof it is composed. See the fig. ibid.

The Rustre is a lozenge pierced round in the middle; (see the figure.) They are called by the Germans, rusten. Menestrier gives an example of them in the arms of Lebarre in France, argent three rustres azure.

The Masele is pretty much like a lozenge, but voided or perforated through its whole extent, shewing a narrow border, as in the figure. Authors are divided about its resemblance; some taking it for the mesh of a net, and others for the spots of certain flints found about Rohan; and as no writer has given a clearer account in support of this last opinion than Colombiere, author of La Science Heraldique, we shall transcribe it for the satisfaction of the curious.

"Rohan (says he) bears Gules, nine Maseles Or, VOL. V.

3, 3, 3. Opinions have varied very much about the original of the maseles or mashes, as being somewhat like the meshes of nets: but for my own part, having often observed that those things which are remarkable and singular in some countries, have sometimes occasioned the lords thereof to represent them in their escutcheons, and to take them for their arms, I am of opinion, that the lords of Rohan, who, I believe, are the first that bore these figures in their arms, tho' descended from the ancient kings and princes of Bretagne, took them, because in the most ancient viscounty of Rohan, afterwards erected into a duchy, there are abundance of small flints, which being cut in two, this figure appears on the inside of them; as also the carps, which are in the fish-ponds of that duchy, have the same mark upon their scales; which, being very extraordinary and peculiar to that country, the ancient lords of the same had good reason, upon observing that wonder, to take those figures for their arms, and to transmit them to their posterity, giving them the name of maseles, from the latin word macula, signifying a spot; whence some of that house have taken for their motto, Sine macula masele, that is, A masele without a spot."

Papillone is an expression used for a field or charge that is covered with figures like the scales of a fish. Mons. Baron gives as an example of it the arms of Monti Gueules Papellone d'Argent. The proper term for it in English would be scallop-work.

Diapering is said of a field or charge shadowed with flourishes or foliage with a colour a little darker than that on which it is wrought. The Germans frequently use it; but it does not enter into the blazoning or description of an arms, it only serves to embellish the coat.

If the fore-mentioned ordinaries have any attributes, that is, if they are engrailed, indented, wavy, &c. they must be distinctly specified, after the same manner as the honourable ordinaries.

See examples of sub-ordinaries, &c. fig. xii.

1. "Gules, an Orle Ermine;" borne by the name of Humfraville. Plate CXLVII.

2. "Argent, three Inescutcheons Gules;" borne by the name of Hay, and the 2d and 3d quarters in the coat-of-arms of the right hon. Thomas Hay, earl of Kinnoul, &c.—The first of the name of Hay that bore these arms, got them, as Mr Nisbet observes, because he and his two sons, after having defeated a party of the Danes at the battle of Loncarty, anno 942, were brought to the king with their shields all stained with blood.

3. "Argent, a Fret Sable;" borne by the right hon. Lionel Talmash, earl of Dysart, &c. This family was advanced to the peerage by king Charles I. in 1646.

4. "Or, fretty of Gules, a Canton Ermine;" borne by the right hon. Henry Noel, earl of Gainsborough, &c. This nobleman is descended from — Noel, who came into England with William the Conqueror, and, in consideration of his services, obtained a grant of several manors and lands of very great value. Sir Edward, who was knighted by king James on his accession to the throne, and created a baronet June 29, 1611, was the first advanced to the honour of baron Noel, March 23, 1616.

5. "Girony of eight Pieces Or and Sable;" the

1st and 4th quarters of the coat-of-arms of the right hon. John Campbell, earl of Breadalbane, &c. This ancient and noble family is descended, in a regular succession, from Duncan the first Lord Campbell, ancestor of the family of Argyll. John, the first earl, in consideration of his personal merit, was, from a baronet, created lord Campbell, viscount Glenorchie, and earl of Breadalbane, Jan. 28. 1677, by Charles II.

6. "Lozenge Argent and Gules;" borne by the right hon. George Fitz-William, earl Fitz-William, &c. This noble earl is descended from Sir William Fitz-William, marshal of the army of William the Conqueror at the battle of Hastings in Sussex, by which victory that prince made his way to the throne.

7. "Sable, a Masele within a Tressure flowery Argent;" borne by the name of Hobletborne.

8. "Gules, three Mullets Or, within a Bordure of the latter, charged with a double Tressure flowery and counter flowery with Fleurs-de-lis of the first;" borne by the right hon. William Sutherland, earl of Sutherland, &c. According to the traditional account of some Scottish writers, this family, in the peerage, is older than any in North-Britain, if not in all Europe; the title of earl being conferred on one of their ancestors in 1057.

9. "Azure, a Pile Ermine," for the name of Wyche; and is quartered as first and fourth in the coat-of-arms of Sir Cyril Wyche, bart. his majesty's resident at the Hans-Towns.

10. "Or, on a Pile engrailed Azure, three Cross-crofflets fitchy of the first;" borne by the name of Rigdon.

11. "Or, on a Pile Gules three Lions of England between six Fleurs-de-lis Azure;" the first and fourth quarters of his grace Edward Seymour, duke of Somerset, &c. granted him by king Henry VIII. on his marriage with the lady Jane Seymour.

12. "Ermine, two Piles issuing from the dexter and sinister sides, and meeting in Base Sable;" for the name of Holles.

13. "Argent, three Piles, one issuing from the Chief between the others reversed, Sable;" for the name of Hulse, and borne by Sir Edward Hulse, bart. of Lincoln's-inn fields, Middlesex.

14. "Azure, a Pile wavy bendways Or;" borne by the name of Aldham.—There is no mention made of its issuing out of the dexter-corner of the escutcheon, for this is sufficiently determined by the term bendways.

15. "Or, three Piles in Bend, each point ensigned with a Fleur-de-lis Sable;" borne by the name of Norton.

16. "Argent, three Piles meeting near the point of the Base Azure;" borne by the name of Bryan.

17. "Party per Pale and per Bend Or and Azure counter-changed;" borne by the name of Johnson.—This bearing is equal to two gyrons; see p. 3596. col. 1.

18. "Party per Pale and per Cheveron Argent and Gules counter-changed."

19. "Party per Pale chappé Or and Vert counter-changed." This is a bearing seldom to be met with.

20. "Party per Fess Gules and Argent, a Pale counter-changed;" borne by the name of Lavider.

SECT. III. Of COMMON CHARGES borne in coats-of-arms.

It has been already observed, that in all ages men have made use of the representation of living creatures, and other symbolical signs, to distinguish themselves in war; and that these marks, which were promiscuously used for hieroglyphs, emblems, and personal devices, gave the first notion of heraldry. But nothing shews the extent of human wit more, than the great variety of these marks of distinction, since they are composed of all sorts of figures, some natural, others artificial, and many chimerical; in allusion, it is to be supposed, to the state, quality, or inclination of the bearer.

Hence it is, that the sun, moon, stars, comets, meteors, &c. have been introduced to denote glory, grandeur, power, &c. Lions, leopards, tygers, serpents, flags, &c. have been employed to signify courage, strength, prudence, swiftness, &c.

The application to certain exercises, such as war, hunting, music, &c. has furnished lances, swords, pikes, arms, fiddles, &c. Architecture, columns, cheverons, &c.; and the other arts several things that relate to them.

Human bodies, or distinct parts of them, also clothes and ornaments, have, for some particular intention, found place in armory; trees, plants, fruits, and flowers, have likewise been admitted to denote the rarities, advantages, and singularities, of different countries.

The relation of some creatures, figures, &c. to particular names, has been likewise a very fruitful source of variety in arms. Thus the family of Coningby bears three coneys; of Arundel, six swallows; of Urson, a bear; of Lucie, three pikes, in Latin tres lucios pifces; of Starkey, a stork; of Castleman, a castle triple-towered; of Shuttleworth, three weaver's shuttles, &c.

Besides these natural and artificial figures, there are chimerical or imaginary ones used in heraldry, the result of fancy and caprice; such as centaurs, hydras, phenixes, griffons, dragons, &c. Which great variety of figures shews the impossibility of comprehending all common charges in a work of this nature; therefore such only shall be treated of as are most frequently borne in coats-of-arms.

ART. I. Of NATURAL FIGURES borne in coats-of-arms.

AMONG the multitude of natural things which are used in coats-of-arms, those most usually borne are, for the sake of brevity as well as perspicuity, distributed into the following classes, viz.

Celestial figures; as the sun, moon, stars, &c. and their parts.

Effigies of men, women, &c. and their parts.

Beasts; as lions, flags, foxes, boars, &c. and their parts.

Birds; as eagles, swans, storks, pelicans, &c. and their parts.

Fishes; as dolphins, whales, sturgeons, trouts, &c. and their parts.

Reptiles and insects; as tortoises, serpents, grasshoppers, &c. and their parts.

Vegetables; as trees, plants, flowers, herbs, &c. and their parts.

Stones; as diamonds, rubies, pebbles, rocks, &c.

These charges have, as well as ordinaries, divers attributes or epithets, which express their qualities, positions, and dispositions. Thus the sun is said to be in his glory, eclipsed, &c. The moon in her complement, increcent, &c. Animals are said to be rampant, passant, &c. Birds have also their denominations, such as close, displayed, &c. Fishes are described to be bauriant, natant, &c.

I. Examples of Celestial Figures.

1. "Azure, a Sun in his Glory;" borne by the name of St. Clare; and is found in the 1st and 4th quarters of the coat-of-arms of the most noble William Henry Ker, marquis of Lothian, &c. It is needless to express the colour of the sun, nothing being capable to denote it but gold.

2. "Azure, one Ray of the Sun, bendways Gules, between six Beams of that Luminary Argent;" borne by the name of Aldam. There is no mention made of their issuing out of the dexter-corner of the escutcheon; for this is implied in the term bendways, for the reason mentioned before.

3. "Argent, five Rays of the Sun issuing out of the sinister-corner Gules;" borne by the name of Mudshideler, a family of distinction in Franconia.

4. "Or, a Sun eclipsed." This bearing is seldom to be met with, except in emblematic or hieroglyphic figures; and might be expressed Sable, because that hue is accidental and not natural.

5. "Gules, the Moon in her complement Or, illuminated with all her light proper." This is sufficient without naming the colour, which is Argent.

6. "Azure, a Moon decrecent proper;" borne by the name of Delaluna.

7. "Gules, a Moon increcent Or;" borne by the name of Descau.

8. "Argent, a Moon in her detriment, Sable." This word is used in heraldry to denote her being eclipsed.

9. "Azure, a Crescent Argent;" borne by the name of Lucey. This bearing is also used as a difference, it being assigned to the second son, as before-mentioned.

10. "Gules, three Crescents Argent;" borne by the right hon. David Oliphant, lord Oliphant. Amongst the ancestors of this noble family was David de Oliphant, one of those barons who, in 1142, accompanied king David I. into England with an army, to assist his niece Matilda against king Stephen; but, after raising the siege of Winchester, the said king David was so closely pursued, that, had it not been for the singular conduct of this brave person, the king would have been taken prisoner.

11. "Azure, a Crescent between three Mullets Argent;" borne by the right hon. John Arbuthnot, viscount and baron Arbuthnot. In the year 1105, the first of this family marrying a daughter of the family of Oliphant, sheriff of the county of Kincardin, with her he had the lands of Arbuthnot in that county, from whence he took his surname. Robert Arbuth-

not was the first of this family who, for his loyalty to king Charles I. was, Nov. 16. 1641, dignified with the title of baron and viscount Arbuthnot.

12. "Gules, a Star issuing from between the Horns of a Crescent Argent."

13. "Azure, a Star of 16 points Argent;" borne by the name of Huffon.

14. "Argent, three Mullets pierced Sable;" borne by the name of Wollaston.

15. "Azure, six Mullets 3, 2, 1, Or;" borne by the name of Welf.

16. "Ermine, a Mullet of six points Gules, pierced;" borne by the name of Huffenbul.—When a mullet has more than five points, their number must, in blazoning, be always named.

17. "Argent, a Rain-bow with a Cloud at each end proper." This is part of the crest to the earl of Hopeton's coat-of-arms, which is inserted in fig. ix. n^o 13. The whole of it is a globe split on the top, and above it is the rain-bow, &c.

18. "Party per Fess crenelle Gules and Azure, three Suns proper;" borne by the name of Pierfon.

19. "Gules, a Mullet between three Crescents Argent;" borne by the name of Oliver.

20. "Gules, a Chief Argent, on the lower part thereof a Cloud, the Sun's resplendent rays issuing throughout proper;" borne by the name of Leefon.

II. Examples of Effigies of Men, &c. and their parts.

1. "Azure, the Virgin Mary crowned, with her Babe in her right arm, and a Sceptre in her left, all Or;" The coat-of-arms of the bishopric of Salisbury.—This bishop's see was at first fixed at Sherborn in Dorsetshire; and contained all that district which is now divided into the dioceses of Salisbury, Bristol, Wells, and Exeter. In the year 905, the dioceses of Wells, Crediton, and St Germans (now Exeter), were taken from it. And it was, moreover, parcelled out into the two bishoprics of Sherborn and Wilton. The present diocese of Salisbury, or Sarum, contains all Wiltshire, except two parishes; and all Berkshire, excepting one parish, and part of another. There are in it three archdeaconries, namely, of Salisbury, Wilts, and Berks; and the number of parish-churches and chapels, in the whole, is about 550. It has several peculiars of its own in Dorsetshire; though in Bristol diocese.

2. "Azure, a Presbyter, sitting on a Tomb-stone, with a Crown on his Head and Glory Or, his right hand extended, and holding in his left an open Book Argent, with a Sword cross his mouth Gules." The coat-of-arms of the bishopric of Chichester. The see of Chichester was anciently in the isle of Selsey, but removed to Chichester by Stigand. This diocese contains the whole county of Sussex (except 22 peculiars belonging to the archbishopric of Canterbury), where in there are 250 parishes, and two archdeacons, those of Chichester and Lewis. Some reckon the number of churches and chapels to be 302.

3. "Azure, a Bishop habited in his pontificals, sitting on a chair of state, and leaning on the sinister side thereof, holding in his left hand a crozier, his right being extended towards the dexter chief of the escutcheon, all Or; and resting his feet on a cushion, Gules, taffeled of the second." The coat-of-arms of the bi-

Effigies of the Bishopric of Clogher, in Ireland.

4. " Azure, a Bishop habited in his pontificals, holding before him, in a Pale, a Crucifix proper." The coat-of-arms of the bishopric of Waterford, in Ireland.

5. " Or, a Man's Leg coupé at the midst of the thigh Azure;" borne by the name of Haddon.

6. " Azure, three sinister Hands coupé at the wrist, and erected Argent;" borne by the ancient family of Malmauns.

7. " Argent, three sinister Hands coupé at the wrist, and erected Gules;" borne by the name of Maynard. By these two last examples it appears, that different coats-of-arms may be easily made from the same figure or figures, by varying the colours only, without the addition of any other charge, counter-changings, partings, &c.

8. " Argent, a Man's Leg erased at the midst of the thigh Sable;" borne by the name of Prime.

9. " Gules, three Legs armed proper, conjoined in the Fess-point at the upper part of the thighs, flexed in triangle, garnished and spurred Or;" This is the coat-of-arms of the Isle of Man; and is quartered by the most noble John Murray, duke of Athole, titular lord or king of that isle.

10. " Gules, three dexter Arms vrambraced fessways in Pale proper;" borne by the name of Armstrong. This coat is very well adapted to the bearer's name, and serves to denote a man of excellent conduct and valour.

11. " Or, three Legs coupé above the knee Sable;" borne by the name of Hofy.

12. " Vert, three dexter Arms conjoined at the shoulders in the Fess-point, and flexed in triangle Or, with fists clenched Argent;" borne by the name of Tremain.

13. " Argent, a Man's Heart Gules, within two equilateral triangles interlaced Sable;" borne by the name of Villages, a family of distinction in Provence.

14. " Azure, a sinister Arm, issuing out of the dexter-chief, and extended towards the sinister-base Argent."

15. " Argent, a dexter Hand coupé at the wrist and erected, within a Bordure engrailed Sable;" borne by the name of Manley.

16. " Argent, a Man's Heart Gules, ensignéd with a Crown Or, and on a Chief Azure, three Mullets the first." The paternal coat of the name of Douglas, and quartered in the arms of the dukes of Hamilton and Queensbury; as also in those of the earls of Morton and March, and the Lord Mordington.

17. " Gules, a Saracen's Head affrontée erased at the neck Argent, environed about the temples with a wreath of the second and Sable;" borne by the name of Mergith.

18. " Argent, three Blackamoors Heads coupé proper, banded about the head Argent and Gules;" borne by the name of Tanner.

19. " Gules, three Bessants each charged with a man's face affrontée proper;" borne by the name of Gamin.

20. " Or, a Blackamoor's Head coupé proper, banded about the Head Argent;" borne by the name of Ustec.

Observe, that when half of the face, or little more, of human figures, is seen in a field, it is then said to be in profile; and when the head of a man, woman, or other animal, is represented with a full face, then it is termed affrontée.

III. Examples of the different Positions of Lions, &c. in coats-of-arms.

1. " Or, a Lion rampant Gules;" quartered by the right hon. Hugh Percy-Smithson, earl of Northumberland, &c. This noble earl is descended from the family of the Smithsons of Newsham in Yorkshire, which appears to have been possessed of lands in that county in the reign of king Richard II. His lordship, married July 18. 1740, the lady Elizabeth Seymour, only daughter of Algernon Seymour, late duke of Somerset, and earl of Northumberland, on whose death he was created earl of the same county, Feb. 7. 1749-50, and duke of the same county Oct. 22. 1766.

2. " Azure, a Lion rampant-guardant Or;" borne by the name of Fitz-Hammond.

3. " Gules, a Lion rampant-reguardant Or;" quartered by the right hon. Charles Cadogan, lord Cadogan, &c. This noble lord is descended from Kedelin, prince of Powis in Wales, from whom descended William Cadwyn or Cadogan of Llanbeder, in the county of Pembroke, another of the ancestors of this present lord, who was created a peer of Great Britain on June 21. 1716.

4. " Ermine, a Lion saliant Gules;" borne by the name of Worley.

5. " Azure, a Lion statant-guardant Or;" borne by the name of Bromfield.

6. " Or, a Lion passant Gules;" borne by the name of Games.

7. " Argent, a Lion passant-guardant Gules, crowned Or;" quartered by the right hon. James Ogilvy, earl of Findlater, &c.

8. Gules, a Lion sejant Argent."

9. " Or, a Lion rampant double-headed Azure;" borne by the name of Mason.

10. " Sable, two Lions rampant-combatant Or, armed and langued Gules;" borne by the name of Carter.

11. " Azure, two Lions rampant-adosse Or." This coat-of-arms is said to have been borne by Achilles at the siege of Troy.

12. " Sable, two Lioncels counter-passant Argent, the uppermost towards the sinister side of the escutcheon, both collared Gules;" borne by the name of Glegg.—It is the natural disposition of the lion not to bear a rival in the field: therefore two lions cannot be borne in one coat-of-arms, but must be supposed to be lion's whelps, called lioncels; except when they are parted by an ordinary, as in fig. viii. n^o 17. or so disposed as that they seem to be distinctly separated from each other, as in fig. xv. n^o 20. In the two foregoing examples they are called lions, because in the 10th they seem to be striving for the sovereignty of the field, which they would not do unless they were of full growth: and, in the 11th, they are supposed to represent two valiant men, whose dispute being accommodated by the prince, are leaving the field, their pride not suffering them to go both one way.

13. " Argent, a Demi-lion rampant Sable;" borne by the name of Mervin.

Fig. 11.
SALTIERs.

A grid of 20 heraldic saltiers, numbered 1 to 20, arranged in five rows of four. Each saltier is a shield with a cross (saltire) and various patterns or symbols on the arms and the center.

Fig. 12.
ORDINARYs &c.

A grid of 20 heraldic ordinarys and other symbols, numbered 1 to 20, arranged in five rows of four. These include various patterns like lozenges, chevrons, and lines, as well as symbols like a crown and a lion.

Fig. 13.
CELESTIALS.

A grid of 20 heraldic celestial symbols, numbered 1 to 20, arranged in five rows of four. These include the sun, moon, stars, and other celestial bodies.

Fig. 14.
EFFIGIES &c.

A grid of 20 heraldic effigies and other symbols, numbered 1 to 20, arranged in five rows of four. These include figures of people, animals, and other symbolic representations.

14. "Gules, a lion couchant between six Crosses, three in Chief, and as many in Base, Argent;" for the name of Tynte; and is the first and fourth quarter of the arms of Sir Charles-Kemys Tynte, bart. elected knight of the shire for the county of Somerset to the four last and present parliaments, colonel of the second battalion of the Somerset militia, and LL.D.

15. "Azure, a Lion dormant Or."

16. "Or, out of the midst of a Fess Sable, a Lion rampant-naissant Gules;" borne by the name of Emme. This form of blazon is peculiar to all living things that shall be found issuing out of the midst of some ordinary or other charge.

17. "Azure, three Lioncels rampant Or;" borne by the right hon. Richard Fienes, viscount and baron Saye and Sele. This noble lord is descended from John, baron Fienes, hereditary constable of Dover-castle, and lord Warden of the Cinque-ports, in the 12th century.

18. "Gules, a tricorporated Lion issuing from three parts of the Escutcheon, all meeting under one Head in the Fess-point Or, langued and armed Azure;" borne by the name of Crouchback. This coat appertained to Edmund Crouchback, earl of Lancaster, in the reign of his brother king Edward I.

19. "Gules, a Besant between three Demi-lions rampant Argent;" borne by the right hon. Charles Bennett, earl of Tankerville, &c. This noble earl is descended from the family of the Bennets in Berkshire, who flourished in the reign of king Edward III. Charles, lord Ossulston, grandfather of the present earl, was created earl of Tankerville, on October 19. 1714, by George I.

20. "Party per Pale Azure and Gules, three Lions rampant Argent;" borne by the right hon. Henry Herbert earl of Pembroke, &c. This noble family is descended from Henry Fitz-Roy, natural son to Henry I. Sir William Herbert, one of the ancestors of the present earl, was master of the horse to king Henry VIII. lord president of the marches of Wales, and knight of the garter. He was also, by that king, advanced to the dignity of baron Herbert of Caerdiſſ, October 10. 1551, and the very next day created earl of Pembroke.—Observe, that if a lion, or any other beast, is represented with its limbs and body separated, so that they remain upon the field at a small distance from their natural places, it is then termed Dehaché or couped in all its parts, of which very remarkable bearing, there is an instance in armory, which is, "Or, a Lion rampant Gules, dehaché, or couped in all its parts, within a double Tressure flowery and counterflowery of the second;" borne by the name of Maitland.

IV. Examples of other Quadrupeds, and their Parts, borne in Coats-of-Arms.

1. "Sable, a Camel statant Argent;" borne by the name of Camel.

2. "Gules, an Elephant statant Argent, tusked Or;"

3. "Argent, a Boar statant Gules, armed Or;" borne by the name of Trewarthen.

4. "Sable, a Bull passant Or;" borne by the name of Fitz-Geffrey.

5. "Sable, three Nags Heads erased Argent;"

borne by the right hon. and the reverend Charles-Talbot Blayney, baron Blayney of Monaghan, in Ireland. This noble family is descended in a direct line from Cadwallader, a younger son of the prince of Wales; and the first peer was Sir Edward Bleyney, knight, who was created a baron by king James I. July 29, 1621.

6. "Argent, three Boars Heads erased and erect Sable, langued Gules;" for the name of Booth; and borne by Sir George Booth, bart. the present rector of Ashton-under-Line, in the county of Lancaster.—Various are the traditions touching the original stem of this ancient family, which, like most others of long standing, is so engulfed in the obscurity of all-devouring time, that no other light than conjecture is now to be had thereof. The most probable is, that their beginning was at a certain place called the Booths, in the county of Lancaster, where being seated, they were thence furnished, as the manner of those ages was to style men from the places where they lived.

7. "Azure, three Boars Heads erased Or;" quartered by his grace Alexander Gordon duke of Gordon, &c. Of this great and noble family, which took their surname from the barony of Gordon in the county of Berwick, there have been, besides those in North-Britain, several of great distinction in Muscovy; and in the time of king Malcolm IV. 1160, this family was very numerous, and flourished in the county aforesaid.

8. "Argent, three Bulls Heads erased, Sable, armed Or;" borne by the right hon. Clotworthy Skeffington, earl of Massareene, &c. of Ireland. This ancient and noble family derives its name from the village of Skeffington, in the county of Limerick, of which place Simon Skeffington was Lord in the reign of Edward I. and from him descended Sir William Skeffington, knight, made so by king Henry VII.

9. "Argent, two Foxes counter-salient, the dexter surmounted of the sinister Gules;" for the name of Kadrood-Hard, an ancient British family, from which is descended Sir Watkyn-Williams Wynne, bart. who bears this quartered, second and third, in his coat-of-arms.

10. "Argent, three Bulls passant Sable, armed and unguled Or;" for Ashley, and quartered by the right hon. Anthony-Ashley Cooper, earl of Shaftesbury, &c. This noble earl is descended from Richard Cooper, who flourished in the reign of king Henry VIII. and purchased the manor of Paulet in the county of Somerset; of which the family are still proprietors. But his ancestor, who makes the greatest figure in history, is Sir Anthony-Ashley Cooper, who was created baron Ashley of Winbourn, April 20, 1661, and afterwards earl of Shaftesbury, April 23, 1672.

11. "Ermine, three Cats passant in Pale Argent;" for the name of Adams; and borne by Sir Thomas Adams, bart. a captain of his majesty's navy, who commanded several different ships in the last war with bravery and conduct.

12. "Gules, two Grehounds rampant Or, respecting each other;" borne by the name of Dogget.

13. "Or, an Afs's Head erased Sable;" borne by the name of Hackwell.

14. "Gules, three Lions gambs erased Argent;" for the name of Newdigate, and borne by Sir Roger New-

Newdigate, bart. LL.D. and representative in the present and three last parliaments for the university of Oxford.

15. " Argent, three lions tails erected and erased Gules;" borne by the name of Cork.

16. " Azure, a Buck's Head cabossed Argent;" borne by the right hon. William Legge, earl of Dartmouth, &c. This noble earl is descended from Signor de Lega, an Italian nobleman, who flourished in Italy in the year 1297. What time the family came into England is uncertain; but it appears they were settled at Legge-place, near Tunbridge in Kent, for many generations; and Thomas, one of their ancestors, was twice lord-mayor of London, viz. in 1346 and 1353.

17. " Argent, two Squirrels sejant adoffee Gules;" for the name of Samwell; and borne by Sir Thomas Samwell, bart. of Upton, in Northamptonshire, who is lineally descended from the ancient family of the Samwells in Cornwall.

18. " Gules, a Goat passant Argent;" borne by the name of Baker.

19. " Sable, a Stag standing at gaze Argent;" borne by the name of Jones, of Monmouthshire.

20. " Azure, three Holy-Lambs Or;" borne by the name of Row.

V. Examples of Birds, Fishes, Reptiles, &c.

1. " Ermine, an Eagle displayed Sable;" borne by the name of Beddingfield.

2. " Gules, a Swan close proper;" borne by the name of Leigham.

3. " Argent, a Stork Sable, membred Gules;" borne by the name of Starkey.

4. " Gules, a Pelican in her nest with wings elevated, feeding her young ones Or;" vulned proper;" borne by the name of Carne.

5. " Argent, three Peacocks in their pride proper;" borne by the name of Pawne.

6. " Sable, a Goshawk Argent, perching upon a flock in the Base point of the Escutcheon of the second, armed, jessed, and belled Or;" borne by the name of Weele.

7. " Or, a Raven proper;" borne by the name of Corbet.

8. " Argent, three Cocks Gules, erected and jow-lapped Sable, a Crescent surmounted of a Crescent for difference, borne by the right hon. Charles Cockayne, viscount Cullen, of Donegal in Ireland. Of this ancient family was Andreas Cockayne, of Ashburne in the county of Derby, who lived in the 28th year of Edward I. Charles, son to Sir William Cockayne, lord-mayor of London, 1619, was the first who was advanced to the Peerage, by Charles I. August 11, 1642.

9. " Sable a Dolphin naient embowed Or;" borne by the name of Symonds. This animal is borne by the eldest son of the French king, and next heir to the crown, no other subject in that kingdom being permitted to bear it. In England, where that rule cannot take place, there are several families that have dolphins in their coats-of-arms.

10. " Argent, three Whales Heads erected and erased Sable;" borne by the name of Whalley.

11. " Gules, three Escaliops Argent;" borne by the right hon. George Keppel, earl of Albemarle, &c. This present earl is descended from Arnold Joost,

van Keppel, a nobleman of the province of Gelderland in Holland, who came over into England with the prince of Orange in 1688, to whom he was then a page of honour, and afterwards master of the robes, and was by him created a peer of England, by the title of earl of Albemarle, in the duchy of Normandy in France, February 10, 1696.

12. " Azure, three Trouts fretted in Triangle Argent;" borne by the name of Troutbeck.

13. " Vert, a Grashopper passant Or."

14. " Azure, three Bees two and one volant in pale Argent;" borne by the name of Bye.

15. " Vert, a Tortoise passant Argent;" borne by the name of Gawdy.

16. " Gules, an Adder nowed Or;" borne by the name of Nathiley. Adders, snakes, and serpents are said to represent many things, which being according to the fancy of the ancients, and a few modern authors who have adopted their opinions, it is needless to enlarge upon. It is certain they often occur in armory; but the noblest is that of the duchy of Milan, viz.

" Argent, a Serpent gliding in Pale Azure, crowned Or, vorant an Infant issuing Gules." The occasion of this bearing was thus: Otho, first viscount of Milan, going to the Holy-land with Godfrey of Bouillon, defeated and slew in a single combat the great giant Volux, a man of an extraordinary stature and strength, who had challenged the bravest of the Christian army. The viscount having killed him, took his armour, and among it his helmet, the crest whereof was a serpent swallowing an infant, worn by him, to strike a terror into those who should be so bold as to engage him.

17. " Ermine, a Rose Gules barbed and seeded proper;" borne by the right hon. Hugh Boscawen viscount Falmouth, &c. This noble lord is descended from Richard Boscawen, of the town of Boscawen, in the county of Cornwall, who flourished in the reign of king Edward VI. Hugh, the late viscount, and the first peer of this ancient family, was created baron of Boscawen-Rose, and viscount Falmouth, on the 13th of June, 1720, 6th of George I.

18. " Azure, three Laurel-leaves slipped Or;" borne by the name of Leveson, and quartered by the right hon. Granville-Leveson Gower, earl of Gower, &c.

19. " Azure, three Garbs Or;" borne by the name of Gaming. These are sheaves of wheat; but though they were barley, rye, or any other corn whatsoever, it is sufficient, in blazoning, to call them Garbs, telling the tincture they are of.

20. " Gules, three Cinquefoils Argent;" borne by the right hon. lord Ford Lambart, baron of Cavan, &c. in Ireland. Of this ancient family, which is of French extraction, was Sir Oliver, who, in the reign of queen Elizabeth, attending the earl of Essex to Spain, was there knighted by him, and afterwards returning with that earl into Ireland, was, for his singular service in the north against O'Neal earl of Tyrone, made camp-master general, and president of Connaught; and February 17, 1617, was created lord Lambart and baron of Cavan, by king James I.

It must be observed that trees and plants are sometimes said to be trunked, eradicated, fructuated, or raguled, according as they are represented in arms.

AFTER the various productions of nature, artificial figures, the objects of arts and mechanics, claim the next rank. They may be distributed into the following classes, viz.

Warlike instruments, as swords, arrows, battering-rams, gauntlets, helmets, spears, pole-axes, &c.

Ornaments used in royal and religious ceremonies, as crowns, coronets, mitres, wreaths, croffers, &c.

Architecture, as towers, castles, arches, columns, plummets, battlements, churches, portcullises, &c.

Navigation, as ships, anchors, rudders, pendants, sails, oars, masts, flags, galleys, lighters, &c.

All these bearings have different epithets, serving either to express their position, disposition, or make, viz. Swords are said to be erect, pommelled, hilted, &c. Arrows, armed, feathered, &c. Towers, covered, embattled, &c.; and so on of all others, as will appear by the following examples.

Fig. xviii. 1. "Sable, three swords, their points meeting in the Base Argent, pommelled and hilted Or, a Crescent in chief of the second for difference;" borne by his grace Charles Powlet, duke of Bolton, &c. This noble duke is descended from Hercules, lord of Tourmon in Picardy, who came over to England with Jeffrey Plantagenet earl of Anjou, third son of king Henry II. and among other lands had the lordship of Paulet in Somersetshire conferred on him. William Powlet, the first peer of this illustrious and loyal family, was treasurer of the household to king Henry VIII. and by him created baron St. John of Basing, in the county of Southampton, March 9. 1538.

2. "Argent, three Battering-rams barways in Pale, headed azure and hooped Or, an Annulet for difference;" borne by the right hon. Willoughby Bertie, earl of Abington, &c. The first of the family of Bertie that bore the title of earl of Abington, was James Bertie lord Norris of Rycote, being created earl, November 30. 1682, by Charles II.

3. "Azure, three left-hand Gauntlets with their backs forward Or;" borne by the right hon. Thomas Fane, earl of Westmoreland, &c. This noble earl is descended from the Fanes, an ancient family which resided at Badfal in Kent, from which descended Francis Fane, son and heir of Sir Thomas Fane, knight, by Mary his wife, sole daughter and heiress to Henry Nevil lord Abergavenny, afterwards created baroness Despenser. The said Francis was a knight of the Bath; and in the reign of king James I. was created baron Burghersh, and earl of Westmoreland, December 29. 1624.

4. "Azure, three Arrows their points in base Or;" borne by the right hon. Thomas Archer, lord Archer, &c. This noble lord is descended from John de Archer, who came over from Normandy with William the Conqueror; and this family is one of the most ancient in Warwickshire, being settled at Umberlade, in that county, ever since the reign of Henry II. His lordship is the first peer; and was created lord Archer and baron of Umberlade by king George II. July 14. 1747.

5. "Gules, two helmets in chief proper, garnished Or, in a Base of a Garb of the third;" borne by

the right hon. George Cholmondeley, earl of Cholmondeley, &c. This noble earl is descended from the ancient family of Egerton in Cheshire, which flourished in the time of the conquest, from whom also the duke of Bridgewater is descended. The first English peer of this branch was Hugh, viscount Cholmondeley of Kells, in Ireland, who, joining with those who opposed the arbitrary measures of king James II. was on the accession of king William and queen Mary, created lord Cholmondeley of Namptwich, in the county of Chester.

6. "Argent, a Ship with its Sails furled up Sable;" quartered by the right hon. James Hamilton, earl of Abercorn, &c. The descent of this noble family is from that of the duke of Hamilton: for James, the fourth lord Hamilton and second earl of Arran, marrying lady Margaret Douglas, daughter of James the third earl of Morton, by her had four sons, James, John, Claud, and David; whereof Claud was progenitor of the lord we are now speaking of; and in consideration of his merit and loyalty to Mary queen of Scots, James VI. created him lord Paisley in 1591, as also earl of Abercorn, baron of Hamilton, &c. July 10. 1606.

7. "Or, an Anchor in pale Gules;" quartered by the most noble George Johnston, marquis of Annandale, &c. The Johnstons are an ancient and warlike family, and derive their surname from the barony of Johnston in Annandale.

8. "Sable, three Spears Heads erect Argent, imbrued Gules, on a chief Or, as many Pole-axes Azure;" borne by the right hon. William King, lord King, &c. Peter King, esq; the first lord of this ancient family, was chosen recorder of the city of London, July 27. 1708, and on the 12th of September following had the honour of knighthood conferred on him. He was constituted lord-chief-justice of the common-pleas in the first year of king George I. 1714; on the 5th of April following was sworn of his majesty's most hon. privy council; and on May 19. 1723, was created a peer of this kingdom by the title of lord King, baron of Ockham.

9. "Gules, three Clarions Or;" quartered by the right hon. Robert Carteret, earl of Granville, &c. This ancient and worthy family derives its pedigree from Offerey de Carteret, who attended William the Conqueror in his descent upon England, and contributed to the victory he obtained over king Harold, at Hastings in Sussex, 1066, he had manors and lands in England conferred on him by that prince, as a reward for his eminent services. George Carteret, grandfather to the present earl, was, in consideration of his own merit and the services of his ancestors, created a peer of Great Britain, October 19th 1681.

10. "Argent, a Maunch Sable;" borne by the right hon. Francis Hastings, earl of Huntingdon, &c. This noble earl is descended from Hugh de Hastings, a younger son of the ancient and noble family of the Hastings, earl of Pembroke, of which family was William de Hastings, steward of the household to king Henry I.—William, the first lord Hastings, was created a baron on July 6, 1461, by king Edward IV.

11. "Azure, a circular Wreath Argent and Sable, with four Hawk's Bells joined thereto in quadrature Or;"

Or;” borne by the right hon. Robert Jocelyn, viscount Jocelyn, &c. This noble family is of great antiquity; for, after the Romans had been masters of Britain 500 years, wearied with the wars, they took their final farewell of it, and carried away with them a great many of their brave old British soldiers, who had served them in their wars both at home and abroad, to whom they gave America in France, for their former services, which country was from them afterwards called Little Britain. It is supposed that there were some of this family amongst them; and that they gave the name of Jocelyn to a town in this country, which still preserves that name: and it is thought probable that they returned with William the Conqueror; for we find, in 1066, mention made of Sir Gilbert Jocelyn. This present nobleman, the first lord of the family, was created baron Newport, of Newport in Ireland, on November 29, 1743, and viscount in November 1751.

12. “Gules, three Towers Argent;” quartered by the right hon. William Fowler, viscount Ashbrook, &c. William Fowler, esq; father to this present lord, was advanced to the peerage by king George II. and created baron of Castle-Darrow, in the county of Kilkenny, October 27, 1733, and his son was created viscount Ashbrook, of Ashbrook in Ireland, on Sept. 30, 1751, now extinct.

13. “Gules, two keys in Saltier Argent, in Chief a Royal Crown proper;” the arms of the archbishopric of York. This archbishopric comprehends only the bishoprics of Carlisle, Chester, and Durham. And the diocese contains about three parts in four of Yorkshire, all Nottinghamshire, and Hexham peculiar jurisdiction; divided into 903 parishes and chapels; and into four archdeaconries, of York, East-Riding, Cleveland, and Nottingham.

14. “Gules, two Swords in Saltier Argent, pomméled and hilted Or;” the arms of the bishopric of London. This diocese contains London, the counties of Middlesex and Essex, and part of Hertfordshire, in which there are about 665 churches and chapels. In it are also five archdeaconries, viz. those of London, Middlesex, Essex, Colchester, and St Albans.

15. “Sable, a Key in Bend, surmounted by a Crozier in Bend sinister, both Or;” the arms of the bishopric of St Asaph. This diocese contains no one whole county; but part of Denbigh, Flint, Montgomery, and Merioneth shires, and some towns in Shropshire, wherein are to the number of 121 parishes; but there are in all 131 churches and chapels, most of which are in the immediate patronage of the bishops. It hath but one archdeaconry, called of St Asaph, which is united to the bishopric, for the better support of it.

16. “Gules, two Keys adosse in Bend, the uppermost Argent, the other Or, a Sword interposed between them in Bend sinister of the second, pomméled and hilted of the third;” the arms of the bishopric of Winchester. This diocese contains the whole county of Southampton, with the Isle of Wight, and the isles of Jersey, Guernsey, Sark, and Alderney. It also contains one parish in Wiltshire, and all Surrey, except eleven peculiars belonging to Canterbury. The number of churches and chapels in it are 415;

and it has two archdeacons, viz. of Winchester and Surrey.

17. “Gules, three Mitres with their pendants Or;” the arms of the bishopric of Chester. The bishopric of Chester was anciently part of the diocese of Litchfield; one of whose bishops, removing his see hither in the year 1075, occasioned his successors being frequently called bishops of Chester. But it was not erected into a distinct bishopric till the year 1541, by king Henry VIII. It contains the entire counties of Chester and Lancaster; part of Westmoreland, Cumberland, and Yorkshire; two chapelries in Denbighshire, and five churches and chapels in the county of Flint: in all, 506 churches and chapels. It is divided into two archdeaconries, viz. Chester and Richmond.

18. “Sable, three Ducal Coronets paleways Or;” the arms of the bishopric of Bristol. The bishopric of Bristol was founded by king Henry VIII. and taken out of the dioceses of Salisbury, Wells, and Worcester. It contains the city of Bristol, and the county of Dorset; in which there are 276 churches and chapels; and one archdeaconry, viz. that of Dorset.

19. “Gules, a Sword erect in pale Argent, pomméled and hilted Or, surmounted by two Keys in Saltier of the last;” the arms of the bishopric of Exeter. When Christianity was first planted in these parts, Cornwall and Devonshire were placed under the jurisdiction of the bishop of Dorchester; but, that episcopal seat being removed to Winchester in the year 660, these western parts were made subject to that new see. When the monastery of Sherbourn was turned into a cathedral about the year 705, these counties were included in that diocese, which continued about 200 years; and then Plegmund, archbishop of Canterbury, at the command of king Edward the Elder, erected three new bishoprics; one at Wells, for Somersetshire; another at Bodmin, for Cornwall; and the last at Tawton-Bishops, for Devon, which was after removed to Crediton, and at length settled at Exeter. That diocese contains the entire counties of Devon and Cornwall; in which there are 725 churches and chapels, and four archdeaconries, viz. those of Exeter, Barnstable, Totness, and Cornwall.

20. “Gules, three Ducal Coronets, Or;” the arms of the bishopric of Ely. The bishopric of Ely was taken from that of Lincoln by king Henry I. anno 1109. It contains all Cambridgehire, and the isle of Ely, excepting Islham, which belongs to the see of Rochester, and 15 other parishes that are in the diocese of Norwich; but it has one parish, viz. Emneth, in Norfolk. The whole number of the churches and chapels within the diocese of Ely are 164. It hath only one archdeacon, viz. that of Ely.

ART. III. OF CHYMERICAL FIGURES.

The last and the oddest kind of bearings in coats-of-arms, is comprehended under the name of chymical figures; that is to say, such as have no real existence, but are mere fabulous and fantastical inventions. These charges, griffons, martlets, and unicorns excepted, are so uncommon in British coats, that in order to make up the same number of examples hitherto contained in each collection, several foreign bearings are introduced here;

Fig. 15.
LIONS & SC.

HERALDRY.

Fig. 16.
ANIMALS SC.

Fig. 17.
BIRDS & SC.

Fig. 18.
ARTIFICIAL FIGURES.

Chimerical here; which, however, as they are conform to the laws of heraldry, will also contribute both to entertain and instruct the reader. Those most in use are the following, viz.

Angels, Cherubim, Tritons, Centaurs, Martlets, Griffons, Unicorns, Dragons, Mermaids, Satyrs, Wiverns, Harpies, Cockatrices, Phenixes.

These, like the foregoing charges, are subject to various positions and dispositions, which, from the principles already laid down, will be plainly understood. See the examples, fig. xix.

No. 1. is "Gules, an Angel standing affrontée, with his hands conjoined and elevated upon his breast, habited in a long Robe close girt Argent, his Wings displayed Or;" borne by the name of Brangor de Cerevisia, a foreign prelate, who assisted at the council of Constance 1412. This example is quoted by Guillim, Sect. III. Chap. i.

2. "Sable, a Cheveron between three Cherubim Or;" borne by the name of Chaloners, of Yorkshire and Cheshire.

3. "Azure, a Fess indented between three Cherubim Argent." These arms were granted to John Ayde, esq; of Doddington in Kent, by Sir William Segar, garter.

4. "Gules, a Cherub having three pair of Wings, the uppermost and lowermost counter-crossed Saltierways, and the middlemost displayed Argent;" borne by the name of Buocafoco, a foreign prelate. This example is copied from Menestricr's Methode du Blason, p. 120, No. viii.

5. "Azure, a Griffon segreant Or, armed and langued Gules, between three Crescents Argent;" quartered by the right hon. John Bligh, lord Clifton, &c. The great grandfather of this noble lord, who lived in London, going over to Ireland in the time of Oliver Cromwell, as an agent to the adventurers there, acquired a good estate, and laid the foundation for the grandeur of this family.

6. "Gules, three Martlets Or;" borne by the name of Maegill. Guillim observes, that this bird, which is represented without feet, is given for a difference to younger brothers, to put them in mind, that, in order to raise themselves, they are to trust to their wings of virtue and merit, and not to their legs, having but little land to set their feet on.

7. "Azure, three Mullets Argent within a double Tressure counter-flowery Or, in the centre a Martlet of the last;" borne by the right hon. Patrick Murray, lord Elibank. Sir Gideon Murray, knighted by king James VI. by whom he was made treasurer-depute, was third son of Sir Andrew Murray of Blackbarony. His son Patrick, in respect of his loyalty to Charles I. was, on May 16. 1628, made a baronet, and, in 1643, created lord Elibank.

8. "Sable, a Cockatrice displayed Argent, crested, membred, and jowllopped Gules."

9. "Argent, a Mermaid Gules, crined Or, holding in her right hand a Comb, and in her left a Mirror, both proper;" borne by the name of Ellis.

10. "Argent, a Wivern, his Wings elevated, and his Tail nowed below him Gules;" borne by the name of Drakes.

11. "Or, a Dragon passant Vert."

12. "Gules, a Centaur or Sagittary in full speed

reguardant proper." This was the coat-of-arms of Stephen, surnamed of Blais, son to Adela daughter of William the Conqueror, and of Stephen earl of Blais; and on this descent grounding his pretension to the crown of England, he was proclaimed king in 1135, and reigned to the 25th of October 1154.

13. "Argent, an Unicorn sejant Sable, unguled and horned Or;" borne by the name of Harling.

14. "Argent, a Dragon's Head erased Vert, holding in his Mouth a sinister Hand couped at the Wrist Gules;" borne by the name of Williams.

15. "Gules, three Unicorns Heads couped Or;" borne by the name of Paris.

16. "Argent, a Wivern volant Bendways Sable;" borne by the name of Raynon.

17. "Azure, a Lion sejant guardant winged Or, his Head encircled with a Glory, holding in his forepaws an open Book, wherein is written, Pax tibi, Marce, Evangelista meus; over the dexter side of the Book a Sword erect, all proper." These are the arms of the republic of Venice.

18. "Azure, a Bull saliant and winged Or;" borne by the name of Cadenet, a family of distinction in Provence.

19. "Argent, a Wyvern with a human Face affrontée hooded, and winged Vert;" borne by the name of Basraghi, an ancient and noble family of Luques.

20. "Azure, a Harpy displayed, armed, crined, and crowned Or." These are the arms of the city of Noremborg in Germany.

To the forementioned figures may be added the montegre, an imaginary creature, supposed to have the body of a tyger with a Satyr's head and horns; also those which have a real existence, but are said to be endowed with extravagant and imaginary qualities, viz. the salamander, beaver, camelon, &c.

C H A P. IV.

Of the EXTERNAL ORNAMENTS of ESCUTCHEONS.

THE ornaments that accompany or surround escutcheons were introduced to denote the birth, dignity, or office, of the persons to whom the coat-of-arms appertaineth; which is practised both among the laity and clergy. Those most in use are of ten sorts, viz. Crowns, Coronets, Mitres, Helmets, Mantlings, Chapeaux, Wreaths, Crests, Scrolls, Supporters.

SECT. I. Of Crowns.

THE first crowns were only diadems, bands, or fillets; afterwards they were composed of branches of divers trees, and then flowers were added to them.

Among the Greeks, the crowns given to those who carried the prize at the Isthmian games, were of pine; at the Olympick, of laurel; and at the Nemean, of smallage.

The Romans had various crowns to reward martial exploits and extraordinary services done to the republic: for which see the detached article Crown in this Dictionary, and Plate LXXXII.

Examples of some of these crowns are frequently

met with in modern achievements, viz. 1. The mural crown in that of lord Montfort, which was conferred on Sir John Bromley, one of his lordship's ancestors, as an augmentation to his arms, for his great courage at the battle of Le Croby. Part of the crest of lord Archer is also a mural crown. And there are no less than ten English baronets, whose arms are ornamented with the same crown. 2. The naval or rostral crown, is still used with coats-of-arms, as may be seen in those of Sir William Burnaby, bart. now admiral of the red squadron, and of John Clerke, esq; as part of their crests. 3. Of the castrense or vallary crown, we have instances in the coat-of-arms of Sir Reginald Graham, and of Isaac Akerman, esq. 4. The crest of Grace Blakeney, esq; is encompassed with a civic crown. 5. The radiated crown, according to J. Yorke, was placed over the arms of the kings of England, till the time of Edward III. It is still used, as a crest, on the arms of some private families; those, for example, borne by the name of Whitfield, are ornamented with it. The celestial crown is formed like the radiated, with the addition of a star on each ray; and is only used upon tomb-stones, monuments, and the like. —Others of the ancient crowns are still borne, as crests, by the right hon. Jeffrey Amherst, baron Amherst of Holmeville, in Kent; Sir James Gray, bart.; Thomas Sheriff, esq; and others.

But modern crowns are only used as an ornament, which emperors, kings, and independent princes set on their heads, in great solemnities, both to denote their sovereign authority, and to render themselves more awful to their subjects. These are the most in use in heraldry, and are as follows:

The imperial crown, (n^o 1.) is made of a circle of gold, adorned with precious stones and pearls, heightened with fleurs-de-lis, bordered and feded with pearls, raised in the form of a cap voided at the top, like a crescent. From the middle of this cap rises an arched fillet enriched with pearls, and surmounted of a mound, wherein is a cross of pearls.

The crown of the kings of Great Britain (2.), is a circle of gold, bordered with ermine, enriched with pearls and precious stones, and heightened up with four crosses pattee and four large fleurs-de-lis alternately; from these rise four arched diadems adorned with pearls, which close under a mound, surmounted of a cross like those at bottom. Mr Sandford, in his Genealogical History, p. 381. remarks, that Edward IV. is the first king of England that in his seal, or on his coin, is crowned with an arched diadem.

The crown of the kings in France (3.) is a circle enamelled, adorned with precious stones, and heightened up with eight arched diadems, rising from as many fleurs-de-lis, that conjoin at the top under a double fleur-de-lis, all of gold.

The crowns of Spain, Portugal, and Poland, are all three of the same form, and are, amongst others, thus described by colonel Parsons, in his Genealogical Tables of Europe, viz. A ducal coronet, heightened up with eight arched diadems that support a mound, ensigned with a plain cross. Those of Denmark and Sweden are both of the same form; and consist of eight arched diadems, rising from a marquis's coronet, which that conjoin at the top under a mound ensigned with a

cross-bottony.

The crowns of most other kings are circles of gold, adorned with precious stones, and heightened up with large trefoils, and closed by four, six, or eight diadems, supporting a mound, surmounted of a cross.

The Great Turk (4.), bears over his arms a turband, enriched with pearls and diamonds, under two coronets, the first of which is made of pyramidal points heightened up with large pearls, and the uppermost is surmounted with crescents.

The Pope, or bishop of Rome, appropriates to himself a Tiara (n^o 5.), or long cap of golden cloth, from which hang two pendants embroidered and fringed at the ends, semées of crosses of gold. This cap is inclosed by three marquis's coronets; and has on its top a mound of gold, wherein is a cross of the same, which cross is sometimes represented by engravers and painters pommetted, recrossed, flowery, or plain. —It is a difficult matter to ascertain the time when these haughty prelates assumed the three forementioned coronets. A patched up succession of the holy pontiffs, engraved and published a few years ago by order of Clement XIII. the late Pope, for the edification of his good subjects in Great Britain and Ireland, represents Marcellus, who was chosen bishop of Rome anno 310, and all his successors, adorned with such a cap: but it appears, from very good authority, that Boniface VIII. who was elected into the see of Rome anno 1295, first compassed his cap with a coronet; Benedict XII. in 1335, added a second to it; and John XXIII. in 1417, a third; with a view to indicate by them, that the Pope is the sovereign priest, the supreme judge, and the sole legislator amongst Christians.

SECT. II. Of Coronets.

The Coronet of the prince of Wales, or eldest son of the king of Great Britain, (n^o 7.), was anciently a circle of gold set round with four crosses-pattee, and as many fleurs-de-lis alternately; but since the restoration, it has been closed with one arch only, adorned with pearls, and surmounted of a mound and cross, and bordered with ermine like the king's.

Besides the aforesaid coronet, his royal highness the prince of Wales has another distinguishing mark of honour, peculiar to himself, called by the vulgar the prince's arms, viz. A plume of three ostrich-feathers, with an ancient coronet of a prince of Wales. Under it, in a scroll, is this motto, Ieh Dien, which in the German or old Saxon language signifies "I serve;" (see n^o 6). This device was at first taken by Edward prince of Wales, commonly called the black prince, after the famous battle of Cressy, in 1346, where having with his own hand killed John king of Bohemia, he took from his head such a plume, and put it on his own.

The coronet of the present dukes of Gloucester and Cumberland, and of all the immediate sons and brothers of the kings of Great Britain, is a circle of gold, bordered with ermine, heightened up with four fleurs-de-lis, and as many crosses-pattee alternate. (see n^o 8). —The particular and distinguishing form of such coronets as are appropriated to princes of the blood-royal, is described and settled in a grant of Charles II. the 13th of his reign.

The coronet of the princesses of Great Britain is a circle

Mitres, &c. circle of gold, bordered with ermine, and heightened up with crosses-pattée, fleurs-de-lis and strawberry leaves alternate (n^o 9.); whereas a prince's coronet has only fleurs-de-lis and crosses.

A duke's coronet is a circle of gold, bordered with ermine, enriched with precious stones and pearls, and set round with eight large strawberry or parsley leaves; (n^o 10).

A marquis's coronet is a circle of gold, bordered with ermine, set round with four strawberry leaves, and as many pearls on pyramidal points of equal height, alternate; (n^o 11).

An earl's coronet is a circle of gold, bordered with ermine, heightened up with eight pyramidal points or rays, on the tops of which are as many large pearls, and are placed alternately with as many strawberry leaves, but the pearls much higher than the leaves; (n^o 12).

A viscount's coronet differs from the preceding ones as being only a circle of gold bordered with ermine, with large pearls set close together on the rim, without any limited number, which is his prerogative above the baron, who is limited: (see n^o 13).

A baron's coronet, (n^o 14), which was granted by king Charles II. is formed with six pearls set at equal distance on a gold circle, bordered with ermine, four of which only are seen on engravings, paintings, &c. to shew he is inferior to the viscount.

The eldest sons of peers, above the degree of a baron, bear their father's arms and supporters with a label, and use the coronet appertaining to their father's second title; and all the younger sons bear their arms with proper differences, but use no coronets.

As the crown of the king of Great Britain is not quite like that of other potentates, so do most of the coronets of foreign noblemen differ a little from those of the British nobility: as for example, the coronet of a French earl is a circle of gold with 18 pearls set on the brim of it; a French viscount's coronet is a circle of gold only enamelled, charged with four large pearls; and a French baron's coronet is a circle of gold enamelled and bound about with a double bracelet of pearls: and these coronets are only used on French noblemen's coats-of-arms, and not worn on their heads, as the British noblemen and their ladies do at the king's coronation.

SECT. III. Of Mitres.

THE archbishops and bishops of England and Ireland place a mitre over their coats-of-arms. It is a round cap pointed and cleft at the top, from which hang two pendants fringed at both ends; with this difference, that the bishop's mitre is only surrounded with a fillet of gold, set with precious stones, (see fig. 23. n^o 6.) whereas the archbishop's issues out of a ducal coronet, (see fig. 20. n^o 15).

This ornament, with other masquerade garments, is still worn by all the archbishops and bishops of the church of Rome, whenever they officiate with solemnity; but it is never used in England, otherwise than on coats of arms, as before mentioned.

SECT. IV. Of Helmets.

THE Helmet was formerly worn as a defensive wea-

pon, to cover the bearer's head; and is now placed over a coat-of-arms as its chief ornament, and the true mark of gentility. There are several sorts, distinguished, 1^st, by the matter they are made of; 2^dly, by their form; and, 3^dly, by their position.

1^st, As to the matter they are, or rather were, made of: The helmets of sovereigns were of burnished gold damasked; those of princes and lords, of silver figured with gold; those of knights, of steel adorned with silver; and those of private gentlemen, of polished steel.

2^dly, As to their form: Those of the king and the royal family, and noblemen of Great Britain, are open-faced and grated, and the number of bars serves to distinguish the bearers quality; that is, the helmet appropriated to the dukes and marquises is different from the king's, by having a bar exactly in the middle, and two on each side, making but five bars in all, (see fig. 21. n^o 1.) whereas the king's helmet has six bars, viz. three on each side, (ibid. n^o 7.) The other grated helmet with four bars is common to all degrees of peerage under a marquis. The open-faced helmet without bars denotes baronets and knights. The close helmet is for all esquires and gentlemen.

3^dly, Their position is also looked upon as a mark of distinction. The grated helmet in front belongs to sovereign princes. The grated helmet in profile is common to all degrees of peerage. The helmet standing direct without bars, and the beaver a little open, denotes baronets and knights. Lastly, the side-standing helmet, with the beaver close, is the way of wearing it amongst esquires and gentlemen. See n^o 1, 2, 3, 4, and 7, inserted in fig. 21. Ornaments.

SECT. V. Of Mantlings.

MANTLINGS are pieces of cloth jagged or cut into flowers and leaves, which now-a-days serve as an ornament for escheuteons. They were the ancient covering of helmets, to preserve them, or the bearer, from the injuries of the weather, as also to prevent the ill consequences of their too much dazzling the eye in action. But Guillim very judiciously observes, that their shape must have undergone a great alteration since they have been out of use, and therefore might more properly be termed flourishings than mantlings. See the examples annexed to the helmets represented in fig. 21.

The French heralds assure us, that these mantlings were originally no other than short coverings which commanders wore over their helmets, and that, going into battles with them, they often, on their coming away, brought them back in a ragged manner, occasioned by the many cuts they had received on their heads: and therefore the more hacked they were, the more honourable they were accounted; as our colours in time of war are the more esteemed, for having been shot through in many places.

Sometimes skins of beasts, as lions, bears, &c. were thus borne, to make the bearer look more terrible; and that gave occasion to the doubling of mantlings with furs.

SECT. VI. Of Chapeaux.

A CHAPEAU is an ancient hat, or rather cap, of dignity

nity worn by dukes, generally scarlet-coloured velvet on the outside lined and turned up with fur; of late frequently to be met with above an helmet, instead of a wreath, under gentlemen and noblemen's crests. Heretofore they were seldom to be found, as of right appertaining to private families; but by the grants of Robert Cooke, Clarencieux, and other succeeding heralds, these, together with ducal coronets, are now frequently to be met with in families, who yet claim not above the degree of gentlemen. See the representation of the chapeau, n^o 5. fig. xxi.

SECT. VII. Of Wreaths.

THE Wreath is a kind of roll made of two skains of silk of different colours twisted together, which ancient knights wore as a head-dress when equipped for tournaments. The colours of the silk are always taken from the principal metal and colour contained in the coat-of-arms of the bearer. They are still accounted as one of the lesser ornaments of escutcheons, and are placed between the helmet and the crest; (see fig. xxi. n^o 6). In the time of Henry I. and long after, no man, who was under the degree of a knight, had his crest set on a wreath; but this like other prerogatives, has been infringed so far, that every body now-a-days wears a wreath.

SECT. VIII. Of Crests.

THE Crest is the highest part of the ornaments of a coat-of-arms. It is called crest, from the Latin word crisia, which signifies comb or tuft, such as many birds have upon their heads, as the peacock, pheasant, &c. in allusion to the place on which it is fixed.

Crests were formerly great marks of honour, because they were only worn by heroes of great valour, or by such as were advanced to some superior military command, in order that they might be the better distinguished in an engagement, and thereby rally their men if dispersed; but they are at present considered as a mere ornament. The crest is frequently a part either of the supporters, or of the charge borne in the escutcheon. Thus the crest of the royal achievement of Great Britain is a "Lion guardant crown'd," as may be seen in fig. xxi. n^o 7. The crest of France is "a double Flower-de-luce." Out of the many crests borrowed from supporters, are the following, viz. The duke of Montagu's, "A Griffon's head coup'd Or, back'd and wing'd Sable;" the marquis of Rockingham's, "A Griffon's head Argent, gorg'd with a ducal coronet;" the earl of Westmoreland's, "a Bull's head Argent, py'd Sable, armed Or;" and lord Archer's, which is, "Out of a mural crown Or, a Wyvern's head Argent." There are several instances of crests that are relative to alliances, employments, or names; and which on that account have been changed.

SECT. IX. Of the Scroll.

THE Scroll is the ornament placed above the crest, containing a motto, or short sentence, alluding thereto, or to the bearings; or to the bearer's name, as in the two following instances. The motto of the noble earl of Cholmondeley is, Cassus tutissima virtus; i. e. "Virtue is the safest helmet;" on account of helmets in the coat-of-arms. The motto of the right hon. lord Fortescue is, Fortis scutum salus ducum; i. e. "A strong shield is the safety of the commanders;"

alluding to the name of that ancient family. Sometimes it has a reference to neither, but expresses something divine or heroic; as that of the earl of Scarborough, which is, Murus aureus conscientia sana; i. e. "A good conscience is a wall of brass." Others are enigmatical; as that of the royal achievement, which is Dieu et mon droit, i. e. "God and my right;" introduced by Edward III. in 1340, when he assumed the arms and title of king of France, and began to prosecute his claim, which occasioned long and bloody wars, fatal, by turns, to both kingdoms: or that of the prince of Wales, which is Ich Dien, "I serve," the origin of which has been already mentioned. Mottos, though hereditary in the families that first took them up, have been changed on some particular occasions, and others appropriated in their stead, instances of which are sometimes met with in the history of families.

SECT. X. Of Supporters.

SUPPORTERS are figures standing on the scroll, and placed at the side of the escutcheon; they are so called, because they seem to support or hold up the shield. The rise of supporters is, by F. Meneltier, traced up to ancient tournaments, wherein the knights caused their shields to be carried by servants or pages under the disguise of lions, bears, griffons, blackamoors, &c. who also held and guarded the escutcheons, which the knights were obliged to expose to public view for some time before the lists were opened. Sir George Mackenzie, who differs from this opinion, says, in his Treatise on the science of heraldry, chap. xxxi. p. 93. "That the first origin and use of them was from the custom which ever was, and is, of leading such as are invested with any great honour to the prince who confers it: thus, when any man is created a duke, marquis, or knight of the garter, or any other order, he is supported by, and led to the prince betwixt two of the quality, and so receives from him the symbols of that honour; and in remembrance of that solemnity, his arms are thereafter supported by any two creatures he chooses." Supporters have formerly been taken from such animals or birds as are borne in the shields, and sometimes they have been chosen as bearing some allusion to the names of those whose arms they are made to support. The supporters of the arms of Great Britain, since king James the first's accession to the throne, are a Lion rampant guardant crowned Or, on the dexter-side, and an Unicorn Argent, crowned, armed, unguled, maned and gorged with an antique Crown, to which a chain is affixed, all Or, on the sinister; as it appears by fig. xxi. n^o 7.

This last figure represents the coat-of-arms of the king of Great Britain, or the royal achievement, as it has been marshalled since the accession of king George I. in 1714, and is blazoned as follows, viz.

ARMS. Quarterly, in the first grand quarter Gules, three Lions rampant guardant in pale Or, the imperial ensigns of England; impaled with Or, a Lion rampant, within a double tressure flowery and counter-flowery Gules, the royal arms of Scotland. The second is Azure, three Fleurs-de-lis Or, the arms of France. The third is Azure, a Harp Or, stringed Argent, the ensign of Ireland. The fourth grand quarter

quarter is Gules, two Lions passant guardant in pale Or, for Brunswick; impaled with Or semée of Hearts proper, a Lion rampant Azure, for Lunenburg; with grafted in base Gules, a Horse current Argent, for ancient Saxony; and in a shield surmount Gules, the Crown of Charlemagne Or, as arch-treasurer of the empire; the whole within a Garter, inscribed with this motto, HONI SOIT QUI MAL Y PENSE, as sovereign of that noble order, given by the founder king Edward III.

CREST. On a Helmet full-faced, grated and surmounted of a Crown, a Lion guardant crowned Or; the mantlings of the last, and lining Ermine.

SUPPORTERS. On the Dexter-side, a Lion rampant guardant Or, crowned as the Crest. On the Sinister-side an Unicorn Argent, crowned, armed, maned, and unguled Or, gorged with an antique Crown; a Chain affixed thereto, reflecting over the back, and passing over the hind legs of the last, both standing on a Scroll inscribed with this motto, DIEU ET MON DROIT, from which issue the two Royal Badges of his Majesty's chief Dominions, viz. on the Dexter-side a Rose party per Pale Argent and Gules, stalked and leaved proper, for England; and on the Sinister-side a Thistle proper, for Scotland; being so adorned by king James I. upon his succeeding to the crown of England. Asking of Scotland, he bore two unicorns, as above, for his supporters; but upon the union of that kingdom with England, 1603, he introduced one of the above supporters on the sinister-side of the royal achievement, and which continues to this day.

It is to be observed, that bearing coats-of-arms supported, is, according to the heraldical rules of England, the prerogative, 1st, Of those called nobles majores, viz. dukes, marquises, earls, viscounts, and barons; 2d, Of all knights of the garter, though they should be under the degree of barons; 3d, Of knights of the Bath, who both receive on their creation a grant of supporters. And, lastly, of such knights as the king chooses to bestow this honour upon; as in the instance of Sir Andrew Fountain, who was knighted by Philip earl of Pembroke, when lord-lieutenant of Ireland, Fountain being then his secretary; and on his return to England, king William granted him supporters to his arms, viz. two Griffons Gules and Or. In Scotland, all the chiefs of clans or names have the privilege of claiming supporters; also the baronets. But by act of parliament, 10th September, 1672, none are allowed to use either arms or supporters, under a penalty and confiscation of all moveables whereon arms are put, without the lord Lyon's authority.

C H A P. V.

Of the Rules or Laws of HERALDRY.

THE several escutcheons, tinctures, charges, and ornaments of coats-of-arms, and their various properties, being now explained; it may not be improper to subjoin such rules for blazoning the same, as the ancient usage and laws of heraldry have established amongst us.

I. The first and most general rule is, to express one's self in proper terms, so as not to omit any thing that ought to be specified, and at the same time to be clear and concise without tautology; as in Ex. xiv.

p. 3588. and also in Ex. ix. p. 3595. wherein these expressions, of the Field, or of the First, prevent the repetition of the forementioned tincture.

II. One must begin with the tincture of the field, and then proceed to the principal charges which possess the most honourable place in the shield, such as Fess, Cheveron, &c. always naming that charge first which lies next and immediately upon the field; as in Ex. xv. p. 3593.

III. After naming the tincture of the field, the honourable ordinaries, or other principal figures, you must specify their attributes, and afterwards their metal or colour, as in Ex. xvi. p. 3601.

IV. When an honourable ordinary, or some one figure, is placed upon another, whether it be a Fess, Cheveron, Cross, &c. it is always to be named after the ordinary or figure over which it is placed, with one of these expressions, surtout, or over-all, as in Ex. xx. p. 3592.

V. In the blazoning of such ordinaries as are plain, the bare mention of them is sufficient; but if an ordinary should be made of any of the crooked lines mentioned above, its form must be specified; that is, whether it be Engrailed, Wavy, &c. as in Ex. i. ii. iii. &c. p. 3588.

VI. When a principal figure possesses the centre of the field, its position is not to be expressed: or (which amounts to the same thing) when a bearing is named, without specifying the point where it is placed, then it is understood to possess the middle of the shield, as in Ex. xv. p. 3602.

VII. The number of the points of mullets or stars must be specified when more than five; and also if a mullet or any other charge be pierced, it must be mentioned as such, to distinguish it from what is plain; as in Ex. xiii. and xiv. p. 3599.

VIII. When a ray of the sun, or other single figure, is borne in any other part of the escutcheon than the centre, the point it issues from must be named; as in Ex. iii. p. 3599. col. 1.

IX. The natural colour of trees, plants, fruits, birds, &c. is no otherwise to be expressed in blazoning but by the word proper, as in Ex. ii. vii. p. 3602: but if discoloured, that is, if they differ from their natural colour, it must be particularized; as in Ex. i. ii. &c. p. 3600.

X. When three figures are in a field, and their position is not mentioned in the blazoning, they are always understood to be placed two above, and one below; as fig. xxii. n^o 3.

XI. When there are many figures of the same species borne in a coat-of-arms, their number must be observed as they stand, and distinctly expressed; as in Ex. i. p. 3603.

But for the better understanding of this last rule, we have inserted examples of the different dispositions of figures, wherein they are properly represented; viz.

Two may be ranged in Pale, in Fess, &c. See fig. xxii. n^o 1 and 2.

Three, may be 2 and 1, as also in bend, &c. See n^o 3 and 4.

Four, are placed 2 and 2, or cantoned, as in n^o 5.

Five, 1, 3, 1, in Cross; or 2, 1, 2, in Saltier. See n^o 6 and 7.

Marshalling Six, 3, 2, 1, in Pile; or 2, 2, 2, Paleways. See n^o 8 and 9.

Eight, in Orle, or on a Bordure. See n^o 10.

Nine, 3, 3, 3, Barways; or 3, 3, 2, 1, in Pile. See n^o 11 and 12.

Ten, 4, 3, 2, 1, in Pile; or else 4, 2, 4, Barways. See n^o 13 and 14.

Twelve, are placed 4, 4, 4, Barways. See n^o 15.

There are other positions called irregular; as for example, when three figures which are naturally placed 2 and 1, are disposed 1 and 2, &c. It must also be observed, that when the field is strewed with the same figures, this is expressed by the word femée; but, according to a French armorist's opinion, if the figures strewed on the field are whole ones, it must be denoted by the words sans nombre; whereas, if part of them is cut off at the extremities of the escutcheon, the word femée or femi is then to be used.

C H A P. VI.

Of MARSHALLING Coats-of-arms.

By marshalling coats-of-arms, is to be understood the art of disposing divers of them in one escutcheon, and of distributing their contingent ornaments in proper places.

Various causes may occasion arms to be thus conjoined, which J. Guillim comprises under two heads, viz. manifest and obscure.

What this learned and judicious herald means by manifest causes in the marshalling of coats-of-arms, are such as betoken marriages, or a sovereign's gift, granted either through the special favour of the prince, or for some eminent services. Concerning marriages, it is to be observed,

I. When the coats-of-arms of a married couple, descended of distinct families, are to be put together in one escutcheon, the field of their respective arms is conjoined Paleways, and blazoned parted per Pale, Baron and Femme, two coats; first, &c. In which case the baron's arms are always to be placed on the dexter-side, and the femme's arms on the sinister-side, as in n^o 1 and 2, and fig. xxiii. Of arms marshalled which are,

1. The coat-of-arms of the rev. Edward Barnard, D. D. chaplain in ordinary to his majesty, provost of Eton-college, canon of Windsor, &c. impaled with that of S. Haggatt, his late spouse.

2. The coat-of-arms of the rev. Thomas Dempier, D. D. chaplain in ordinary to his majesty, prebendary of Durham, canon of Windsor, &c. impaled with that of F. Walker, his spouse.

If a widower marry again, his late and present wife's arms are, according to G. Leigh, "to be both placed on the sinister-side, in the escutcheon with his own, and parted per Pale. The first wife's coat shall stand on the Chief, and the second on the Base; or he may set them both in Pale with his own, the first wife's coat next to himself, and his second outermost. If he should marry a third wife, then the two first matches shall stand on the Chief, and the third shall have the whole Base. And if he take a fourth wife, he must participate one-half of the Base with the third wife, and so will they they seem to be so many coats quartered." But it must be observed, that these forms of impaling are meant

of hereditary coats, whereby the husband stands in ex-marshalling pestation of having the hereditary possessions of his wife united to his patrimony.

II. In the arms of femmes joined to the paternal coat of the baron, the proper differences by which they were borne by the fathers of such women must be inferred.

III. If a coat-of-arms that has a Bordure be impaled with another, as by marriage, then the Bordure must be wholly omitted in the side of the arms next the centre.

IV. The person that marries an heiress, instead of impaling his arms with those of his wife, is to bear them in an escutcheon placed in the centre of his shield, after the same manner as the baronet's badge is marshalled in n^o 3. and which, on account of its shewing forth his pretension to her estate, is called an escutcheon of pretence, and is blazoned sur-toat, i. e. over-all, as the ineffectual borne in the fourth quarter of the royal achievement. But the children are to bear the hereditary coat-of-arms of their father and mother quarterly, which denotes a fixed inheritance, and so transmit them to posterity. The first and fourth quarters generally contain the father's arms, and the second and third the mother's; except the heirs should derive not only their estate, but also their title and dignity, from their mother.

V. If a maiden or dowager lady of quality marry a commoner, or a nobleman inferior to her rank, their coats-of-arms may be set aside of one another in two separate escutcheons, upon one mantle or drapery, and the lady's arms ornamented according to her title; see n^o 4 and 5, which represent the coats-of-arms of Gen. C. Montagu, and lady Elizabeth Villiers viscountess Grandison.

VI. Archbishops and bishops impale their arms differently from the fore-mentioned coats, in giving the place of honour, that is, the dexter-side, to the arms of their dignity, as it is expressed in n^o 6, which represents the coat-of-arms of Dr Philip Yonge, lord bishop of Norwich. It may be observed of the above prelates, that they thus bear their arms parted per Pale, to denote their being joined to their cathedral church in a sort of spiritual marriage.

With respect to such armorial ensigns as the sovereign thinks fit to augment a coat-of-arms with, they may be marshalled various ways, as may be seen by the arms of his grace the duke of Rutland, inserted in fig. viii. n^o 19. and the example contained in fig. xii. n^o 11.

To those augmentations may be added, 1st, The baronet's mark of distinction, or the arms of the province of Ulster in Ireland, granted and made hereditary in the male line by king James I. who erected this dignity on the 22d of May, 1611, in the 9th year of his reign, in order to propagate a plantation in the fore-mentioned province. This mark is Argent, a sinister Hand couped at the Wrist, and erected Gules; which may be borne either in a canton, or in an escutcheon, as will best suit the figures of the arms. See fig. xxiii. n^o 3, which represents the coat-of-arms of Sir William Lorryne, of Kirk-harle, Northumberland, and are thus blazoned: Quarterly, Sable and Argent, a plain Cross counter-quartered of the Field. The

Fig. 19.
CHIMERICAL FIGURES.

HERALDRIY.

Fig. 20.
CROWNS.

Fig. 21.
ORNAMENT'S &c.

Fig. 22.
DISPOSITIONS.

A. Bill. Sculp. 17.

The Crest, — A Laurel-tree coupé, two branches sprouting out proper, and fixed to the lower part thereof with a Belt Gules, edged and buckled Or. This, according to tradition in the family, was granted for some worthy action in the field.

2dly. The ancient and respectable badge of the most noble order of the Garter, instituted by king Edward III. 1349, in the 27th year of his reign; and which, ever since its institution, has been looked upon as a great honour bestowed on the noblest persons of this nation and other countries. This honourable augmentation is made to surround, as with a garter, the arms of such knights, and is inscribed with this motto, Honi soit qui mal y pense. See n^o 7. which represents the coat-of-arms of his grace the duke of Montagu, earl of Cardigan, baron Brudenel of Stanton-Wivil, constable and lieutenant of Windsor-castle, knight of the most noble order of the Garter, and baronet, president of St Luke's Hospital, and F. R. S.

This nobleman, whose arms were Argent, a Chevron Gules between three Morions proper, has, since the decease of John duke of Montagu, taken the name and arms of Montagu, on account of his being married to lady Mary Montagu, youngest daughter and one of the co-heiresses of his grace.

So far the causes for marshalling divers arms in one shield, &c. are manifest. As to such as are called obscure, that is, when coats-of-arms are marshalled in such a manner, that no probable reason can be given why they are so conjoined, they must be left to heralds to explain, as being the properest persons to unfold these and other mysteries of this science.

C H A P. VII.

OF FUNERAL ESCUTCHEONS.

AFTER having treated of the essential parts of the coats-of-arms, of the various charges and ornaments usually borne therewith, of their attributes and dispositions, and of the rules for blazoning and marshalling them, we shall next describe the several funeral escutcheons, usually called hatchments; whereby may be known, after any person's decease, what rank either he or she held when living; and if it be a gentleman's hatchment, whether he was a bachelor, married man, or widower, with the like distinctions for gentlewomen.

The hatchment, N^o 1. represents such as are affixed to the fronts of houses, when any of the nobility and gentry dies; the arms therein being those of a private gentleman and his wife parted per pale; the dexter-side, which is Gules, three Bars Or, for the husband; having the ground without the escutcheon black, denotes the man to be dead; and the ground on the sinister-side being white, signifies that the wife is living, which is also demonstrated by the small hatchment, n^o 2. which is here depicted without mantling, helmet, and crest, for perspicuity's sake only.

When a married gentlewoman dies first, the hatchment is distinguished by a contrary colour from the former; that is, the arms on the sinister-side have the ground without the escutcheon black; whereas those

on the dexter-side, for her surviving husband, are upon a white ground: the hatchment of a gentlewoman is, moreover, differenced by a cherub over the arms instead of a crest. See n^o 3.

When a bachelor dies, his arms may be depicted single or quartered, with a crest over them, but never impaled as the two first are, and all the ground without the escutcheon is also black. See n^o 4.

When a maid dies, her arms, which are placed in a lozenge, may be single or quartered, as those of a bachelor; but, instead of a crest, have a cherub over them, and all the ground without the escutcheon is also black. See n^o 5.

When a widower dies, his arms are represented impaled with those of his deceased wife, having a helmet, mantling, and crest over them, and all the ground without the escutcheon black. See n^o 6.

When a widow dies, her arms are also represented impaled with those of her deceased husband, but inclosed in a lozenge, and, instead of a crest, a cherub is placed over them; all the ground without the escutcheon is also black. See n^o 7.

If a widower or bachelor should happen to be the last of his family, the hatchment is depicted as in n^o 6.; and that of a maid or widow, whose family is extinct by her death, is depicted as in n^o 7. with this difference only, that a death-head is generally annexed to each hatchment, to denote, that death has conquered all.

By the forementioned rules, which are sometimes neglected through the ignorance of illiterate people, may be known, upon the sight of any hatchment, what branch of the family is dead; and by the helmet or coronet, what title and degree the deceased person was of.

The same rules are observed with respect to the escutcheons placed on the hearse and hories used in pompous funerals, except that they are not surmounted with any crest, as in the foregoing examples of hatchments, but are always plain. It is necessary, however, to ensign those of peers with coronets, and that of a maiden lady with a knot of ribbands.

In Scotland, a funeral escutcheon not only shews forth the arms and condition of the defunct, but is also a proof of the gentility of his descent; and such persons for whom this species of escutcheon can be made out, are legally entitled to the character of gentlemen of blood, which is the highest species of gentility. The English hatchment above described exhibits no more than a right to a coat-of-arms which may be acquired by purchase, and is only the first step towards establishing gentility in a family.

The funeral escutcheon as exhibited in Scotland, France, and Germany, is in form of a lozenge, above six feet square, of black cloth; in the centre of which is painted, in proper colours, the complete achievement of the defunct, with all its exterior ornaments and additional marks or badges of honour; and round the sides are placed the sixteen arms of the families from which he derives his descent, as far back as the grandfather's grandfather, as the proofs of his gentility: they exhibit the armorial bearings of his father and mother, his two grandmothers, his four great-grandmothers, and his eight great-grandmothers mothers; if all these families have acquired a legal right

to bear arms, then the gentility of the person whose proof it is must be accounted complete, but not otherwise. On the four corners are placed mort-heads, and the initials of his name and titles or designation; and the black interlices are femée or powdered with tears, as in the figure, n^o 8. which is the escutcheon of the right hon. James 5th earl of Balcarra, chief of the ancient surname of Lindesay.

On the morning of the interment, one of these is placed on the front of the house where the deceased lies; and another on the church in which he is to be buried, which after the burial is fixed above the grave. The pall, too, is generally adorned with these proofs of gentility, and the horses of the hearse with the defunct's arms.

C H A P. VIII.

Of PRECEDENCY.

THE order of precedence, which is observed in general, is thus. That persons of every degree of honour or dignity take place according to the seniority of their creation, and not of years, unless they are descended from the blood-royal; in which case, they have place of all others of the same degree.

The younger sons of the preceding rank take place from the eldest son of the next mediate, viz. the younger sons of dukes from the eldest sons of earls; the younger sons of earls from the eldest sons of barons. All the chain of precedence is founded upon this gradation, and thus settled by act of parliament, 31 Henry VIII. cap. 10. anno 1539.

But there have been since some alterations made in this act by several decrees and establishments in the succeeding reigns, whereby all the sons of viscounts and barons are allowed to precede baronets. And the eldest sons and daughters of baronets have place given them before the eldest sons and daughters of any knights, of what degree or order soever, though superior to that of a baronet; these being but temporary dignities, whereas that of baronets is hereditary: and the younger sons of baronets are to have place next after the eldest sons of knights.

Observe also, that as there are some great officers of state, who take place, although they are not noblemen, above the nobility of higher degree; so there are some persons, who, for their dignities in the church, degrees in the universities, and inns of court, officers in the state, or army, although they are neither knights, nor gentlemen born, yet take place amongst them. Thus, all colonels and field officers who are honourable, as also the master of the ordnance, quarter-master general, doctors of divinity, law, physic, and music; deans, chancellors, prebendaries, heads of colleges in universities, and serjeants at law, are, by courtesy, allowed place before ordinary esquires. And all bachelors of divinity, law, physic, and music; masters of arts, barristers in the inns of courts; lieutenant-colonels, majors, captains, and other commissioned military officers; and divers patent officers in the king's household, may equal, if not precede, any gentleman that has none of these qualifications.

In towns corporate, the inhabitants of cities are preferred to those of boroughs; and those who have borne magistracy, to all others. And herein a younger

alderman takes not precedence from his senior by being knighted, or as being the elder knight, as was the case of Alderman Craven, who, though no knight, had place as senior alderman, before all the rest who were knights, at the coronation of king James. This is to be understood as to public meetings relating to the town; for it is doubted whether it will hold good in any neutral place. It has been also determined in the earl marshal's court of honour, that all who have been lord mayors of London, shall every where take place of all knights-bachelors, because they have been the king's lieutenants.

It is also quoted by Sir George Mackenzie, in his observations on precedence, that in the case of Sir John Crook, serjeant at law, it was adjudged by the judges in court, that such serjeants as were his seniors, though not knighted, should have preference notwithstanding his knighthood.—The precedence among men is as follows:

The KING, and Prince of WALES.

PRINCES of the BLOOD, viz. Sons, Grandsons, Brothers, Uncles, &c. of the king.

The following precede all Dukes by authority of the aforementioned Act of Parliament.

Archbishop of Canterbury.

Lord Chancellor, or Lord-Keeper.

Archbishop of York.

Lord Treasurer of England.

Lord President of the Privy-council.

Lord Privy-Seal.

These also precede all of their own Degree.

Lord Great-Chamberlain.

Lord High-Constable.

Lord Earl-Marshal.

Lord High-Admiral.

Lord Steward of the Household.

Lord Chamberlain of the Household.

Secretaries of State.

Then, according to their respective Creations,

Dukes.

Marquises.

Dukes eldest sons.

Earls.

Marquises eldest sons.

Dukes younger sons.

Viscounts.

Earls eldest sons.

Marquises younger sons.

Bishops.

Barons.

Speaker of the House of Commons.

Viscounts eldest sons.

Earls younger sons.

Barons eldest sons.

Knights of the Garter.

Privy-counsellors, who are styled Right Honourable.

Chancellor and Under-treasurer of the Exchequer.

Chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster.

Lord Chief-justice of the King's-bench.

Master of the Rolls.

Lord Chief-justice of the Common-pleas.

Lord Chief-baron of the Exchequer.

Justices and Barons in the Courts of Law.

Viscounts younger sons.

Barons younger sons.

Illustration of a stone wall with two windows. The central window is set into a diamond-shaped frame containing a heraldic shield with three horizontal bars and a lion's head crest.

Three small diamond-shaped heraldic shields arranged horizontally, numbered 3, 4, and 5 from left to right. Each contains a different heraldic design.

A large diamond-shaped diagram representing a 'Funeral Attchvement'. The central diamond contains the Royal Coat of Arms of Great Britain, with the motto 'DIEU ET MON DROIT'. Surrounding this central diamond is a border of smaller heraldic shields, each labeled with a title. The letters 'E' and 'B' are placed on the left and right sides of the central diamond, and the letter 'I' is placed above it. The shields are arranged in a circular pattern around the central diamond.

Labels for the shields in the border (clockwise from top):

• RENTON
• EARL of BALCARRAS
• EARL of LOUGHON
• EARL of EGLINTON
• MASTER of LOUDON
• EARL of ROYTHES
• SCARAVOURE
• SKULL and BONES
• EARL of LINLITHGOW
• EARL of WIGTON
• EARL of LAAN
• SKULL and BONES
• LORD DRYMOND
• LORD DRYMOND
• BOIS of BALKAGOREN
• GETHIE of LUNEN
• EARL of DUMFRIELINE
• EARL of SEAFORTH
• EARL of BALCARRAS
• RENTON

Baronets of England.
Baronets of Scotland.
Baronets of Ireland.
Knights of the Bath.
Field and Flag-officers.
Knights-bachelors.
Masters in Chancery.
Doctors, Deans, &c.
Sergeants at law.
Baronets eldest sons.
Knights of the Garter's eldest sons.
Knights of the Bath's eldest sons.
Knights Bachelors eldest sons.
Baronets younger sons.
Esquires by creation.
Esquires by office.
Gentlemen.
Citizens.
Burgesses, &c.

The esquires attending on knights of the Bath take place also from those gentlemen who are reputed esquires only during the time they are in office, and no longer; such as high sheriffs, justices of the peace, &c.

The precedence among men being known, that which is due to women, according to their several degrees, will be easily demonstrated: but it is to be observed, that women, before marriage, have precedence by their father; with this difference between them and the male children, that the same precedence is due to all the daughters that belongs to the eldest; which is not so among the sons; and the reason of this disparity seems to be, that daughters all succeed equally, whereas the eldest son excludes all the rest.

By marriage, a woman participates of her husband's dignities; but none of the wife's dignities can come by marriage to her husband, but are to descend to her next heir.

If a woman have precedence by creation, or birth, she retains the same though she marry a commoner: but if a woman nobly born marry any peer, she shall take place according to the degree of her husband only, though she be a duke's daughter.

A woman, privileged by marriage with one of noble degree, shall retain the privilege due to her by her husband, though he should be degraded by forfeiture, &c.; for crimes are personal.—Sir G. Mackenzie, Of Precedency, chap. ix.

The wife of the eldest son of any degree takes place of the daughters of the same degree, who always have place immediately after the wives of such eldest sons, and both of them take place of the younger sons of the preceding degree. Thus, the lady of the eldest son of an earl takes place of an earl's daughter, and both of them precede the wife of the younger son of a marquis; also the wife of any degree precedes the wife of the eldest son of the preceding degree. Thus, the wife

of a marquis precedes the wife of the eldest son of a duke.

This holds not only in comparing degrees, but also families of the same degree amongst themselves; for instance, the daughter of a senior earl yields place to the wife of a junior earl's eldest son: Though, if such daughter be an heiress, she will then be allowed place before the wives of the eldest sons of all younger earls. (W. Segar, Of Honourable Places, chap. xxii.) The precedence among women is as follows:

The QUEEN, and Princesses of WALES.
PRINCESSES, and DUCHESSSES of the BLOOD.
DUCHESSSES.
Wives of the eldest } of Dukes of the Blood.
sons; Daughters.
MARCHIONNESSES.
Wives of the eldest } of Dukes.
sons; Daughters.
COUNTESSSES.
Wives of the eldest } of Marquises.
sons; Daughters.
Wives of the younger sons of Dukes.
VISCOUNTESSSES.
Wives of the eldest } of Earls.
sons; Daughters.
Wives of the younger sons of Marquises.
BARONESSSES.
Wives of the eldest } of Viscounts.
sons; Daughters.
Wives of the younger sons of Earls.
Wives of the eldest } of Barons.
sons; Daughters.
Wives of the younger sons of Viscounts.
Wives of the younger sons of Barons.
WIVES OF BARONETS.
WIVES OF KNIGHTS of the Garter.
WIVES OF KNIGHTS of the Bath.
WIVES OF KNIGHTS Bachelors.
Wives of the eldest } of Baronets.
sons; Daughters.
Wives of the eldest } of Knights of the Garter.
sons; Daughters.
Wives of the eldest } of Knights of the Bath.
sons; Daughters.
Wives of the eldest } of Knights-Bachelors.
sons; Daughters.
Wives of the younger sons of Baronets.
WIVES OF ESQUIRES, by creation.
WIVES OF ESQUIRES, by office.
WIVES OF GENTLEMEN.
Daughters of Esquires.
Daughters of Gentlemen.
Wives of Citizens.
Wives of Burgesses, &c.

The Wives of Privy-counsellors, Judges, &c. are to take the same place as their husbands do. See the former list.

HERB, in botany; a name by which Linnæus designates that portion of every vegetable which arises from the root, and is terminated by the fructification. It comprehends, 1. The trunk, stalk, or stem. 2. The leaves. 3. Those minute external parts called by

the same author the sulera, or supports of plants. 4. The buds, or, as he also terms them, the winter-quarters of the future vegetable.

HERBACEOUS Plants, are those which have succulent stems or stalks that die down to the ground every year.