Cubical MEASURES, or Measures of Capacity for Liquids

Cubical MEASURES, or Measures of Capacity for Liquids.

The English measures were originally raised from troy-weight; it being enacted by several statutes, that eight pounds troy of wheat, gathered from the middle of the ear, and well dried, should weigh a gallon of wine-measure, the divisions and multiples whereof were to form the other measures; at the same time it was also ordered, that there should be but one liquid measure in the kingdom: yet custom has prevailed, and there having been introduced a new weight, viz. the avoirdupois, we have now a second standard-gallon adjusted thereto, and therefore exceeding the former in the proportion of the avoirdupois weight to troy weight. From this latter standard are raised two several measures, the one for ale, the other for beer.

The sealed gallon at Guildhall, which is the standard for wines, spirits, oils, &c. is supposed to contain 231 cubic-inches; and on this supposition the other

measures raised therefrom, will contain as in the table underneath: yet, by actual experiment, made in 1688, before the lord-mayor and the commissioners of excise, this gallon was found to contain only 224 cubic inches: it was however agreed to continue the common supposed contents of 231 cubic inches; so that all computations stand on their old footing. Hence as 12 is to 231, so is 14$\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ to 281$\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ the cubic inches in the ale-gallon: but in effect the ale-quart contains 70$\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ cubic inches, on which principle the ale and beer-gallon will be 282 cubic inches. The several divisions and multiples of these measures, and their proportions, are exhibited in the following tables.

In the modern liquid measures of foreign nations, it is to be observed, that their several vessels for wine, vinegar, &c. have also various denominations according to their different sizes and the places wherein they are used. The woeders of Germany, for holding Rhenish and Moselle wines, are different in their gauges; some containing 14 aumes of Amsterdam-measure, and others more or less. The aume is reckoned at Amsterdam for 8 steckans, or 20 verges, or for $\backslash frac\{1\}\{8\}$ of a ton of 2 pipes; or 4 barrels of French or Bourdeaux, which $\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ at this latter place is called tiercon, because 3 of them make a pipe or 2 barrels, and 6 the said ton. The steckan is 16 mingles, or 32 pints; and the verge is, in respect of the said Rhenish and Moselle, and some other sorts of wine, 6 mingles;

but, in measuring brandy, it consists of 6$\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ mingles. The aume is divided into 4 anckers, and the ancker into 2 steckans, or 32 mingles. The ancker is taken sometimes for $\backslash frac\{1\}\{4\}$ of a ton, or 4 barrels; on which footing the Bourdeaux-barrel ought to contain at Amsterdam (when the cask is made according to the just gauge) 12$\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ steckans, or 200 mingles wine and lees; or 12 steckans, or a 192 mingles racked wine; so that the Bourdeaux-ton of wine contains 50 steckans, or 800 mingles, wine and lees; and 48 steckans, or 768 mingles of pure wine. The barrels or poingons of Nantes and other places on the river Loire, contain only 12 steckans Amsterdam measure. The wine-ton of Rochelle, Cognac, Charente, and the Isle of Rhé, differs very little from the ton of Bour-

measure. Bordeaux, and consequently from the barrels and pipes. A ton of wine of Chalosse, Bayonne, and the neighbouring places, is reckoned 60 steckans, and the barrel 15, Amsterdam-measure.

The muid of Paris contains 150 quarts, or 300 pints, wine and lees; or 280 pints clear wine; of which muids 3 make a ton, and the fractions are

The muid is also composed of pipes, or poingons, quarteaux, queues, and demiqueues: those poingons of Paris and Orleans contain about 15 steckans Amsterdam-measure, and ought to weigh with the cask 666 lb. a little more or less. In Provence they reckon by milleroles, and the millerole of Toulon contains 66 Paris pints, or 100 pints of Amsterdam, nearly; and

In Provence and Languedoc, brandy is sold by the quintal, the casks included; and at Bruges, in Flanders, the verges are called fetiers of 16 stops each, and the spirit is sold at so much per stop.

Olive-oil is also shipped in casks of various sizes, according to the custom of the places where it is embarked, and the conveniency of stowage. In England it is sold by the ton of 236 gallons; and at Amsterdam by the ton of 717 mingles, or 1434 pints. In Provence it is sold by milleroles of 66 Paris-pints: from Spain and Portugal it is brought in pipes, or butts, of different gauges; at the first place it is sold by roves, whereof 40 go to the butt; and at the latter place by almodas, whereof 26 makes a pipe. Train-oil is sold in England by the ton, at Amsterdam by the barrel.

MEASURES of capacity for things dry. English dry or corn measures are raised from the Winchester-gallon, which contains 272½ solid inches, and ought to hold of pure running water 9 pounds 13 ounces. This seems to stand on the foot of the old wine-gallon

the Paris pint is nearly equal to the English wine-quart. Measure.

The butts or pipes from Cadiz, Malaga, Alicante, Benecarlo, Saloe, and Mataro, and from the Canaries, from Lisbon, Oporto, and Fayal, are very different in their gauges, though in affreightments they are all reckoned two to the ton.

Vinegar is measured in the same manner as wine; but the measures for brandies are different: these spirits from France, Spain, Portugal, &c. are generally shipped in large casks called pipes, butts, and pieces, according to the places from whence they are reported, &c. In France, brandy is shipped in casks called pieces at Bourdeaux, and pipes at Rochelle, Cognac, the Isle of Rhé, and other neighbouring places, which contain some more and some less, even from 60 to 90 Amsterdam-verges or veertels, according to the capacity of the vessels, and the places they come from, which being reduced into barrels will stand as follows, viz.

In the several parts of Europe, salt, which is a more staple and current commodity than any other, is bought and sold by different measures, according to the several places of its dispatch; at Amsterdam it is sold by the cent of 404 measures or scheppels, which cent is reckoned to be 7 lafts or 14 tons, and the last is to weigh 4000 lb. the 7 lafts making 28000 lb. called the cent of salt, which also contains 208 sacks; though some of this commodity is much heavier than others. In the cities of France, salt is sold by the muid, whose size varies according to the different places of its manufacture and dispatch. At Paris this measure is reckoned to contain 12 setiers, or 48 minots, which minot is also divided into other measures. The cent of salt from Marans, Brouage, Sude, and the isle of Rhe, contain 28 stricken muids, and each muid 24 boiseaux, which yields at Amsterdam

11 $\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ lafts, or 23 tons, more or less. In Copenhagen the said cent renders only 9 $\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ lafts, the last being reckoned here equal to 18 tons, and 50 lafts to correspond with 52 of Coningsberg, at which place the cent produces about 10 lafts, or 40,000 lb. At Riga the said cent yields the same measure as at Coningsberg; and about 6 $\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ lafts of Riga make the great cent of Amsterdam. The said French cent produces at Dantzick from 11 $\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ to 12 lafts, of which lafts from 7 $\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ to 7 $\backslash frac\{1\}\{4\}$ make likewise the great cent of Amsterdam. At Stetin in Pomerania, the French cent yielded 10 lafts, making 40,000 measure and weight of the said place. In Portugal it is bought by the muid, of which four make a last, and seven the cent of Amsterdam. At Alamat and Ivica it is sold by the modin, which weighs from 27 $\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$ to 2800 cwt. English.

A TABLE, representing the Conformity which the LONG MEASURES of the principal kind, by the Sieur JEAN LARUE Merchant at Lyons, in his Treatise dedicated to ENGLAND or London in the Front, as the Sieur LARUE has done PARIS for the use

☛ The ells of Amsterdam, Haerlem, Leyden, the Hague, Rotterdam, and other cities of Holland, as well as the ell of Nuremberg, are equal among themselves. They are also comprehended under the ell of Amsterdam, as that of Osnaburgh is under that of France and England, and the end of Bern and Basil under that of Hamburg, Frankfort, and Leipzig.

Make

N. B. By means of this Table, the reader may please to observe, that 100 ells of Paris and of England are equal by the common rule of three, or proportion.

♠ The cities of Amsterdam, Haarlem, Leyden, the Hague, Rotterdam, and other cities of Holland, as well as the city of Nuremberg, are equal among themselves. They are also comprehended under the city of Amsterdam, as that of Olsburgh is under that of France and England, and the city of Bern and Basel under that of Hamburg, Frankfurt, and Leipzig.

N.B. By means of this Table, the reader may please to observe, that 100 ells of Paris and of England make 133 ells of Holland; and in like manner you will find how the measures of other places in the Table correspond with each other. By the common rule of three, or proportion, you will easily make your computations for any quantity required.

1. The following table is a summary of the data collected during the period of 1900 to 1905. It is divided into two main sections: A. General Information and B. Detailed Data.