MINE

MINE, in the military art, (Encycl.) Mines are
either dug within the body of the earth, as those made
by the besieged to blow up the works of the besiegers
before they make a lodgment on the covered way; or
in eminences and rising grounds, as to make a breach
in the ramparts, &c. or to blow up walls, or, lastly,
to tear up rocks.

Two ounces of powder have been found, by experi-
ment, capable of raising two cubic feet of earth; con-

sequently 200 ounces, that is, 12 pound 8 ounces,
will raise 200 cubic feet, which is only 16 feet short
of a cubic toise, because 200 ounces joined together
have proportionably a greater force than 2 ounces, as
being an united force.

All the turnings a miner uses to carry on his mines,
and through which he conducts the faucisse, should be
well filled with earth and dung; and the masonry in
proportion to the earth to be blown up, as 3 to 2.
The entrance of the chamber of the mine ought to be
firmly shut with thick planks, in the form of a St An-
drew's cross, so that the inclosure be secure, and the
void spaces shut up with dung or tempered earth. If
a gallery be made below or on the side of the chamber,
it must absolutely be filled up with the strongest ma-
sonry, half as long again as the height of the earth;
for this gallery will not only burst, but likewise ob-
struct the effect of the mine. The powder should al-
ways be kept in sacks, which are opened when the
mine is charged, and some of the powder strewed
about: the greater the quantity of earth to be raised
is, the greater is the effect of the mine, supposing it
to have the due proportion of powder. Powder has
the same effect upon masonry as upon earth, that is,
it will proportionably raise either with the same velo-
city.

The branches which are carried into the solidity of
walls do not exceed three feet in depth, and two feet
six inches in width nearly: this sort of mine is most
excellent to blow up the strongest walls.

The weight of a cubic foot of powder should be
80lb. 1 foot 1 inch cube will weigh 100lb. and 1 foot
2 inches and $\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}$, 150lb. and 200lb. of powder will be
1 foot 5 inches cube; however, there is a diversity in
this, according to the quantity of saltpetre in the gun-
powder.

If, when the mines are made, water be found at the
bottom of the chamber, planks are laid there, on
which the powder is placed either in sacks or barrels,
of 100lb. each. The faucisse must have a clear passage
to the powder, and be laid in an auget or wooden
trough, through all the branches. When the powder
is placed in the chamber, the planks are laid to cover
it, and others again across these; then one is placed
over the top of the chamber, which is shaped for that
purpose: between that and those which cover the
powder, props are placed, which shore it up; some
inclining towards the outside, others to the inside of
the wall; all the void spaces being filled with earth,
dung, brick, and rough stones. Afterwards planks are
placed at the entrance of the chamber, with one across
the top, whereon they buttress three strong props,
whose other ends are likewise propped against another
plank situated on the side of the earth in the branch;
which props being well fixed between the planks with
wedges, the branch should then be filled up to its en-
trance with the forementioned materials. The faucisses
which pass through the side-branches must be exactly
the same length with that in the middle, to which they
join: the part which reaches beyond the entrance of
the mine is that which conveys the fire to the other
three; the faucisses being of equal length, will spring
together. From a great number of experiments, it
appears, 1. That the force of a mine is always towards
the weakest side; so that the disposition of the cham-
ber

ber of a mine does not at all contribute to determine this effect. 2. That the quantity of powder must be greater or less, in proportion to the greater or less weight of the bodies to be raised, and to their greater or less cohesion; so that you are to allow for each cubic fathom

3. That the aperture, or entonnoir of a mine, if rightly charged, is a cone, the diameter of whose base is double the height taken from the centre of the mine. 4. That when the mine has been overcharged, its entonnoir is nearly cylindrical, the diameter of the upper extreme not much exceeding that of the chamber. 5. That besides the shock of the powder against the bodies it takes up, it likewise crushes all the earth that borders upon it, both underneath and sidewise.

To charge a mine so as to have the most advantageous effect, the weight of the matter to be carried must be known; that is, the solidity of a right cone, whose base is double the height of the earth over the centre of the mine: thus, having found the solidity of the cone in cubic fathoms, multiply the number of fathoms by the number of pounds of powder necessary for raising the matter it contains; and if the cone contains matters of different weights, take a mean weight between them all, always having a regard to their degree of cohesion.

As to the disposition of mines, there is but one general rule, which is, that the side towards which one would determine the effect be the weakest; but this varies according to occasions and circumstances.

The calculation of mines is generally built upon this hypothesis, That the entonnoir of a mine is the frustum of an inverted cone, whose altitude is equal to the radius of the excavation of the mine, and the diameter of the whole lesser base is equal to the line of least resistance; and though these suppositions are not quite exact, yet the calculations of mines deduced from them have proved successful in practice; for which reason this calculation should be followed, till a better and more simple be found out.

M. de Valliere found that the entonnoir of a mine was a paraboloid, which is a solid generated by the rotation of a semiparabola about its axis; but as the difference between these two is very insignificant in practice, that of the frustum of a cone may be used.