STANISLAUS I. king of Poland and elector of Saxony, a most unfortunate but virtuous prince. He was driven from his dominions by his competitor, who was supported by the czar Peter the Great, in opposition to Charles XII. king of Sweden. He was obliged, by a treaty of peace in 1736, to content himself with the empty title of king, and the duchies of Lorraine and Bar, in which he led a retired life; distinguishing himself, however, in this obscure situation, by public and private acts of humanity and benevolence; particularly by supplying a fund, under the direction of the magistrates of Bar, for purchasing corn, to be sold at a cheap price to the poor, whenever it becomes dear. At the age of 90 he came to a fatal end, having set fire to his night-gown in smoking his pipe: he was burnt almost to death before he could get assistance; and died soon after, in 1766. He wrote several philosophical, political, and moral tracts, which were published under the title of The Works of the Benevolent Philosopher, in 4 vols 8vo. Paris, 1673.