EXAMPLE. What will 2279 guilders 1 stiver 4 pennings, Holland currency, amount to in bank-money, the agio being 3\frac{1}{2} per cent.?

Guild. Guild. Guild. fl. pen.
As 103\frac{1}{2} : 100 :: 2279 1 4
8 8 20
825 800 45581
20 16
16500 273490
16 45581
990 729300
165 800
8)264|000 8)58344|000
3)33 3)72930|Guild.
11 11)24310|(2210 bank.

No 122.

In Amsterdam, Rotterdam, Middleburgh, &c. books Exchange and accounts are kept by some in guilders stivers and pennings, and by others in pounds shillings and pence Flemish.

Britain gives 1 l. Sterling for an uncertain number of shillings and pence Flemish. The par is 1 l. Sterling for 36.59 s. Flemish; that is, 1 l. 16 s. 7.08 d. Flemish.

When the Flemish rate rises above par, Britain gains and Holland loses by the exchange, and vice versa.

Sterling money is changed into Flemish, by saying, As 1 l. Sterling to the given rate,

So is the given Sterling to the Flemish sought. Or, the Flemish money may be cast up by practice.

Dutch money, whether pounds, shillings, pence Flemish, or guilders, stivers, pennings, may be changed into Sterling, by saying,

As the given rate to 1 l. Sterling, So the given Dutch to the Sterling sought.

EXAMPLE. 1. A merchant in Britain draws on Amsterdam for 782 l. Sterling: How many pounds Flemish, and how many guilders, will that amount to, exchange at 34 s. 8 d. per pound Sterling?

Decimally.
L. s. d. L. s. d.
If 1 : 34 8 :: 782 If 1 : 34.8 :: 782
12 782
416 693
782 27733
832 242066
3328 2|0)2710|9.3
2912 L.1355 9 4 Flem.
12)3253|12
d.
2|0)2710|9 4
L.1355 9 4 Flem.
By practice. Or thus:
L. s. d. L. s. d.
10s. = \frac{1}{2} 782 14s. = \frac{1}{2} 782
4s. = \frac{1}{4} 391 8d. = \frac{1}{8} 547 8
8d. = \frac{1}{8} 156 8 26 1 4
26 1 4 1355 9 4 Fl.
1355 9 4 Fl.

Multiply the Flemish pounds and shillings by 6, and the product will be guilders and stivers; and if there be any pence, multiply them by 8 for pennings; or, divide the Flemish pence by 40, and the quot will be guilders, and the half of the remainder, if there be any, will be stivers, and one penny odd will be half a stiver, or 8 pennings, as follows:

L. s. d. Flem. pence.
1355 9 4 4|0)3253|2(32 rem.
6
Guild. 8132 16 stiv. Guild. 8132 16 stiv.
2. Change 591 l. 5 s. Flemish into Sterling money, exchange at 37 s. 6 d. Flemish per l. Sterling.

If

Flem. Ster. Flem.
l. s. d. l. s. d.
If 37 6 : 1 :: 591 5
2 20
5) 75 11025
2
4) 15 5) 23650
3 5) 4730
3) 946

L. s. d. 315 5 8 Ster.

Decimally. L.
5) L. 5) L. 5) L. L.
If 1.875 : 1 :: 591.25
5) .375 5) 118.25
5) .075 5) 23.65
.015 .015) 473(313.3
45
23
15
80
75
50
45
5

Holland exchanges with other nations as follows, viz. with

Flem. d.
Hamburg, on the dollar, = 66\frac{1}{2}
France, on the crown, = 54
Spain, on the ducat, = 109\frac{1}{2}
Portugal, on the crusade, = 50
Venice, on the ducat, = 93
Genoa, on the pezzo, = 100
Leghorn, on the piastra, = 100
Florence, on the crown, = 120
Naples, on the ducat, = 74\frac{1}{2}
Rome, on the crown, = 136
Milan, on the ducat, = 102
Bologna, on the dollar, = 94\frac{1}{2}

Exchange between Britain and Antwerp, as also the Austrian Netherlands, is negotiated the same way as with Holland; only the par is somewhat different, as will be described in article 2d, following.

Par in Sterling. l. s. d.
12 Phennings make 1 schilling-lub = 0 1\frac{1}{4}
16 Schilling-lubs 1 mark = 1 6
2 Marks 1 dollar = 3 0
3 Marks 1 rixdollar = 4 6
6\frac{1}{2} Marks 1 ducat = 9 4\frac{1}{2}

Books and accounts are kept at the bank, and by most people in the city, in marks, schilling-lubs, and Vol. VII. Part I.

phennings; but some keep them in pounds, shillings, and groots Flemish. Exchange.

The agio at Hamburg runs between 20 and 40 per cent. All bills are paid in bank-money.

Hamburg exchanges with Britain by giving an uncertain number of shillings and groots Flemish for the pound Sterling. The groot or penny Flemish here, as also at Antwerp, is worth \frac{1}{2} of a penny Sterling; and so something better than in Holland, where it is only \frac{1}{3}d. Sterling.

Flemish.
6 Phennings } make 1 groot or penny
6 Schilling-lubs 1 shilling
1 Schilling-lub 2 pence or groots
1 Mark 32 pence or groots
7\frac{1}{2} Marks 1 pound.

The par with Hamburg, and also with Antwerp, is 35s. 6\frac{1}{2}d. Flemish for 1l. Sterling.