PADERBORN, a duchy of Germany in the circle of Westphalia, has the county of Lippe on the north and west; Hesse-Cassel and Waldeck, on the south; and Münster, with the duchy of Westphalia on the west. Its greatest length from east to west is about 40 miles, and its breadth where widest 30. Some parts of it yield good pasture, and breed abundance of cattle; but it is not very fruitful in corn. There is a heath called the Senne or Sende, of great extent, but very barren and desolate. There are, however, good iron mines in the country, with salt and medicinal springs, plenty of deer and other game; and it is watered with several rivers abounding with fish, as the Weser, the Dimer, the Biver, the Nette, the great Emmer, the Lippe, the Alme, and the Pader. It contains 54 parishes, in which are 25 market towns and 16 monasteries. The Roman Catholic is the predominant religion of the country, yet there are also many Protestants in it. The bishopric was erected by Charlemagne, towards the close of the eighth century, and the cathedral was consecrated by Pope Leo in person, anno 796. The bishop was sovereign of the country, a prince of the empire, and suffragan of the archbishop of Mentz. His revenue was about 30,000 pounds a-year, and he was able to raise 3000 men. In the matricula his assessment is 18 horse and 34 foot, or 352 florins monthly in lieu of them. Towards the charges of the sovereign courts of the empire, he paid for each term 162 rix-dollars and 29 krutzers. The chapter consisted of 24 capitular canons, who must prove their noble extraction by four descents. At the settling of the indemnities in 1802 this bishopric was secularised and given to Prussia. It was afterwards annexed to the kingdom of Westphalia, but was restored to Prussia in 1814. It is reckoned to contain 76,000 inhabitants. It was in this bishopric that Quintilius Varus, with the Roman army under his command, was routed by the Germans under Arminius.