BADEN, formerly a margravate, now a grand duchy in Germany. It is bounded by Hesse Darmstadt and Bavaria on the north; by Wirtemberg, on the east; by Switzerland, on the south; and by the Rhine, which divides it from Alsace, on the west. It is about 170 miles in length, from north to south; but not above 30 or 40 in breadth; and contained, in 1816, 5800 square English miles, with 1,001,700 inhabitants. It was erected into a duchy in 1806, and was subsequently divided into ten circles. The French code was introduced in the time of Bonaparte, and is still in force, with some modifications. The public revenue of the duchy is estimated at 550,000l. sterling. The country is generally fertile, producing corn and wine. About two-thirds of the people are Lutherans, the other third are Calvinists. In 1819 the grand duke gave his subjects a representative constitution. The principal rivers are the Rhine, Neckar, Ems, and Wirmbs. Carlsruhe is the chief town, and seat of the government.