LEVELLING

LEVELS.

Plate CCXII.

This plate contains 13 detailed illustrations of surveying instruments, each labeled with a figure number and a lettered key:

• Fig. 1: A spirit level with a horizontal bar and a small vial at one end.
• Fig. 2: A long, cylindrical spirit level with a central support.
• Fig. 3: A spirit level with a vertical scale and a bulbous vial.
• Fig. 4: A long, vertical spirit level with a base.
• Fig. 5: A tall, vertical spirit level with a base.
• Fig. 6: A spirit level with a vertical stem and a bulbous vial.
• Fig. 7: A small, triangular spirit level.
• Fig. 8: Two small, flat spirit levels.
• Fig. 9: A spirit level with a curved, graduated scale.
• Fig. 10: A spirit level with a vertical stem and a circular vial.
• Fig. 11: A cross-shaped spirit level with a vertical stem and a circular vial.
• Fig. 12: A small, T-shaped spirit level.
• Fig. 13: A large spirit level mounted on a tripod stand.
• Fig. 14: A vertical ruler with a horizontal crossbar.

Abell Prin. Nat. sculptor fecit.

Fig. 1.

Fig. 2.

Fig. 3.

Fig. 4.

Fig. 5.

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Fig. 1.

A geometric diagram showing a vertical line $MM\text{'}$ intersecting a horizontal line $AB$ at point $N$. Dashed lines $m$ and $m\text{'}$ extend from $N$ upwards and downwards respectively, representing the optical axis of a telescope.

LEVELLING.

Plate CCXCIV.

Fig. 2.

A perspective drawing of a leveling instrument. It consists of a horizontal telescope tube $AB$ mounted on a vertical support $MY$ which is attached to a cylindrical base $VV\text{'}$. The base is mounted on a rectangular platform $CD$. The telescope is labeled $A$ at the left end and $B$ at the right end. The support is labeled $M$ and $Y$. The base is labeled $V$ and $V\text{'}$. The platform is labeled $C$ and $D$.

Fig. 3.

A geometric diagram illustrating the leveling process. It shows a curved line segment $AC$ with points $N$, $P$, $Q$, $R$, and $S$ marked along it. A point $O$ is located below the curve, and a point $T$ is at the bottom. Lines connect $O$ to $N$, $P$, $Q$, $R$, and $S$. A horizontal line $XYZ$ passes through $N$, $P$, $Q$, and $R$. A vertical line $VD$ is shown, with $V$ on the horizontal line and $D$ on the curve. A dashed line $TV$ connects $T$ to $V$. The diagram illustrates the geometric construction used to determine the level of the ground.

Fig. 4.

A geometric diagram showing a curve segment with points $C$, $D$, $B$, and $A$. A straight line $CB$ is tangent to the curve at $B$. A line $CA$ is drawn from $C$ to $A$. A line $DB$ is drawn from $D$ to $B$. The diagram illustrates the geometric construction used to determine the level of the ground.

Fig. 1. 1823

This figure is a topographic map showing a landscape with contour lines and various survey points. It is divided into three sections: Fig. 1, Fig. 2, and Fig. 3. Fig. 1 is a small inset in the upper right showing a cross-section of a hill with points A, B, C, and D. Fig. 2 is a small inset in the lower right showing a cross-section of a hill with points A, B, C, and D. Fig. 3 is the main map showing a large area with contour lines, a river, and a settlement. The map is labeled with various letters and numbers, indicating survey points and elevations.

This figure is a profile view of a landscape, labeled Fig. 5. It shows a cross-section of a hill with a road or path running along it. The profile is labeled with various letters and numbers, indicating survey points and elevations.

This figure is a topographic map showing a landscape with contour lines and a settlement. The map is labeled with various letters and numbers, indicating survey points and elevations. The settlement is shown as a cluster of buildings, and the contour lines represent the elevation of the surrounding terrain.

This figure is a profile view of a landscape, labeled Profile, Fig. 7, and Fig. 8. It shows a cross-section of a hill with a building on the left. The profile is labeled with various letters and numbers, indicating survey points and elevations. The building is shown as a small structure with a roof and windows.

Abt. Brühl, Haldenburger, 1807.