IRELAND.

English Miles

Faint map of Ireland showing the coastline and major cities.A faint, light-colored map of Ireland is visible in the lower-left quadrant. It shows the outline of the island, the coastline, and several major cities and towns labeled in small text. The map is rendered in a very light grey or sepia tone, making it difficult to discern specific details.
Partial map of the British Isles on the right edge.A vertical strip on the right edge of the page shows a portion of a larger map of the British Isles. This section includes parts of England, Wales, and Ireland, with various place names and geographical features visible. The map is more detailed and has a darker tone than the main map on the page.
A detailed historical map of County Down, Ireland, showing topography, roads, and numerous place names. The map is framed by a grid with coordinates 7 and 6 on the top and bottom, and 55 and 53 on the left and right. Major geographical features include the Lough Neagh in the center, the Belfast Lough to the east, and the River Bann flowing through the center. The map is densely populated with place names, many of which are in Irish. Large letters spelling out 'DOWN' are visible across the map. The map also shows the coastline with numerous islands and bays, including the Craghery Bay and the Sligo Bay.

This is a detailed historical map of County Down, Ireland, showing topography, roads, and numerous place names. The map is framed by a grid with coordinates 7 and 6 on the top and bottom, and 55 and 53 on the left and right. Major geographical features include the Lough Neagh in the center, the Belfast Lough to the east, and the River Bann flowing through the center. The map is densely populated with place names, many of which are in Irish. Large letters spelling out 'DOWN' are visible across the map. The map also shows the coastline with numerous islands and bays, including the Craghery Bay and the Sligo Bay.

A blank, aged, cream-colored page, likely an endpaper or flyleaf of a book. The page shows signs of wear, including numerous small brown spots (foxing) and larger, faint stains, particularly along the right edge and bottom. The page is framed by a thin border, suggesting it is part of a bound volume.This image shows a blank, aged, cream-colored page, likely an endpaper or flyleaf from an old book. The paper has a slightly textured appearance and shows signs of wear, including numerous small brown spots (foxing) and larger, faint stains, particularly along the right edge and bottom. The page is framed by a thin border, suggesting it is part of a bound volume. There is no text or other markings on the page.
A blank, aged, cream-colored page, likely an endpaper or flyleaf of a book. The page shows signs of wear, including faint smudges and discoloration. The right edge features a dark, vertical binding strip.This image shows a blank, aged, cream-colored page, likely an endpaper or flyleaf from an old book. The paper has a slightly textured appearance with some faint, irregular smudges and discoloration, particularly towards the edges. On the right side, there is a dark, vertical strip that appears to be part of the book's binding or a piece of tape. The overall tone is warm and off-white, characteristic of old paper.
A detailed historical map of Ireland showing the coastline, major cities, and geographical features. The map includes labels for the River Shannon, Dingle Bay, and various islands like Lough Neagh and Lough Corrib. It also shows the locations of numerous towns and villages across the island.

This is a detailed historical map of Ireland, showing the coastline, major cities, and geographical features. The map includes labels for the River Shannon, Dingle Bay, and various islands like Lough Neagh and Lough Corrib. It also shows the locations of numerous towns and villages across the island. The map is oriented with North at the top. The coastline is highly detailed, showing numerous bays, inlets, and islands. Major cities such as Dublin, Waterford, and Limerick are clearly marked. The River Shannon is a prominent feature, flowing through the center of the map. The Dingle Bay is shown on the western coast. The map also includes labels for various islands, including Lough Neagh, Lough Corrib, and Lough Curra. The terrain is depicted with shading to indicate elevation. The map is framed by a grid of latitude and longitude lines, with numbers 10, 9, and 8 visible along the top and right edges, and 10, 9, and 8 visible along the left and bottom edges. The map is a historical document, likely from the 19th or early 20th century, given the style of the typography and the level of detail in the geographical features.

A faded, sepia-toned map of a coastal region, likely the Chesapeake Bay area. The map shows the coastline, major water bodies, and numerous place names. The right edge of the map is torn and damaged.

This is a historical map, likely a topographical or nautical chart, showing a coastal region. The map is heavily faded and discolored, with a prominent yellowish-brown stain across the lower half. The right edge is severely torn and ragged. The map includes a grid system with letters A through G along the top and numbers 1 through 10 along the left side. Numerous place names are visible, though they are difficult to read due to fading. Some names appear to be in the Chesapeake Bay area, such as 'W. 1st St. River' and 'St. Marys River'. The map is framed by a thin blue border.

A faded, water-stained map of a coastal region, likely the Atlantic coast of North America. The map shows landmasses, water bodies, and numerous place names, including 'New York', 'Boston', 'Philadelphia', 'Pittsburgh', 'Washington', 'Baltimore', 'Annapolis', 'Richmond', 'Norfolk', 'Newport News', 'Savannah', 'Jacksonville', 'Tampa', 'Orlando', 'Miami', 'Key West', and 'Havana'. The map is heavily stained with large brown and yellow patches, particularly on the right side, and the left edge is torn and damaged.This is a historical map of the Atlantic coast of North America, showing the coastline from New York down to Havana. The map is severely damaged, with the left edge torn and large areas of the right side obscured by brown and yellow water stains. Faint blue lines indicate the coastline and major water bodies. Numerous place names are visible, including New York, Boston, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Washington, Baltimore, Annapolis, Richmond, Norfolk, Newport News, Savannah, Jacksonville, Tampa, Orlando, Miami, Key West, and Havana. The map appears to be an older, possibly hand-drawn or early printed version, given the style and the extent of the staining.
A detailed historical map of the County of Wicklow, Ireland, showing towns, rivers, and topographical features. The map is overlaid with a grid system with numbers 7 and 6 along the top and bottom edges, and letters G, H, I, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y, Z along the left edge. Major towns like Dublin, Waterford, and Limerick are visible. The River Shannon is prominent, flowing through the center. The map includes numerous place names, including Kilbeggan, Killarney, and various smaller villages. The coastline is detailed with numerous bays and inlets, such as Dublin Bay and Ballyvourney Bay. The map is framed by a double-line border.
A blank, aged, cream-colored page, likely an endpaper or flyleaf of a book. The page shows signs of wear, including faint smudges and discoloration, particularly along the right edge where the binding is visible.This image shows a blank, aged, cream-colored page, likely an endpaper or flyleaf from an old book. The paper has a slightly textured appearance with some minor discoloration and faint smudges, particularly along the right edge where the binding is visible. There is no text or other markings on the page.

SECTION and PLAN of BLAST FURNACE in connection with WATER REGULATOR and BLOWING CYLINDER.

REFERENCE to Fig. 1 & 2.

A. The Hearth or Crucible for Slag. F. The Tunnel head. I. Blowing Cylinder.
C.B. The Crucible. E.F. The Blast pipe. K. Air Blows.
B. The top of the Furnace. G. The Blast stone. L. Water Regulator.
H.B. The Furnace. M. Charging Door.

Scale of Feet in Fig. 1 & 2.

Fig. 1.

A detailed cross-sectional diagram of a blast furnace (Fig. 1). It shows the internal structure of the furnace with various pipes and openings. On the left, there is a water regulator system with a large vertical tank and a horizontal pipe. The furnace itself is a tall, tapered structure with a central shaft. Labels A, B, C.B., D, E, F, G, H.B., I, K, L, and M are placed at various points within the diagram.

PLAN

Fig. 2.

A plan view diagram of the blast furnace (Fig. 2). It shows the top-down layout of the furnace, including the central shaft, the blast pipe, and the charging door. A scale bar is visible at the top left of the plan view.

SECTION at B.B.

Fig. 3.

A vertical cross-section diagram of the blast furnace at point B.B. (Fig. 3). It shows the internal layers and the blast pipe. Labels A.A., B.B., C.C., D.D., E.E.E.E., and F.F.F.F. are used to identify different parts of the furnace.

REFERENCE to Fig. 3 & 4.

  • A.A. Slag hole and Slag hole.
  • B.B. Shaft and Hearth of Furnace, of Cast Iron.
  • C.C. Charging Door.
  • D.D. Bridge over which the blast passes.
  • E.E.E.E. Side of the Furnace, of Cast Iron.
  • F.F.F.F. Water Charge to reach the Bottom of Hearth.

PLAN Fig. 4.

A plan view diagram of the blast furnace at point B.B. (Fig. 4). It shows the top-down layout of the furnace, including the central shaft, the blast pipe, and the charging door. Labels A.A., B.B., C.C., and D.D. are used to identify different parts of the furnace.
A blank, aged, cream-colored page with faint, light brown stains and a network of thin, intersecting lines forming a geometric pattern on the right side.This image shows a blank, aged, cream-colored page, likely an endpaper or flyleaf from an old book. The paper has a slightly textured appearance and shows signs of wear, including faint, light brown stains and discoloration. On the right side, there is a faint, geometric pattern consisting of a network of thin, intersecting lines that form a series of triangles and polygons, resembling a wireframe or a mesh structure. The overall tone is warm and yellowish, characteristic of old paper.
SECTION and PLAN of BLAST FURNACE, in connection with WATER REGULATOR and BLOWING CYLINDER.
REFERENCE to Fig1 & 2.
A. The Hearth or receptacle for Metal. E. The Tunnel head. I. Blowing Cylinder.
C.B. The Boshes. V.V.F. The Blast pipe. K. Air Boxes.
D. The body of the Furnace. G. The Dam stone. L. Water Regulator.
H.H. The Tuyeres. M. Charging Door.

3 10 15 20 25 30 35

Scale of Feet to Fig1 & 2.
Fig. 1: A detailed cross-sectional diagram of a blast furnace and its associated water regulator and blowing cylinder. The furnace is a tall, tapered structure with various internal components labeled. To the left, a water regulator (L) and a blowing cylinder (I) are shown, connected by pipes (K) to the furnace. A scale bar at the top indicates measurements in feet from 3 to 35.
Fig. 1.
Fig. 1 (continued): A vertical cross-section of the blast furnace body (D) showing the internal structure. It includes the charging door (M) at the top, the boshes (B), and the furnace body (D).
PLAN.
Fig. 2: A plan view of the furnace base and the blowing cylinder. It shows the tuyeres (H.H.) entering the furnace body (D) and the blowing cylinder (I) connected to the furnace. The dam stone (G) is also indicated.
Fig. 2.
REFERENCE to Fig3 & 4 & 5.

A.A. — Grate bars and Stoke hole.
B.B. — Body and Hearth of Furnace, of Cast Iron.
C.C. — Charging Door.
D.D.D. — Bridge, over which the flame passes.
E.E.E.E. — Sides of the Furnace, of Cast Iron.
F.F.F.F. — Water Cistern to cool the Bottom or Hearth.

Fig. 4.
Fig. 4: A plan view of the furnace base showing the grate bars (A.A.), the body and hearth (B.B.), the charging door (C.C.), and the water cistern (F.F.F.F.) used to cool the bottom or hearth.
PLAN. Fig. 3.
Fig. 3: A plan view of the furnace showing the grate bars (A.A.), the body and hearth (B.B.), the charging door (C.C.), the water cistern (F.F.F.F.), and the dam stone (G).
A rectangular piece of pink paper with black ink stains and markings, placed on a light beige background.A rectangular piece of pink paper is centered on a light beige, textured background. The pink paper is heavily stained with black ink, showing irregular blotches and scribbles. The background paper has faint, light-colored geometric patterns, including a large circle and intersecting lines, which appear to be bleed-through from the reverse side of the page. There are also some small, dark spots on the background paper to the right of the pink rectangle.
SECTION and PLAN of BLAST FURNACE, in connection with WATER REGULATOR and BLOWING CYLINDER.
REFERENCE to Fig1 & 2.
A. The Hearth or roofplace for Metal. E. The Tunnel head. I. Blowing Cylinder.
C.B. The Boshes. F.F.F. The Blast pipes. K. Air Boxes.
D. The body of the Furnace. G. The Dam stone. L. Water-Regulator.
H.H. The Tuyeres. M. Charging Door.

5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Scale of Feet to Fig1 & 2.

Fig. 1. A detailed cross-sectional diagram of a blast furnace system. On the left, a water system includes a large vertical tank (I) connected to a horizontal pipe (K) that leads into the furnace. Below this is a smaller tank (L) labeled 'Air' and 'Water'. The furnace itself is a tall, tapered structure with various openings and pipes labeled A through M. A scale bar at the top indicates measurements in feet from 5 to 35.
Fig. 1.
Fig. 2. A plan view of the blast furnace, showing its trapezoidal cross-section. It features a central vertical shaft (A) leading to a charging door (M) at the top. Side openings (B) and a central tunnel head (E) are visible. The furnace body (D) is shown in cross-section.
Fig. 2.
ELEVATION.
PLAN.
REVERBERATORY FURNACE.
SECTION at D.D.
Fig. 5.
Fig. 5. A section view of a reverberatory furnace at the level of the dam stone (G). It shows a central chamber (D) with a grate (A.A.) and a stoke hole (B.B.). Side walls (E.E.E.E.) and a water system (F.F.F.) are also indicated.
REFERENCE to Fig1 3, 4 & 5

A.A. Grate bars and Stoke hole.
B.B. Body and Hearth of Furnace, of Cast Iron.
C.C. Charging Door.
D.D.D. Bridge, over which the flame passes.
E.E.E.E. Sides of the Furnace, of Cast Iron.
F.F.F.F. Water System to cool the Bottom or Hearth.

Fig. 4.
Fig. 4. An elevation view of a reverberatory furnace. It shows a tall, narrow brick chimney on the left and a lower, wider furnace body on the right. The furnace body has a central chamber (D) with a grate (A.A.) and a stoke hole (B.B.). Side walls (E.E.E.E.) and a water system (F.F.F.F.) are also indicated.
PLAN. Fig. 3.
Fig. 3. A plan view of a reverberatory furnace. It shows a rectangular chamber (B) with a central grate (A.A.) and a stoke hole (B.B.). Side walls (E.E.E.E.) and a water system (F.F.F.F.) are also indicated.
A blank, aged page with visible water damage and staining.This image shows a blank, aged page with a light beige or cream color. The surface is marked by several irregular, brownish-orange stains, likely from water damage or foxing, scattered across the page. There are also some faint, darker spots and a few small, dark specks. The right edge of the page shows a slight vertical line, possibly indicating the binding or the edge of the paper. The overall texture appears slightly grainy, characteristic of old paper.

BLAST ENGINE, Erected at Wylam Iron Works, by R & W. HAWTHORN, Civil Engineers, NEWCASTLE upon TYNE.

ELEVATION. Fig. 1.

Elevation view of the blast engine showing its side profile and connection to the blast furnace.

CROSS SECTION.

Cross-section diagram of the blast engine showing internal components and their arrangement.

Fig. 3.

REFERENCE.

  • A.A. Symmetry the pillar on which the Engine is fixed.
  • B.B. The Blast Cylinder.
  • C.C. The Wind Boxes in which are fixed the discharging valves.
  • D.D. The Blast Pipe leading to the Furnace.
  • E.E. The Steam Cylinder.
  • F.F. The Force Pumps.
  • G.G. The Hand or Working Gear.
  • H.H. The Cross heads.
  • I.I.I. The Ruler for guiding the Force Ruler.
  • J.J. The Working Boxes.

SCALE.

Scale bar showing measurements in feet, with markings for 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40 feet.

PLAN. Fig. 2.

Plan view of the blast engine showing its top-down layout and connection to the blast furnace.
Faint architectural sketches of a roof structure.Faint architectural sketches of a roof structure, showing a horizontal line with diagonal lines extending downwards, possibly representing a roof's slope or a structural frame.
Faint architectural sketches of a roof structure.Faint architectural sketches of a roof structure, showing a horizontal line with diagonal lines extending downwards, possibly representing a roof's slope or a structural frame.
Faint architectural sketches of a roof structure.Faint architectural sketches of a roof structure, showing a horizontal line with diagonal lines extending downwards, possibly representing a roof's slope or a structural frame.
Faint architectural sketches of a roof structure.Faint architectural sketches of a roof structure, showing a horizontal line with diagonal lines extending downwards, possibly representing a roof's slope or a structural frame.
Faint architectural sketches of a roof structure.Faint architectural sketches of a roof structure, showing a horizontal line with diagonal lines extending downwards, possibly representing a roof's slope or a structural frame.

BLAST ENGINE, Erected at Wylam Iron Works, by R.A.W. HAWTHORN, Civil Engineer, NEWCASTLE upon TYNE.

ELEVATION. Fig. 1.
Elevation view of the Blast Engine (Fig. 1). The engine is mounted on a large rectangular base (pillar) with several small square openings at the bottom. The main body of the engine consists of a horizontal cylinder (B) with a long horizontal pipe (d) extending from its right end. On the left side of the cylinder, there is a steam cylinder (E) and a complex arrangement of gears and levers (f.f.). The entire assembly is supported by a central vertical pillar (A.A.).
CROSS SECTION.
Cross-section of the Blast Engine (Fig. 3). It shows a vertical cut through the engine's side. The central vertical pillar (A) is visible. To its right is the steam cylinder (E) with a piston rod. Further right is the hand or working gear (g.g.) and the cross-heads (h.h.). The diagram illustrates the internal mechanical connections between these components.
Fig. 3.
REFERENCE.

A.A. Represents the Pillar on which the Engine is fixed.
B.B. The Blast Cylinder.
C.C. The Wind Boxes in which are fixed the discharging valves.
d.d. The Blast Pipe leading to the Furnaces.
E.E. The Steam Cylinder.
f.f. The Force Pumps.
g.g. The Hand or Working Gear.
h.h. The Cross heads.
i.i.i. The Slides for guiding the Piston Rods.
k.k. The Hanging Boxes.

SCALE.
A linear scale bar for the drawing. It is marked with numbers 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20, representing feet. The scale is used to indicate the dimensions of the engine components.
PLAN. Fig. 2.
Plan view of the Blast Engine (Fig. 2). This is a top-down perspective of the engine. It shows the long horizontal arrangement of the blast cylinder (B) and wind boxes (C.C.). The steam cylinder (E) is positioned to the left of the blast cylinder. The entire engine is mounted on a long, narrow base (pillar) with various structural supports and connections visible. The diagram shows the layout of the engine from above.
A blank, aged page with visible horizontal lines and numerous brown stains.This image shows a blank, aged page, likely from a book or document. The paper is off-white or light beige, showing signs of wear and aging. There are several horizontal lines or bands of discoloration across the page, possibly from moisture damage or staining. Numerous small, irregular brown spots and larger, faint stains are scattered throughout, particularly along the left edge and in the upper half. The right edge of the page shows a slight shadow, suggesting it is part of a bound volume.
ELEVATION of PUDDLING FORGE.
Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Elevation of Puddling Forge. A detailed technical drawing showing the side profile of a large industrial machine. It features a long horizontal base with several vertical supports. On the right side, there is a complex assembly of gears, pulleys, and a large vertical shaft. A small circular feature is labeled 'P'.
Fig. 1.
PLAN. Fig. 2.
ELEVATION of PUDDLING ROLLERS.
Fig. 3.
Figs. 2 and 3. Plan and Elevation of Puddling Rollers. Fig. 2 is a plan view showing a rectangular machine with a central horizontal shaft and various gears and bearings. Fig. 3 is an elevation view showing the rollers and the supporting structure. The rollers are shown in a row, and the overall structure is supported by a heavy frame.

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ELEVATION of PUDDLING FORGE.
Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Elevation of Puddling Forge. A detailed technical drawing showing the side profile of a puddling forge. The structure is built on a thick base (L) and features a large horizontal beam (D) supported by a central frame. On the left, a vertical stack (A) is mounted on a base (B) and sits on a platform (C). On the right, a complex mechanism (F) is mounted on a frame (K) and sits on a platform (M). The entire structure is supported by a series of vertical posts (K) on the base (L).
Fig. 4.
Fig. 2. Plan of the Puddling Forge. A top-down view of the machine, showing a central horizontal shaft (K) passing through a frame. The shaft is supported by bearings and connected to a large gear (F) on the right. The frame is supported by a base (L).
PLAN. Fig. 2.
ELEVATION of PUDDLING ROLLERS.
Fig. 3.
Fig. 3. Elevation of Puddling Rollers. A side view of the rollers, showing two horizontal rollers (D) mounted on a central frame (K). The rollers are supported by a base (L) and have a series of vertical supports (C) between them. The rollers are shown in a state of motion, with a wavy line indicating the surface of the material being processed.
A blank, aged page with significant water damage and staining.This image shows a blank, aged page with significant water damage and staining. The paper is off-white or light beige, showing numerous brown and tan spots of varying sizes, particularly concentrated in the upper half and along the left edge. There are also larger, more diffuse stains that suggest liquid damage. The texture of the paper appears slightly rough or fibrous. No text, drawings, or other markings are visible on the page.