SPENCER

SPENCER, EDMUND, one of the greatest of English poets, was born in East Smithfield, about the year 1533. There is no record in which the admirers of his genius may trace the incidents of his early years; but there is reason to suppose that they were clouded by poverty and dependence. On the 20th of May 1519, he entered Pembroke Hall, Cambridge, in the humble character of a sizer; a circumstance which is alone sufficient to rescue those luckless scholars from abject despondency, and to render them respectable in the eyes of their more fortunate companions. Some poems, in a collection of fugitive pieces entitled "The Theatre for Worldlings," which appeared during this

year, are ascribed to Spenser, upon internal evidence. On the 10th of January 1552-3 he took the degree of A.B., and on the 26th of June 1576 that of A.M. From a letter of his friend Gabriel Harvey, himself a poet of some reputation in his time, it appears that, in consequence of having made enemies, who had both the will and power to injure him, he quitted Cambridge in despair of academical preferment. He had luckily some friends in the north of England, among whom he now found a temporary asylum. Whether he was received as an honoured guest, or compelled to turn his learning to account in the way of tuition, is unknown; but the latter supposition is the more probable of the two.

During his retirement in the north, Spenser wrote "The Shepherd's Calendar." Nothing is more common than for poets to deprecate the barbarity of a phantom, and to be reduced to despair, because some angelic nonentity turns a deaf ear to their entreaties; but it is said that Rosalind was a real mistress, at whose feet Spenser sighed in vain. The successful rival of the needy sonneteer was, in all likelihood, some substantial yeoman. At this period of his history, Harvey advised him to try his fortune in London; and it is probable that he abandoned without reluctance, the scene of his unrequited passion. Upon his arrival in the metropolis, he was fortunate enough to obtain an introduction to Sir Philip Sidney, who invited him to become his guest at Penshurst, the seat of the family in Kent. As a token of gratitude for this hospitality the "Shepherd's Calendar," published in 1579, was "entitled to the noble and virtuous gentleman, most worthy of all titles, Maister Philip Sidney."

Till long after the time of Spenser, the poet depended upon the casual gratuities of distinguished persons, who sometimes exerted their influence in procuring for a favourite bard some less precarious means of subsistence. Recommended, as it is conjectured, by the Earl of Leicester, the poet went to Ireland with Arthur Lord Grey of Wilton, who was appointed deputy of that kingdom in 1580. Spenser was the secretary of the viceroy, and discharged the duties of his office with greater promptitude and exactness than poets usually display in the ordinary business of life. His "View of the State of Ireland," a treatise written in the form of a dialogue, displays no inconsiderable portion of political sagacity. By the interest of Lord Grey, Leicester, and Sidney, Spenser obtained, in 1586, a grant of three thousand and twenty-eight acres of the forfeited estates of the Earl of Desmond. This piece of good fortune was embittered by the death of his patron, the gallant Sidney, who fell in the same year at the battle of Zutphen. The pastoral elegy of Astrophel, sacred to the memory of the departed hero, although not published until 1591, was probably written when the grief of the poet was at the height. It was provided by the royal patent, that those who profited by the forfeiture should reside upon the lands that were allotted to them. According to this arrangement, Spenser proceeded to a place named Kilcolman, in the county of Cork. This exile, to what was then little better than a region of barbarians, was cheered by a visit from the renowned Sir Walter Raleigh. At the suggestion, it may be presumed, of his distinguished guest, whom perhaps he accompanied to England, the poet soon exchanged his Hibernian solitude for the splendours of a court. In 1590 were published the first three books of the Fairy Queen; and the poet was afterwards presented by Raleigh to Queen Elizabeth, who conferred upon him a pension of fifty pounds a-year, then no despicable sum. The grant of this pension was discovered in the chapel of the Rolls by Mr. Malone, who has thus been enabled to clear the repu-

Spenser. tation of Lord Burleigh from the stigma of having inter-
cepted the bounty of his sovereign to the author of the
Fairy Queen. Mr. Malone has also made it appear, that
Queen Elizabeth had no poet-laureate; an appointment
which was supposed to have been held by Spenser. In the
sonnets annexed to the poem, is one to his new patron,
"the right noble and valorous knight, Sir Walter Raleigh;"
but Spenser does not forget to shed a grateful tear to the
memory of Sidney. There is a sonnet addressed to the
Countess of Pembroke, the darling sister of that accom-
plished person, for whose amusement he wrote his Arcadia.
With mournful dignity, the poet acknowledges to the coun-
tess his many obligations to

——that most heroicke spirit,
The beazens pride, the glory of our daies.

During his absence in Ireland, to which kingdom he re-
turned after the publication of the Fairy Queen, was printed
a collection of Spenser's minor pieces, entitled, "Com-
plaints: containing sundrie small Poemes of the Worlds Van-
tity. Whereof the next page maketh mention. By Ed. Sp."
Lond. 1591, 4to. This production was followed by Daph-
noida, an elegy on the death of Douglas Howard, daughter of
Henry Lord Howard. It is dated January 1, 1591-2. About
this period, he is supposed to have paid a visit to his native
country; after which a considerable space intervenes un-
marked by incidents.

Being no longer a penniless rhymster, Spenser now wooed
a kinder mistress than Rosalind. The lady, whose name is
unknown, became his wife in 1594. The progress of this
successful courtship is traced in his Amoretti, or Sonnets.
In 1595 appeared the pastoral of "Colin Clout's come home
again." The dedication of this production is erroneously
dated 1591, as Mr. Todd satisfactorily proves. It is dedi-
cated to Sir Walter Raleigh, who is introduced as the Shep-
herd of the Ocean. In 1596, he published four Hymns.
He informs the Countess of Cumberland and the Coun-
tess of Warwick, to whom they are inscribed, that the two
latter, composed in his ripe years, and treating of heaven-
ly love and beauty, were designed to atone for the two for-
mer, which were written in the heyday of his blood, and
of which the subjects are sensual desire and earthly grace.
In the same year were produced the fourth, fifth, and sixth
books of the Fairy Queen. Of that magnificent poem,
two additional imperfect cantos are all that can be found.
Our limits prohibit the discussion of the question, whether
the remaining six books, which would have completed the
design, were destroyed by fire during the Irish rebellion,
or left unfinished. Nor is there much utility in transcrib-
ing a long list of poems no longer extant, which are sup-
posed to have shared their fate. In the course of this year,
Spenser presented his View of the State of Ireland to the
queen; but, for reasons not very clearly explained, that
performance was not printed until thirty-five years after the
author's death.

In a letter from Queen Elizabeth to the Irish govern-
ment, dated September 30, 1598, which was discovered by
Mr. Malone, Spenser is recommended to be sheriff of Cork.
A royal recommendation is generally equivalent to a com-
mand; but the rebellion of Tyrone put a period to all the
poet's hopes of dignity and emolument. To escape the fury
of the insurgents, he abandoned his house in Kilcolman,
leaving behind him one of his children, who had been for-
gotten in the terror of the moment. Having removed every
thing else that it contained, the miscreants set fire to the
building, and left the infant to perish in the flames. Spen-

ser did not long survive these multiplied calamities. On
the 16th of January 1598-9, soon after his arrival in Eng-
land, he died at an inn in King Street, Westminster. The
expenses of his funeral were defrayed by the unfortunate
Earl of Essex, who buried him in Westminster Abbey, near
the remains of Chaucer; a spot on which he had always de-
sired to take his last repose.¹

Spenser left two sons, Sylvanus and Peregrine. Hugo-
lin, the son of the latter, was restored to his grandfather's
estate by Charles II.; but, adhering to the infatuated suc-
cessor of that monarch, he was outlawed, after the revolu-
tion, for high treason. The lands of the outlaw, however,
were bestowed upon his cousin William, the son of Sylva-
nus, through the interest of Mr. Montague, afterwards Earl
of Halifax. William Spenser was presented to the notice of
Montague by Congreve. "The family of the Spensers,"
says Gibbon, "has been illustrated and enriched by the
trophies of Marlborough, but I exhort them to consider the
Fairy Queen as the most precious jewel in their coronet."

Of Spenser's personal character, we are in a great measure
left to form our opinion from his works. Both the tenden-
cy and details of these are highly favourable to virtue; and
the many chaplets he threw upon the hearse of Sidney
prove that he cherished the memory of his benefactor with
pious care. It is easy to imagine gratitude allied to every
other noble quality, and it is mere misanthropy to question
the sincerity of tears that fall to those who can give no
more; for it is vain to seek

——pensions from the tomb,
Or laurels from the dust.

There is, however, a dark spot on the fame of Spenser.
From some original documents preserved in the Rolls Office
at Dublin, it appears that the murder of his infant, his own
ruin, despair, and death, are to be traced to his cupidity;
for the outrage that was the immediate cause of these dis-
asters, was perpetrated less from the hopes of plunder than
the desire of vengeance for some unjust and oppressive at-
tempts to add to his possessions.² Injustice and oppression
were so habitual with the English settlers in Ireland, that
it was not easy for Spenser to escape the general contamina-
tion.

This great poet is far from being a favourite of the ge-
neral readers of modern times, who demand something of
a more stimulating nature than the lives and adventures of
the cardinal virtues. Indeed, to have made an interminable
allegory interesting to thousands, must be allowed to be
one of the greatest efforts of genius. This Spenser has
accomplished; and his pages, if not devoured with trem-
bling eagerness, are always perused with wonder, and often
with delight, by the great majority of those whose suffrage
is of any value. It has been urged that Arthur, the hero
of the poem, instead of achieving the principal adventures,
acts only as an auxiliary to others, and that either his char-
acter, or those of the twelve worthies, might with great
propriety have been expunged; that the allegory often de-
generates into mere description, without any occult mean-
ing; and that the ottava rima of Tasso and Ariosto, with
the addition of an Alexandrine, is a measure which is little
adapted to the genius of the English language. There is
however little rashness in predicting that the Fairy Queen
will last as long as the English language itself.

An edition of Spenser's Works, with a glossary and a life
of the author, and an essay on allegorical poetry, was pub-
lished by John Hughes. Lond. 1715, 6 vols. 12mo. The
Fairy Queen, with an exact collation of the two original

editions, a life of the author by Dr. Birch, and a glossary, together with 32 plates from designs by Kent, must likewise be mentioned. Lond. 1751, 3 vols. 4to. Another edition of this poem, with notes critical and explanatory, was soon afterwards published by Ralph Church, A.M. Lond. 1758, 4 vols. 8vo. And about the same time appeared a new edition, with a glossary and notes explanatory and critical, by John Upton, A.M. Lond. 1758, 2 vols. 4to. An elaborate and complete edition of Spenser's Works was at length published by Mr. Todd. Lond. 1805, 8 vols. 8vo. Nor must we fail to direct the reader's more particular attention to Mr. Warton's "Observations on the Faerie Queen of Spenser," in 2 vols. 8vo. As a proof of the poet's continental reputation, we may here refer to Spenser's Sonnetten, übersetzt durch Joseph von Hammer. Wien, 1814, 8vo.