BRUNSWICK, the capital of the above duchy, is situated on the Ocker, 35 miles E.S.E. of Hanover, and 47 W.N.W. of Magdeburg, with both of which, as well as with Neustadt, it is connected by railways. Lat. 52. 16. N. Long. 10. 32. E. It is said to have been founded about 868 by Bruno, from whom it was called Bruno Vicus. It was afterwards enlarged and adorned by Henry the Lion, and soon became one of the most important cities of Northern Germany. In the thirteenth century it ranked among the first cities of the Hanseatic league. After this, however, it declined in consequence of the many divisions of territory among the branches of the reigning house, the jealousy of the neighbouring states, the thirty years' war, and more recently from the French occupation. The two celebrated fairs held annually in February and August, and which formerly attracted many thousands of strangers, only bring together a few hundreds. It is still, however, a place of considerable importance. The city is of an antiquated appearance, but has several fine new streets, and the old fortifications have been converted into agreeable promenades. Among the fine edifices are the new palace, a handsome Greek structure occupying the site of the former ducal residence, which was burned in 1830; the cathedral of St Blaize, built by Henry the Lion, the town-house, St Andreas church, with a spire 318 feet high, St Catherine's church, the museum, opera-house, mint, &c.; with several fountains and monuments, one of which, in memory of the late duke who was slain at Quatre Bras, is 60 feet high. It has several educational and charitable institutions, and a considerable trade. In December 1852 it had, exclusive of the military, 37,694 persons, 7508 families, and 3194 inhabited houses. Including the military in the garrison, it has a population of about 40,000.