BUILDING.

Fig. 14.

PLATE CXLVIII.

Fig. 14: Architectural elevation of a building facade. The facade is 35 feet wide and 12 feet high. It features three rectangular openings: two windows labeled 'Window opening' and one door labeled 'Door way'. The openings are set into a wall with a 'Set-off' at the top right. The base of the wall is labeled 'Footings'.

Fig. 11.

Fig. 11: Architectural details of an oval window. It includes a plan view (labeled 'c') showing the oval shape, a section view (labeled 'a') showing the depth, and a circular detail (labeled 'b') showing the brickwork pattern.

Fig. 12.

Fig. 12: Architectural plan view of a building section. It shows a central vertical opening with two smaller openings on either side. Arrows indicate the direction of flow or movement.

Fig. 13.

Fig. 13: Architectural plan view of a building section, similar to Fig. 12, showing a central vertical opening with side openings. Arrows indicate the direction of flow or movement.

Fig. 15.

Fig. 15: Architectural detail of 'Uncoursed rubble masonry', showing a wall built with irregular, randomly placed stones.

Uncoursed rubble masonry.

Fig. 16.

Fig. 16: Architectural detail of 'Coursed rubble masonry', showing a wall built with stones laid in regular horizontal courses.

Coursed rubble masonry.

Fig. 17: Architectural detail of a brick wall. It shows a vertical section with 'Chimney Stones' on the left. The wall is built with bricks. Labels include 'Sill of Sash frame' (labeled 'a') and 'Window Sill'.

Fig. 17.

Fig. 18: Architectural detail of a chimney. It shows a vertical section with 'String course' and 'Sill of Sash frame' (labeled 'b'). A 'Window Sill' is also indicated.

Fig. 19.

Fig. 19: Architectural detail of two chimneys, labeled 'a' and 'b', both with 'Coping' at the top.
Fig. 18: Architectural detail of a fireplace. It shows a cross-section with labels: 'Floor', 'Slab', 'Hearth', 'Fire place', 'Chimney', 'Fire', 'Ceiling', 'Chimney breast', and 'Aire's draught'.

Fig. 18.

A blank, aged page with a light beige background, showing faint, illegible ghosting of text from the reverse side.This image shows a blank, aged page with a light beige or cream-colored background. The paper has a slightly textured appearance and shows signs of aging, including a few small dark spots and faint, illegible ghosting of text from the reverse side. The ghosting is most prominent in the center and lower half of the page, appearing as faint, blurry outlines of what might have been text or illustrations. There is no actual text or other content on this side of the page.
Architectural plate showing various building components and their assembly, including beams, columns, and structural details.

This architectural plate, labeled 'PLATE XXIX' and 'BUILDING', illustrates various structural components and their assembly. The drawings are arranged in several sections:

  • Fig. 22: Shows a series of horizontal beams or girders, some with vertical supports.
  • Fig. 23: Depicts a more complex assembly of beams and vertical supports, possibly a roof structure.
  • Fig. 24: Shows a series of vertical columns or posts, some with horizontal beams.
  • Fig. 25: Illustrates a 'Girder' with a series of diagonal bracing or supports.
  • Fig. 26: Shows a 'Column' with a 'Base' and 'Capital'.
  • Fig. 27: Depicts a 'Column' with a 'Base' and 'Capital'.
  • Fig. 28: Shows a 'Column' with a 'Base' and 'Capital'.
  • Fig. 29: Illustrates a 'Column' with a 'Base' and 'Capital'.
  • Fig. 30: Shows a 'Column' with a 'Base' and 'Capital'.
  • Fig. 31: Depicts a 'Column' with a 'Base' and 'Capital'.
  • Fig. 32: Illustrates a 'Column' with a 'Base' and 'Capital'.
  • Fig. 33: Shows a 'Column' with a 'Base' and 'Capital'.
  • Fig. 34: Depicts a 'Column' with a 'Base' and 'Capital'.
  • Fig. 35: Illustrates a 'Column' with a 'Base' and 'Capital'.
  • Fig. 36: Shows a 'Column' with a 'Base' and 'Capital'.
  • Fig. 37: Depicts a 'Column' with a 'Base' and 'Capital'.
  • Fig. 38: Illustrates a 'Column' with a 'Base' and 'Capital'.
  • Fig. 39: Shows a 'Column' with a 'Base' and 'Capital'.
  • Fig. 40: Depicts a 'Column' with a 'Base' and 'Capital'.
  • Fig. 41: Illustrates a 'Column' with a 'Base' and 'Capital'.
  • Fig. 42: Shows a 'Column' with a 'Base' and 'Capital'.
  • Fig. 43: Depicts a 'Column' with a 'Base' and 'Capital'.
  • Fig. 44: Illustrates a 'Column' with a 'Base' and 'Capital'.
  • Fig. 45: Shows a 'Column' with a 'Base' and 'Capital'.
  • Fig. 46: Depicts a 'Column' with a 'Base' and 'Capital'.
  • Fig. 47: Illustrates a 'Column' with a 'Base' and 'Capital'.
  • Fig. 48: Shows a 'Column' with a 'Base' and 'Capital'.
  • Fig. 49: Depicts a 'Column' with a 'Base' and 'Capital'.
  • Fig. 50: Illustrates a 'Column' with a 'Base' and 'Capital'.
  • Fig. 51: Shows a 'Column' with a 'Base' and 'Capital'.
  • Fig. 52: Depicts a 'Column' with a 'Base' and 'Capital'.
  • Fig. 53: Illustrates a 'Column' with a 'Base' and 'Capital'.
  • Fig. 54: Shows a 'Column' with a 'Base' and 'Capital'.
  • Fig. 55: Depicts a 'Column' with a 'Base' and 'Capital'.
  • Fig. 56: Illustrates a 'Column' with a 'Base' and 'Capital'.
  • Fig. 57: Shows a 'Column' with a 'Base' and 'Capital'.
  • Fig. 58: Depicts a 'Column' with a 'Base' and 'Capital'.
  • Fig. 59: Illustrates a 'Column' with a 'Base' and 'Capital'.
  • Fig. 60: Shows a 'Column' with a 'Base' and 'Capital'.
  • Fig. 61: Depicts a 'Column' with a 'Base' and 'Capital'.
  • Fig. 62: Illustrates a 'Column' with a 'Base' and 'Capital'.
  • Fig. 63: Shows a 'Column' with a 'Base' and 'Capital'.
  • Fig. 64: Depicts a 'Column' with a 'Base' and 'Capital'.
  • Fig. 65: Illustrates a 'Column' with a 'Base' and 'Capital'.
  • Fig. 66: Shows a 'Column' with a 'Base' and 'Capital'.
  • Fig. 67: Depicts a 'Column' with a 'Base' and 'Capital'.
  • Fig. 68: Illustrates a 'Column' with a 'Base' and 'Capital'.
  • Fig. 69: Shows a 'Column' with a 'Base' and 'Capital'.
  • Fig. 70: Depicts a 'Column' with a 'Base' and 'Capital'.
  • Fig. 71: Illustrates a 'Column' with a 'Base' and 'Capital'.
  • Fig. 72: Shows a 'Column' with a 'Base' and 'Capital'.
  • Fig. 73: Depicts a 'Column' with a 'Base' and 'Capital'.
  • Fig. 74: Illustrates a 'Column' with a 'Base' and 'Capital'.
  • Fig. 75: Shows a 'Column' with a 'Base' and 'Capital'.
  • Fig. 76: Depicts a 'Column' with a 'Base' and 'Capital'.
  • Fig. 77: Illustrates a 'Column' with a 'Base' and 'Capital'.
  • Fig. 78: Shows a 'Column' with a 'Base' and 'Capital'.
  • Fig. 79: Depicts a 'Column' with a 'Base' and 'Capital'.
  • Fig. 80: Illustrates a 'Column' with a 'Base' and 'Capital'.
  • Fig. 81: Shows a 'Column' with a 'Base' and 'Capital'.
  • Fig. 82: Depicts a 'Column' with a 'Base' and 'Capital'.
  • Fig. 83: Illustrates a 'Column' with a 'Base' and 'Capital'.
  • Fig. 84: Shows a 'Column' with a 'Base' and 'Capital'.
  • Fig. 85: Depicts a 'Column' with a 'Base' and 'Capital'.
  • Fig. 86: Illustrates a 'Column' with a 'Base' and 'Capital'.
  • Fig. 87: Shows a 'Column' with a 'Base' and 'Capital'.
  • Fig. 88: Depicts a 'Column' with a 'Base' and 'Capital'.
  • Fig. 89: Illustrates a 'Column' with a 'Base' and 'Capital'.
  • Fig. 90: Shows a 'Column' with a 'Base' and 'Capital'.
  • Fig. 91: Depicts a 'Column' with a 'Base' and 'Capital'.
  • Fig. 92: Illustrates a 'Column' with a 'Base' and 'Capital'.
  • Fig. 93: Shows a 'Column' with a 'Base' and 'Capital'.
  • Fig. 94: Depicts a 'Column' with a 'Base' and 'Capital'.
  • Fig. 95: Illustrates a 'Column' with a 'Base' and 'Capital'.
  • Fig. 96: Shows a 'Column' with a 'Base' and 'Capital'.
  • Fig. 97: Depicts a 'Column' with a 'Base' and 'Capital'.
  • Fig. 98: Illustrates a 'Column' with a 'Base' and 'Capital'.
  • Fig. 99: Shows a 'Column' with a 'Base' and 'Capital'.
  • Fig. 100: Depicts a 'Column' with a 'Base' and 'Capital'.
A blank, aged, cream-colored page, likely an endpaper or flyleaf of a book. The page shows signs of wear, including faint smudges and discoloration, particularly along the right edge.This image shows a blank, aged, cream-colored page, likely an endpaper or flyleaf from an old book. The paper has a slightly textured appearance with some minor discoloration and faint smudges, particularly along the right edge. There is no text or other markings on the page.

Fig. 20

Fig. 20: A perspective view of a long, narrow wooden beam with several rectangular notches or cutouts along its length.

Fig. 21

Fig. 21: A perspective view of a wooden frame structure consisting of several beams joined together. Labels 'N° 1' and 'N° 2' are visible on the beams.

Fig. 22

Fig. 22: A perspective view of a series of four wooden beams joined together in a row. Labels 'N° 1', 'N° 2', and 'N° 3' are visible on the beams.
Fig. 21 (continued): A perspective view of a wooden frame structure with beams labeled 'N° 3', 'N° 4', and 'N° 5'.

Fig. 23

Fig. 23: A perspective view of a wooden frame structure with beams labeled 'a', 'b', and 'c'.

Fig. 24

Fig. 24: A perspective view of a wooden beam with a notch, labeled 'N° 1'.
Fig. 25: A perspective view of a wooden beam with a notch, labeled 'N° 6'.

Fig. 25

Fig. 25 (continued): A perspective view of a wooden beam with a notch, labeled 'N° 1'.

Fig. 26

Fig. 26: A perspective view of a wooden frame structure with beams labeled 'Ceiling Joist'.
Fig. 24 (continued): A perspective view of a wooden beam with a notch, labeled 'N° 2'.
Fig. 25 (continued): A perspective view of a wooden beam with a notch, labeled 'N° 2'.

Flooring Joists N° 1

Fig. 27: A plan view of a wooden frame structure showing 'Flooring Joists N° 1', 'Binder', and 'Ceiling Joists'.

Fig. 27

Fig. 27 (continued): A plan view of a wooden frame structure showing 'Flooring Joist' and 'Ceiling Joist'.

Flooring Joists

Fig. 28

Fig. 28: A plan view of a wooden frame structure showing 'Girder', 'Flooring Joists', and 'Ceiling Joists'.
Fig. 28 (continued): A plan view of a wooden frame structure showing 'Girder' and 'Ceiling Joists'.

Ceiling Joists

Fig. 28 (continued): A plan view of a wooden frame structure showing 'Girder', 'Binder', and 'N° 2'.

Des. by C. Holmes, Esq.

A blank, aged, cream-colored page, likely an endpaper or flyleaf of a book. The page shows signs of wear, including faint smudges and discoloration, particularly along the left edge.This image shows a blank, aged, cream-colored page, likely an endpaper or flyleaf from an old book. The paper has a slightly textured appearance with some minor discoloration and faint smudges, particularly along the left edge. There is no text or other markings on the page.
Fig. 29.
Fig. 29: A perspective drawing of a building's roof structure. The roof is covered with a grid of rafters. A vertical label on the left side reads 'Elevation of a roof'.
Fig. 30: A perspective drawing of a building's roof structure. A vertical label on the right side reads 'Elevation of a roof'.
Fig. 31.
Fig. 31: A perspective drawing of a building's roof structure. A vertical label on the left side reads 'Elevation of a roof'.
Fig. 32: A perspective drawing of a building's roof structure.
Fig. 32.
Fig. 33.

Section of a floor of simple construction on a partition.

Fig. 33: A cross-section diagram of a floor. It shows a central partition with a triangular truss structure above it. A label at the bottom reads 'Elevation of a trussed partition'.

Elevation of a trussed partition

Fig. 34: A cross-section diagram of a floor. It shows a central partition with a triangular truss structure above it. A label at the bottom reads 'Elevation of a trussed partition'.

Elevation of a trussed partition

A blank, aged, cream-colored page, likely an endpaper or flyleaf of a book. The page shows signs of wear, including faint smudges and discoloration.This image shows a blank, aged, cream-colored page, likely an endpaper or flyleaf from an old book. The paper has a slightly textured appearance with some minor discoloration and faint smudges, characteristic of old paper. There is no text or other markings on the page.

BUILDING.

PLATE CL.

Fig. 29.

Nº 3.

Plan view of a partition structure showing a grid of joists. Labels include 'wall plate' on the left and right, 'Trimming Joist' on the left, 'Camber Joist' in the center, and 'Wall plate' on the right.

Nº 1.

Plan view of a partition structure showing a grid of joists. Labels include 'wall plate' on the left, 'Trimming Joist' in the center, 'Trimmed Joist' above it, 'Struts' below it, and 'Trimming Joist' on the right.

Nº 4.

Plan view of a partition structure showing a grid of joists. Labels include 'wall plate' on the left and right, 'Bridging Joists' at the bottom, 'Bridges' in the center, and 'Camber' on the right.

Nº 5.

Plan view of a partition structure showing a grid of joists. Labels include 'wall plate' at the bottom, 'Bridges' in the center, and 'Trimming Joist' on the left.

Fig. 30.

Nº 1.

Section of a floor of single Joists on a partition.

Elevation of a trussed partition showing a central opening with diagonal bracing. Labels include 'wall plate' at the bottom.

Elevation of a trussed partition.

Nº 2.

Elevation of a trussed partition showing a central opening with diagonal bracing. Labels include 'wall plate' at the bottom.

Elevation of a trussed partition.

A blank, aged, cream-colored page, likely an endpaper or flyleaf of a book. The page shows signs of wear, including faint smudges and discoloration, particularly along the left edge.This image shows a blank, aged, cream-colored page, likely an endpaper or flyleaf from an old book. The paper has a slightly textured appearance with some minor discoloration and faint smudges, particularly along the left edge. There is no text or other markings on the page.

Fig. 31

Fig. 32

Elevation of an iron door

Architectural drawings of a window and a door. Fig. 31 shows a window elevation with labels for 'Glass', 'Frame', 'Moldings', 'Reel', and 'Head'. Fig. 32 shows a door elevation with labels for 'Glass', 'Moldings', 'Reel', 'Head', and 'Moldings in'.

Moldings
Wood sill

Plan of a window.
(see Fig. 31.)

Plan of a door way.

Fig. 33

Fig. 33

Plan of door. Fig. 32 in a larger scale

Detailed architectural plans of a window and a door. Fig. 33 (left) is a plan of a window with labels for 'Outside moulding', 'Top rail', 'Bottom rail', 'Moldings', 'Muntin or', 'Raised panel', 'Style', 'Pillar', 'Head', 'Moldings', 'First panel moulded, mouldings attached in the solid', 'Plan of panel square', 'Head rail', 'Muntin', 'Base rail', 'Base piece', 'Plan of entire window &c. of Fig. 33 in a larger scale', 'Pillar', 'Moldings', 'Base', 'Floor', 'Moldings', 'Base', 'Floor'. Fig. 33 (right) is a plan of a door with labels for 'Pillar', 'Moldings', 'First panel moulded, mouldings attached in the solid', 'Plan of panel square', 'Head rail', 'Muntin', 'Base rail', 'Base piece', 'Pillar', 'Moldings', 'Base', 'Floor'.

Fig. 34

Fig. 34
Section of a leaded glass

Fig. 35

Section of a door. Fig. 32 in a larger scale

Cross-sections of a leaded glass and a door. Fig. 34 shows a section of a leaded glass with labels for 'Pillar', 'Moldings', 'Base', 'Floor', 'Moldings', 'Base', 'Floor'. Fig. 35 shows a section of a door with labels for 'Pillar', 'Moldings', 'Base', 'Floor', 'Moldings', 'Base', 'Floor'.
A blank, aged, cream-colored page, likely an endpaper or flyleaf of a book. The page shows signs of wear, including faint smudges and discoloration, particularly along the left edge.This image shows a blank, aged, cream-colored page, likely an endpaper or flyleaf from an old book. The paper has a slightly textured appearance with some minor discoloration and faint smudges, particularly along the left edge. There is no text or other markings on the page.

Transverse Section of a window.

Fig. 31. Transverse Section of a window. This diagram shows a vertical cross-section of a window frame. Labels from top to bottom include: 'Sill', 'Frame', 'Recess', 'Hinge', 'Butt', 'Hinge', 'Butt', and 'Hinge'.

Fig. 31.

Inside elevation of a window.

Inside elevation of a window. This diagram shows the interior view of a window with six panes. Labels include: 'Top rail', 'Meeting rail', 'Sash bars', 'Bottom rail', 'Sash', and 'Back'.

Fig. 32.

Elevation of an inner door.

Elevation of an inner door. This diagram shows the front view of a door with six panels. Labels include: 'Mounting', 'Style', 'Rail', 'Mounting', and 'Style'.

Section of an inner door.

Plan of a window. (see Fig. 34). This diagram shows a cross-section of a window sill. Labels include: 'Stone sill' and 'Wood sill'.

Plan of a window.
(see Fig. 34.)

Plan of a door way. This diagram shows a cross-section of a door frame. Labels include: 'Door' and 'Sash bars'.

Plan of a door way.

Butt, Hinge, &c. for base to a larger scale.
(See Fig. 34.)

Fig. 35. This diagram shows a vertical section of a door frame. Labels include: 'Plastering', 'Drake', 'Sash bars', 'Hinge', 'Shutting board', 'Floor', and 'Plastering'.

Fig. 35.

Fig. 34. This diagram shows a cross-section of a door frame. Labels include: 'Outside casing', 'Parings board', 'Stop rail', 'Inside casing', 'Shutter', 'Plastering board', 'Architrave', and 'Plastering'.

Fig. 34.

Fig. 33. Plan of door, Fig. 32, to a larger scale. This diagram shows a plan view of a door. Labels include: 'Muntin or', 'Raised panel', 'Style', 'Plaster', 'Plastering', 'Flat panel moulded, mouldings struck in the solid', 'Mounting', 'Flat panel square', 'Bead butt', 'Muntin', 'Bead flush', 'Plaster', 'Plastering', 'Plastering board', 'Plaster', and 'Plastering'.

Fig. 33.
Plan of door, Fig. 32, to a larger scale.

Fig. 36. Section of a leaded gutter. This diagram shows a cross-section of a gutter. Labels include: 'Pitching', 'Gutter board', 'Flat of lead gutter', and 'Lead board'.

Fig. 36.
Section of a leaded gutter.

Fig. 37. Section of a lead flat showing the coils with the lead turned over them. This diagram shows a cross-section of a lead flat. Labels include: 'Roll', 'Roll', and 'Roll'.

Fig. 37.

Section of a lead flat showing the coils with the lead turned over them.

Faint architectural drawing of a door with six panels.A faint architectural drawing of a door, likely a front door, featuring six rectangular panels arranged in two columns of three. The door is set within a simple frame.
Faint architectural drawing of a window with a grid pattern.A faint architectural drawing of a window, possibly a bay window, with a grid pattern of six rectangular panes arranged in two columns of three. The window is set within a frame.
Faint architectural drawing of a narrow vertical window or door.A faint architectural drawing of a narrow vertical window or door, featuring a single rectangular panel. It is set within a frame.
Faint architectural drawing of a rectangular structure, possibly a table or bench.A faint architectural drawing of a rectangular structure, possibly a table or a bench, with a flat top and a base. It is set within a frame.
Faint architectural drawing of a rectangular structure, possibly a table or bench.A faint architectural drawing of a rectangular structure, possibly a table or a bench, with a flat top and a base. It is set within a frame.
Faint architectural drawing of a rectangular structure, possibly a table or bench.A faint architectural drawing of a rectangular structure, possibly a table or a bench, with a flat top and a base. It is set within a frame.

BURNING GLASS.

PLATE CLX.

Fig. 1.

Fig. 1: A circular burning glass mounted on a decorative stand, with a side view showing its internal structure.

Fig. 1 shows a circular burning glass mounted on a decorative stand. To its right is a side view showing the internal structure of the lens and its mounting frame.

Fig. 2.

Fig. 2: An oval-shaped burning glass on a stand, with a side view showing its internal structure.

Fig. 2 shows an oval-shaped burning glass mounted on a stand. To its right is a side view showing the internal structure of the lens and its mounting frame.

Fig. 3.

Fig. 3: An oval-shaped burning glass on a stand, with a side view showing its internal structure.

Fig. 3 shows an oval-shaped burning glass mounted on a stand. To its right is a side view showing the internal structure of the lens and its mounting frame.

Fig. 4.

Fig. 4: A diagram showing the optical path of light rays through a lens, illustrating the principle of focusing.

Fig. 4 is a diagram showing the optical path of light rays through a lens, illustrating the principle of focusing.

Fig. 5.

Fig. 5: A diagram showing the optical path of light rays through a lens, illustrating the principle of focusing.

Fig. 5 is a diagram showing the optical path of light rays through a lens, illustrating the principle of focusing.

Fig. 6.

Fig. 6: A diagram showing the optical path of light rays through a lens, illustrating the principle of focusing.

Fig. 6 is a diagram showing the optical path of light rays through a lens, illustrating the principle of focusing.

Fig. 7.

Fig. 7: A large burning glass on a stand, with light rays converging to a point.

Fig. 7 shows a large burning glass on a stand, with light rays converging to a point.

Fig. 8.

Fig. 8: A diagram showing the optical path of light rays through a lens, illustrating the principle of focusing.

Fig. 8 is a diagram showing the optical path of light rays through a lens, illustrating the principle of focusing.

A blank, aged, cream-colored page, likely an endpaper or flyleaf of a book. The page shows signs of wear, including faint smudges and discoloration, particularly along the left edge and bottom.This image shows a blank, aged, cream-colored page, likely an endpaper or flyleaf from an old book. The paper has a slightly textured appearance with some minor discoloration and faint smudges, particularly along the left edge and bottom. There is no text or other markings on the page.

BURNING GLASS.

PLATE CLII.

Fig. 1.

Fig. 1: A circular burning glass on a stand with a vertical axis and a cross-shaped support. To its right is a side profile showing the lens and its mounting structure with labels X, Y, R, F, V, E, L, G.

Fig. 2.

Fig. 2: An elliptical burning glass on a stand. To its right is a side profile showing the lens and its mounting structure with labels A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H.

Fig. 3.

Fig. 3: An elliptical burning glass on a stand. To its right is a side profile showing the lens and its mounting structure with labels A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H.

Fig. 8.

Fig. 8: A geometric diagram showing the construction of a lens. It features a central point P, several points A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y, Z, and various lines representing the lens surface and its optical properties.

Fig. 6.

Fig. 6: A side profile of a lens with labels A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y, Z. To its right is a perspective view of the lens showing its thickness and curvature.

Fig. 5.

Fig. 5: Three different lens shapes shown in profile, labeled A, B, and C, illustrating various optical designs.

Fig. 4.

Fig. 4: A large elliptical burning glass on a stand. To its left, a diagram shows light rays from a fire (labeled B) being focused by the lens onto a target. The stand is labeled with letters A through F.

Fig. 7.

Fig. 7: A detailed diagram of a burning glass mechanism. It shows a lens (labeled A) mounted on a stand (labeled B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y, Z). Light rays from a fire (labeled B) are focused by the lens onto a target. The stand is labeled with letters A through F.
A blank page with a light beige background, showing faint, illegible markings and a small, faint rectangular outline near the bottom center.This image shows a blank page with a light beige or cream-colored background. There are very faint, illegible markings scattered across the surface, which appear to be bleed-through from the reverse side of the paper. A small, faint rectangular outline is visible near the bottom center of the page. The overall texture of the paper is slightly grainy.

BURNING GLASS.

PLATE CHIM.

Fig. 1.

Diagram of a lens focusing parallel light rays to a point. A diagram showing a series of parallel horizontal lines representing light rays entering from the left. These rays pass through a lens (represented by a curved line) and converge to a single point on the right.

Fig. 2.

Diagram of a lens focusing light rays to a point. A diagram showing a series of parallel horizontal lines representing light rays entering from the left. These rays pass through a lens (represented by a curved line) and converge to a single point on the right.

Fig. 3.

Diagram of a lens focusing light rays to a point. A diagram showing a series of parallel horizontal lines representing light rays entering from the left. These rays pass through a lens (represented by a curved line) and converge to a single point on the right.

Fig. 4.

Diagram of a lens focusing light rays to a point. A diagram showing a series of parallel horizontal lines representing light rays entering from the left. These rays pass through a lens (represented by a curved line) and converge to a single point on the right.

Fig. 5.

Diagram of a lens focusing light rays to a point. A diagram showing a series of parallel horizontal lines representing light rays entering from the left. These rays pass through a lens (represented by a curved line) and converge to a single point on the right.

Fig. 6.

Large perspective drawing of a burning glass on a tripod stand. A large perspective drawing of a burning glass. It consists of a rectangular frame with a large lens in the center, mounted on a sturdy tripod stand. The stand has a central vertical column and three legs. On top of the frame, there are several small bottles or containers.

Fig. 7.

Diagram of a lens assembly with bottles. A diagram showing a horizontal lens assembly. Two small bottles are positioned on top of the assembly, which has various adjustment knobs and a central lens.

Fig. 8.

Diagram of a tall, thin lens assembly. A diagram of a tall, thin, vertical lens assembly. It has a long, narrow body with several adjustment knobs or screws along its length.
Diagram of a lens assembly with a cross-shaped base. A diagram of a lens assembly with a cross-shaped base. It has a central lens and several adjustment knobs.

Fig. 9.

Diagram of a square lens assembly. A diagram of a square lens assembly. It has a square base with four adjustment knobs, one on each side.

Fig. 10.

Diagram of a lens assembly on a tripod stand. A diagram of a lens assembly mounted on a tripod stand. The stand has a central vertical column and three legs.

Fig. 11.

Diagram of a large, flat lens assembly on a stand. A diagram of a large, flat lens assembly. It has a large, rectangular lens mounted on a stand with a cross-shaped base. The stand has several adjustment knobs and a central vertical column.
A blank, aged, cream-colored page with faint pencil sketches of architectural structures.This is a blank, aged, cream-colored page, likely an endpaper or flyleaf from an old book. The paper shows signs of wear, including creases and discoloration. Faint pencil sketches are visible, particularly in the upper and lower right areas. These sketches appear to be architectural drawings, possibly of a building or a structure with a pitched roof. The sketches are very light and do not clearly define the details of the structures.

BURNING GLASS.

PLATE CLIII.

Fig. 1.

Diagram of a simple convex lens focusing parallel light rays to a point.

Fig. 2.

Diagram of a lens focusing parallel light rays to a point, showing a different lens profile.

Fig. 3.

Diagram of a lens with a shaded area on the left, focusing parallel light rays to a point.

Fig. 4.

Diagram showing a lens focusing light rays onto a circular target with points A and B.

Fig. 5.

Diagram showing a lens focusing light rays onto a circular target with points A and B.

Fig. 7.

Detailed illustration of a large burning glass apparatus mounted on a tripod stand. The apparatus includes a large rectangular frame with a lens, a horizontal cylinder, and various adjustment knobs and supports.

Fig. 8.

Diagram showing two views of a mechanical component, likely a bracket or support for the burning glass.

Fig. 9.

Diagram of a tall, thin, pointed object with various points labeled along its length.

Fig. 11.

Diagram of a mechanical component, possibly a bracket or support.

Fig. 12.

Diagram of a square plate with points labeled at its corners and center.

Fig. 10.

Diagram of a mechanical component, possibly a bracket or support.

Fig. 6.

Diagram of a large, flat, rectangular surface with a grid pattern, mounted on a stand. It is labeled with various points and letters.
A blank, aged, cream-colored page, likely an endpaper or flyleaf of a book. The page shows signs of wear, including faint smudges and discoloration, particularly along the right edge.This image shows a blank, aged, cream-colored page, likely an endpaper or flyleaf from an old book. The paper has a slightly textured appearance with some minor discoloration and faint smudges, particularly along the right edge. There is no text or other markings on the page.
A blank, aged, cream-colored page, likely an endpaper or flyleaf of a book. The page shows signs of wear, including faint smudges and discoloration, particularly along the left edge.This image shows a blank, aged, cream-colored page, likely an endpaper or flyleaf from an old book. The paper has a slightly textured appearance with some minor discoloration and faint smudges, particularly along the left edge. There is no text or other markings on the page.
A blank, aged, cream-colored page, likely an endpaper or flyleaf of a book. The page shows signs of wear, including faint smudges and discoloration, particularly along the right edge.This image shows a blank, aged, cream-colored page, likely an endpaper or flyleaf from an old book. The paper has a slightly textured appearance with some minor discoloration and faint smudges, particularly along the right edge. There is no text or other markings on the page.
A blank, aged, cream-colored page, likely an endpaper or flyleaf of a book. The page shows signs of wear, including discoloration and faint smudges.This image shows a blank, aged, cream-colored page, likely an endpaper or flyleaf from an old book. The paper has a slightly textured appearance with subtle variations in tone and a few faint, dark smudges or spots scattered across the surface. The left edge of the page shows a slight shadow, suggesting it is part of a bound volume.
A blank, aged, cream-colored page, likely an endpaper or flyleaf of a book. The page shows signs of wear, including faint smudges and discoloration, particularly along the right edge.This image shows a blank, aged, cream-colored page, likely an endpaper or flyleaf from an old book. The paper has a slightly textured appearance with some minor discoloration and faint smudges, particularly along the right edge. There is no text or other markings on the page.
A blank, aged, cream-colored page, likely an endpaper or flyleaf of a book. The page shows signs of wear, including faint smudges and discoloration, particularly along the left edge where the binding is visible.This image shows a blank, aged, cream-colored page, likely an endpaper or flyleaf from an old book. The paper has a slightly textured appearance with some minor discoloration and faint smudges, particularly along the left edge where the binding is visible. There is no text or other markings on the page.

THE HISTORY OF THE
CITY OF NEW YORK