Characters in Commerce.
| D° ditto, the same | S or s, shillings |
| N° numero, or number | d, pence or deniers |
| F° folio, or page | lb pound weight |
| C or ⊕ hundredweight, or 112 pounds | R° recto } folio |
| qts quarters | V° vero } folio |
| L. or l. pounds sterling | Rx rixdollar |
| pt per or by, pt ann. by the year, pt cent. | Dt ducat |
| P. S. postscript, &c. |
Characters in Geometry and Trigonometry.
| ∥ the character of parallelism | ∇ equiangular or similar |
| Δ triangle | ≡ equilateral |
| □ square | ∠ an angle |
| ▭ rectangle | ⊥ right angle |
| ⊙ circle | ⊥ perpendicular |
° denotes a degree; thus, 45° implies 45 degrees.
' denotes a minute; thus, 50' is 50 minutes.
°, ′, ′′, ′′′, denote seconds, thirds, and fourths; and the same characters are used when the progressions are by tens, as it is here by sixties.
Characters in Grammar, Rhetoric, Poetry, &c.
| ( ) parenthesis | D. D. doctor in divinity |
| [ ] crotchet | V. D. M. minister of the word of God |
| - hyphen |
| ' apostrophe | LL. D. doctor of laws |
| ` emphasis or accent | J. U. D. doctor of civil and canon law |
| ~ breve | M. D. doctor of medicine |
| .. dialysis | A. M. master of arts |
| ^ caret and circumflex | A. B. bachelor of arts |
| † ‡ and * references | F. R. S. fellow of the royal society |
| § section or division | (See ABBREVIATIONS.) |
| ¶ paragraph | |
| “ quotation |
Characters among the ancient Lawyers, and in ancient Inscriptions.
| § paragraph | C. code |
| ¶ digests | C. C. consules |
| Seto. senatus consulto | T. titulus |
| E. extra | P. P. D. D. propria pecunia |
| S. P. Q. R. senatus populus-que Romanus | dedicavit |
| P. P. pater patriæ | D. D. M. dono dedit monumentum |
Characters in Medicine and Pharmacy.
| R. recipe | coch. cochleare, a spoonful |
| ā, āā, or ana, of each alike | M. manipulus, a handful |
| lb a pound, or pint | P. a pugil |
| z an ounce | P. æ. equal weights |
| δ a drachm | S. A. according to art |
| ϥ a scruple | q. s. a sufficient quantity |
| gr. grains | q. pl. as much as you please |
| β or f's half of any thing | P. P. pulvis patrum, the Jesuits' bark |
| cong. congius, a gallon |
Characters upon Tomb-stones.
S. V. Siste viator, i. e. stop traveller
M. S. Memorie sacrum, i. e. sacred to the memory
D. M. Diis manibus
J. H. S. Jesus hominum salvator
X. P. a character found in the catacombs, about the meaning of which authors are not agreed
Characters used in Music, and of Musical Notes with their proportions, are as follows:
| ∥ character of a large.....8 | ⊕ crotchet..... |
| ∩ a long.....4 | ⊖ quaver..... |
| ∩ a breve.....2 | ⊖ semiquaver..... |
| ○ a semibreve.....1 | ⊖ demisemiquaver..... |
| ⊖ a minim..... |
♯ or ♭ character of a sharp note; this character at the beginning of a line or space denotes that all the notes in that line are to be taken a semitone higher than in the natural series; and the same affects all the octaves above and below, though not marked; but when prefixed to any particular note, it shows that note alone to be taken a semitone higher than it would be without such a character.
♭ or ♮ character of a flat note. This is the contrary to the other above; that is, a semitone lower.
♮ character of a natural note. When in a line or series of artificial notes marked at the beginning ♭ or ♮ the natural note happens to be required, it is denoted by this character.
♭ character of the treble clef
∩ character of the mean clef
⊖ bass clef
♯ or ♭ characters of common double time, signifying the