BUXTON, a market-town and fashionable watering-place of Derbyshire, in the parish of Bakewell, and hundred of High Peak, 31 miles N.W. of Derby, and 160 miles from London. It is situated in a deep valley surrounded by hills of considerable elevation, except on the side where the Wye, which rises near this, has its exit. It consists of an old and new town, the former more elevated than the latter, and consisting of one wide street with some good inns and lodging-houses; but most of the buildings are low and mean. In the centre of the market-place is an old cross. The new town is much more elegant, and contains many handsome buildings. Among these is the crescent, a noble range of buildings in the Grecian style, erected by the late Duke of Devonshire in 1779-86, at a cost of £120,000, and containing hotels, ball-room, lodging-houses, bank, library, arcade, promenade, and an extensive range of stables with riding gallery behind. At the west end of the crescent is the old hall, built by the Earl of Shrewsbury in the reign of Queen Elizabeth, once the residence of Mary Queen of Scots. The church is a handsome edifice, built in 1812 by the Duke of Devonshire. There are numerous public and private baths. The springs, which were known to the Romans, are inclosed in a small Grecian building, and supply hot and cold water within a few inches of each other. They are saline, sulphurous, and charged with nitrogen, and flow at the rate of 60 gallons a minute. They are found useful in cutaneous and nervous complaints, indigestion, gout, and rheumatism. Besides these there is a chalybeate spring behind the crescent, the water of which when mixed with that of the other springs, proves purgative. The "Bath Charity," supported by subscription, is for the maintenance for one month of poor invalids who may require to use the waters. The season extends from June to October, and from 12,000 to 14,000 visitors arrive annually. The public walks are numerous and tastefully laid out. In the vicinity are Pool's Hole (a vast stalactitic cavern), and the Diamond Hill, so called from the profusion of crystals dispersed through the soil. Pop. (1851) 1235, mostly engaged in the manufacture of alabaster, spar, and other ornaments, and in lime-burning.