CYNOSCEPHALÆ, in Ancient Geography, a rugged mountain range in Thessaly, running parallel with the course of the Apidanus. The range is only remarkable as having been the scene of two battles important in Greek history; in the first of which—fought between the Thebans and the Pheræans B.C. 364—Pelopidas the Theban general was slain; in the second, fought between the Greeks and Romans B.C. 197, Philip the last king of Macedon was defeated and taken prisoner by the consul Flaminius.