SALZBURG, the capital of the above duchy, on both sides of the Salzach or Salza, just at the entrance of the hill country, where the river issues from its confined valley into the Bavarian plain, 156 miles W.S.W. of Vienna. Few German towns can rival this in the beauty of its situation: the stream, with grayish-white water, telling of distant glaciers, flows among meadows and waving corn-fields, between two castle-crowned cliffs, at the foot of which clusters the Italian-like town, with its flat roofs, numerous churches, and marble edifices; while in the background rise the slopes of hills darkly clothed in wood, and the scene is closed in by the snowy line of loftier mountains in the remote distance. The part of the town that lies to the left of the river is almost inclosed by the Castle Hill (Schloss-berg) and the Monk's Hill (Monch-berg); while a bridge 370 feet long leads to the other portion, on the slope of the Capuchin Hill (Capuziner-berg). On the summits of the two latter hills there are extensive plateaus, laid out in fine walks, and planted with trees. The ancient castle on the hill, to which it gives its name, has been long dismantled, and is now only used for barracks. Its towers rise 400 feet above the square below. Besides the natural strength of its position, Salzburg is defended by fortifications, and en-
tered by eight gates. One of the latter, called the New Gate, is formed by a tunnel cut through the Monk's Hill, constructed by Archbishop Sigismund in 1767. The cathedral is a large and splendid marble edifice in the Italian style, built in the seventeenth century. Near it is the former archbishop's palace, now occupied by public offices. In the square in front stands a beautiful marble fountain and a statue of Mozart, who was born here in a house that is still to be seen marked with an inscription. Among the many churches of the town, that of St Peter is remarkable for its monuments, and for a curious old churchyard attached to it. There are numerous convents, one of which, the Benedictine, is among the oldest in Germany, and has a fine library. The lyceum, formerly a university, has also a library of 36,000 volumes and 300 MSS. There are other schools, a theatre, several hospitals, &c., in the town. The manufactures comprise leather, iron wire, and pottery; the trade is considerable; and two annual markets are held. Salzburg is still the seat of an archbishop; also of the provincial government and courts of law. Pop. (1851), exclusive of the military, 17,009.