ARCHANGEL, a government of European Russia, lying between Lat. 61. and 71. N. and Long. 29. and 68. E. It is bounded on the north by the White Sea and Arctic Ocean, on the west by Finland and Olonetz, on the south by Vologda, and on the east by the Ural Mountains. It comprehends also the islands of Nova-Zembla, Waigatz, and some others. Its area is estimated at 322,500 square miles, and its population in 1846 was calculated to amount to 253,000. The climate is for most part of the year intensely cold. That part of Archangel which lies within the arctic circle has a very desolate and sterile aspect, presenting little to the eye but extensive plains of sand and moss. The winter is long and severe; and even in summer the soil is frozen at a little depth below the surface. The rivers are closed in September, and scarcely thawed before July. South of the arctic circle the greater part is covered with immense forests, part with extensive lakes and morasses, and part affords excellent pasturage for cattle. Here the spring is moist, with cold, frosty nights; the summer, a succession of long foggy days; the autumn moist; and the rivers are closed from October to April. The northern districts are incapable of being cultivated, and the inhabitants support themselves by fishing and the chase. In the southern districts considerable quantities of hemp and flax are raised, but grain crops are little attended to, and the bark of trees is mixed with corn to eke out the scanty products of the harvest. The principal wealth of the government consists in its immense forests, that furnish materials for ship-building, which is carried on to a considerable extent. Their horses and cattle are diminutive, except in the district of Kholmogory, where excellent cattle are reared. The preparation of pitch and tar is an active branch of industry; and in the districts around Archangel coarse linens are manufactured to a considerable extent, as well as cordage, mats, leather, tallow, turpentine, and potash. This government is divided into eight circles, viz.:—Archangel, Chenkursk, Mezen, Cola, Onega, Pinega, Kholmogory, and Kem. Its chief rivers are the Onega, Pinega, Dwina, Mezen, Petshora, and Ousa. The population was originally Finnish, but it is now chiefly Russian, with some Samoïdes and Lap-landers.