Of all the vertebrated animal creation fishes are by far the most numerous species, and are the most widely distributed in the strata composing the crust of our earth. Some are found in formations as old as the Silurian, and become very numerous in all the more recent formations, even to the Tertiary containing the remains of mammals. Fossil fishes, therefore, possess a high geological interest; and aid us greatly in determining the successive changes which have affected the surface of our planet.

Our knowledge of Fossil Fishes was, until very lately, exceedingly imperfect. Indeed, with the exception of the Ittilithologia Veronese, published in 1796, we had scarcely a tolerable attempt at the determination of fossil species, before the appearance of the magnificent and truly scientific Recherches sur les Poissons Fossiles of M. Agassiz (1833-43). In the first-mentioned work, however, fossil species are often confounded with fishes now existing; although not a single species of the immense accumulation in Monte Bolca, though evidently belonging to a comparatively recent geological epoch, is identical with any fish now existing. Good descriptions, it is true, of some fossil fishes were scattered through various works; but they were connected by no general classification to unite them into allied groups, or to exhibit their relations to the various geological series of formations that compose the crust of our earth. But the work of Agassiz was a gigantic undertaking; and the success which has crowned his labours is most creditable to the unwearied industry and great talents of this distinguished naturalist. He has presented his readers with full descriptions or notices of about 1000 species of fossil fishes, illustrated by accurate and exquisite designs, and supplied us with a method of determining the species that may be hereafter discovered, with a certainty and precision that has no parallel in this branch of natural history. This is the result of the examination of more than 20,000 specimens of fossil fishes preserved in the public and private museums of Europe; and now that he has taken up his abode in North America, we know that he pursues this subject with his accustomed energy, and will no doubt add greatly to our knowledge of this subject, one of the most interesting branches of geological palæontology.

In his work on the Fresh Water Fishes of Europe, M.

Agassiz had pointed out the important character to be obtained from observing the form and structure of the scales of fishes; and this character he successfully employs as the distinction of the four orders into which he divides the class of fossil fishes. He had before pointed out the constancy of the structure of the scales in each kind of fish; a character which had been too much overlooked by preceding naturalists, although this integument is a principal medium by which external influences reach the internal organization of the animal. He considers it as a sort of external skeleton, differing widely and invariably in its structure, in each of the great divisions of this class of animals. The scales have, too, a peculiar value in fossil ichthyology, from the perfect manner in which their durable nature has preserved their minutest features in their stony repositories. Thus, the examination of a few scales determines the order to which the specimen should be referred, and often points out their affinities to existing species.

The orders are divided into Families, chiefly from the structure and position of the fins, from the form of the bones of the head, especially of the teeth, and the structure of the opercula or gill covers; and a most important character is obtained, especially in the Placoid order, from the spinous rays of the several fins, which often are the formidable defensive weapons of the fish.

In these researches, M. Agassiz has freely acknowledged the assistance he has received from contemporary naturalists, and speaks in high terms of the valuable labours of Blainville, Eichwald, Buckland, Sedgwick, Murchison, Miller, Hibbert, and especially of Richard Owen, whose most valuable Odontography has thrown so much light on zoological subjects.

In the following sketch of this new and interesting subject we shall endeavour to present, as far as the necessary limits of the work will permit, a general view of the system of Agassiz.

M. Agassiz divides fossil fishes, as he had previously done their living representatives, into four great orders—the GANOID, PLACOID, CTENOID, and CYCLOID—founded on the form of their scales. This arrangement would comprehend the immense variety of existing fishes, except two genera, Myxine and Petromyzon, which are totally destitute of scales.

1.—GANOID fishes (figs. 1, 2, 3), (so designated from γάνος, splendour) have shining scales, covered with a firm enamel,

generally of a rhomboidal form, and imbricated, or applied to each other as the slates on a roof.

II.—PLACOIDS (figs. 4, 5), (from $\backslash pi\backslash lambda\backslash acute\{\backslash alpha\}\backslash xi$, a table) have scales not imbricated, but approximate on the skin: they are often elevated in the middle, and sometimes have a strong projecting point or spine from their centre. The Placoids embrace the genera referrible to the families of the shark and ray of Linnaeus.

III.—CRETNOIDS (figs. 6, 7, 8), (from $\backslash kappa\backslash rho\backslash epsilon\backslash iota\backslash varsigma$, a comb) have

imbricated scales, generally of a rounded or ovoid form,

with several teeth or sharp projections on their posterior margin.

IV.—CYCLOIDS (figs. 9, 10, 11, 12), (from $\backslash kappa\backslash acute\{\backslash epsilon\}\backslash kappa\backslash lambda\backslash acute\{o\}\backslash varsigma$, a circle) have circular imbricated scales, without dentations on their margins, but with concentric markings. Three-fourths of all known fossil fishes belong to the two last orders, and occur in all formations from the chalk upwards. The fishes found in the older rocks are the least numerous, and belong chiefly to the first order; the Pla-

coids extend through all the fossiliferous rock-formations, but are chiefly found in the coal, Jurassic, chalk, and tertiary formations; while not one species of Ctenoid or Cycloid fish occurs in formations older than the chalk. Fishes belonging to the older formations differ most from existing species in form and structure; and Agassiz states that the fishes of the older geological formations have smaller pectoral fins (the representatives of the fore extremities of the higher classes of animals), and that they are invariably placed before the ventral fins; so that they belong to the Linnean order of Abdominales. In the formations above the chalk, the ventral fins approach nearer to the head; while in those below the chalk, the ventral fins are always behind the pectorals.

M. Agassiz divides the orders of fossil fishes into families, genera, and species, the characters of which are chiefly derived from the structure of the bones of their spine, head, opercula, teeth, and the form of their bodies and position of their fins. It may suffice to state that the fins placed perpendicular to the plane of the body are, according to position, denominated the Dorsal, the Ventral, the Anal, and the Caudal or fin of the tail. The Pectorals are always a pair of fins, one of which is on each side of the thorax of the fish; and according as the ventral fin is situated behind, under, or before the pectoral the fish said to be abdominal, thoracic, or jugular. When the ventral is wanting, they are said to be apodal. The bones, the scales, and the fins being those parts generally best preserved in fossil fishes, they are chiefly relied on by M. Agassiz, whose intimate knowledge of living species has enabled him, like another Cuvier, often from a few fragments, to determine the genus, or even the species, to which the scattered reliques have belonged.

Scales angular, rhomboidal or polygonal, formed of osseous plates, covered by enamel.

Teeth scopular or brush-like, disposed in several rows, or consisting of a single row of small obtuse teeth. Scales flat, rhomboidal, parallel to the body, which they wholly cover. All the genera of this family that have the bones of the back produced into the upper lobe of the tail, or are what Agassiz terms heterocercus, occur in strata earlier than the Jurassic. Those with the regular tail, or the homocercus, belong to later formations. This family has no representatives among existing fishes.

We shall shortly indicate the rock formations in which each fish occurs in the tables at the end of this article.

GENUS I. ACANTHOIDES. Teeth scopular. Scales extremely small; dorsal fin opposite to anal; no ventral; pectorals large; first ray of dorsal, anal, and pectorals thick, strong, and rough; the succeeding rays, as well as those of the caudal, very slender, and scarcely distinct. Lower jaw longer than the upper; mouth very wide. The known species are—

1. A. Bronnii. 2. A. sulcatus. 3. A. pusillus.

GENUS II. CATOPTERUS, & DIPTERUS. This is Dipterus of Sedgwick and Murchison. Dorsal long, opposite to anal, and both extending nearly to caudal; dorsal seemingly consists of two portions; ventral uncertain; pectorals small. Scales of middle size.

1. C. macrolepidotus. 2. C. gracilis. 3. C. parvus. 4. C. anguilliformis.

GENUS III. AMBLYPTERUS. All the fins very large, composed of numerous rays, especially the pectorals; dorsal opposite to the space between the ventral and anal; no small rays at the margin of the fins, except in the upper lobe of the caudal. Scales of middle size.

1. A. macropterus. 2. A. eupterygius. 3. A. lateralis. 4. A. latus. 5. A. nemopterus. 6. A. punctatus. 7. A. striatus. 8. A. Agassizii. 9. A. Elforsii.

GENUS IV. PALÆONISCUS. All the fins of middle size, with small rays at their margins: dorsal opposite to space between ventral and anal. Scales of middle size—there is always a large scale before the first ray of the dorsal and anal fins.

1. P. fultus. 2. P. Davernoyi. 3. P. minutus. 4. P. angustus. 5. P. Blainvillei. 6. P. Voltzii. 7. P. macropterus. 8. P. Freieslebeni. 9. P. magnus. 10. P. elegans. 11. P. Vratislavensis. 12. P. lepidurus. 13. P. Robisoni. 14. P. striolatus. 15. P. ornatus. 16. P. comptus. 17. P. glaphyrus. 18. P. microphthalmus. 19. P. longissimus. 20. P. carinatus. 21. P. Agassizii. 22. P. macropterus. 23. P. Egertonii. 24. P. Monensis.

GENUS V. OSTEOLEPIS. Two dorsal fins, the first in the middle of the back, the second in the middle of the space between the first and the tail, while the two anals alternate with the two dorsals, and the second anal extends behind the second dorsal; the pectorals are large and rounded; the ventral small, and opposite to the anterior edge of the first dorsal. Scales larger than in palæoniscus. Mouth large, armed with small teeth.

1. O. macrolepidotus. 2. O. microlepidotus. 3. O. arenatus. 4. O. major.

GENUS VI. CHEIRACANTHUS. Body covered with small scales. Pectorals, dorsal, ventral, and anal fins, with a strong spinous ray; dorsal in the middle of the back, opposite to the space between the ventral and anal. Jaws armed with several rows of very small pointed teeth.

1. Ch. Murchisoni. 2. Ch. microlepidotus. 3. Ch. minor.

GENUS VII. CHEIROLEPIS. Body covered with very minute scales. Fins without the bony ray, but its place supplied by slender rays laid on each other in an imbricated manner. Mouth large; teeth small. Dorsal placed posteriorly to the anal.

1. Ch. Trallii. 2. Ch. uragus. 3. Ch. Cummingii.

GENUS VIII. DIPLACANTHUS. Body cylindrical; tail short and heterocercous. Scales very minute. Two dorsal fins; the first near the head, a little before the pectorals; the second opposite to the anal; pectorals placed on a strong thoracic belt, on which are some spines; the anal has a strong osseous ray, and similar rays are in the other fins, except the caudal.

1. D. striatus. 2. D. striolatus. 3. D. crassispinus. 4. D. longispinus.

GENUS IX. COCCOLEPIS. Body small, covered by uniform minute scales, which are finely granular. Dorsal fin proportionally very large, and truncated behind, so as to form an equilateral triangle; ventrals small, and approxi-

mated to the anal, which is larger than the ventrals. The only genus known is—

1. C. Becklandi.

GENUS X. PLECTROLEPIS. Not described by Agassiz. The scales are somewhat rounded and pointed, giving a rough appearance to the skin of the fish.

1. P. rugosus.

GENUS XI. PLATTYSOMUS. Body very broad, or much elevated, almost trapezoidal, and nearly as high as long, covered with large scales. Mouth small, with scopular teeth. Dorsal and anal opposite to each other, and extending from the middle of the body to the root of the tail, with their anterior rays the longest.

1. P. gibbosus. 2. P. rhombus. 3. P. striatus. 4. P. macrurus. 5. P. parvus.

GENUS XII. GYROLEPIS. Chiefly distinguished by the scales, which have striae or ridges running concentric or parallel with the edges of the scale; sometimes they are oblique, or irregularly ramified.

1. G. maximus. 2. G. tenuistriatus. 3. G. Rankinei. 4. G. Alberti.

GENUS XIII. EURYNOTUS. Dorsal large, occupying the length of the back, with the anterior rays much elongated; anal opposite to the posterior part of the dorsal, with its anterior ray longer than the rest; ventral large, placed in the middle of the abdomen; pectorals still larger, with their tips reaching to the insertion of the ventrals; caudal less developed than the other fins. Head large; mouth with very small obtuse teeth.

1. Eu. crenatus. 2. Eu. fimbriatus. 3. Eu. tenuiceps.

GENUS XIV. DAPEDIUS. Body broad, and rapidly decreasing to the root of the tail, which is thick. Head rounded. Teeth sloping on their cutting edges. Fins of middle size; the caudal is the largest; the dorsal extends from the middle of the back to the root of the tail.

1. D. politus. 2. D. granulatus. 3. D. punctatus. 4. D. Colei. 5. D. orbis. 6. D. micans. 7. D. altivellus. 8. D. arenatus.

GENUS XV. TETRAGONOLEPIS. Resembles the last in most respects, but has pointed teeth, instead of the sloping teeth of Dapedius.

1. T. semicinctus. 2. T. confusus. 3. T. speciosus. 4. T. radiatus. 5. T. pustulatus. 6. T. leiosomos. 7. T. Leachii. 8. T. heterodermus. 9. T. pholidotus. 10. T. ovalis. 11. T. Bowel. 12. T. dorsalis. 13. T. monilifer. 14. T. angulifer. 15. T. Magneville. 16. T. mastodontus. 17. T. striolatus.

GENUS XVI. AMBLYURUS. Body broad, flattened. A long dorsal commencing opposite to the ventral; a small, straight anal; and a wide, truncated caudal. Mouth wide; jaw narrow, armed with small pointed teeth.

1. A. macrostomus.

GENUS XVII. SEMIONOTUS. Body generally of large size. Head elongated; jaws narrow, with scopular teeth more or less minute. Dorsal long, commencing opposite the ventrals, and ending over the anal; pectorals of mean size; ventrals wide; anal narrow, with its first ray longer than the rest; caudal forked, with the upper lobe a little longer than the lower, though the vertebrae do not really extend into the upper one, as hasty inspection might suppose.

1. S. leptocephalus. 2. S. Bergeri. 3. S. latus. 4. S. minutus. 5. S. Nilssonii. 6. S. Pentlandi. 7. S. striatus. 8. S. rhombifer. 9. S. pustulifer.

GENUS XVIII. LEPIDOTUS. Body the form of a large Carp. Greatest thickness of the body just behind the thoracic belt; scales large, rhomboidal. Fins of middle size; dorsal over the space between the ventral and anal; caudal almost square; anal shaped like the dorsal; and

Ganoidei. both the latter have a thick anterior ray; ventrals and
Lepidosteii. pectorals small.

1. L. gigas. 2. L. semiserratus. 3. L. undatus. 4. L. rugosus.
5. L. fimbriatus. 6. L. ornatus. 7. L. serratus. 8. L. unguiculatus.
9. L. levis. 10. L. palliatus. 11. L. radiatus. 12. L. notopteris.
13. L. tuberculatus. 14. L. oblongus. 15. L. minor. 16. L. Mantelli.
17. L. Fittoni. 18. L. speciosus. 19. L. parvus. 20. L. striatus.
21. L. Maximiliani. 22. L. latimanus. 23. L. pectinatus. 24. L. Cotte.
25. L. punctulatus. 26. L. tenuis. 27. L. Virleti. 28. L. frondosus.

GENUS XIX. PHOLIDOPHORUS. Resembles the Herring, but with enamelled rhomboidal scales. Fins as in Lepidosteus; caudal deeply cleft, with equal lobes. Jaws with small scapular teeth.

1. Ph. Bechel. 2. Ph. onychius. 3. Ph. macrocephalus. 4. Ph. microps.
5. Ph. tenuiserratus. 6. Ph. longiserratus. 7. Ph. striolarius. 8. Ph. latus.
9. Ph. microcyx. 10. Ph. intermedius. 11. Ph. latimanus. 12. Ph. ornatus.
13. Ph. Flesherii. 14. Ph. limbatus. 15. Ph. Stricklandi.
16. Ph. Hastingsii. 17. Ph. angustus. 18. Ph. gracilis.
19. Ph. minor. 20. Ph. furcatus. 21. Ph. dorsalis. 22. Ph. latiusculus.
23. Ph. pusillus. 24. Ph. Taxis. 25. Ph. radiatus.
26. Ph. urwoldes. 27. Ph. radiopunctatus. 28. Ph. maximus.
29. Ph. pachysomus. 30. Ph. crenulatus. 31. Ph. Hartmanni.
32. Ph. fusiformis. 33. Ph. leptoccephalus.

GENUS XX. NOTHOSOMUS. Scales broader than long. Dorsal fins very long. Size small. Like the last genus, except in having two dorsal fins.

1. N. octostychius. 2. N. levisissimus.

GENUS XXI. OPHIOPSIS. Elongated body, covered with equal scales. Superior lobe of the tail extends a little obliquely, and the fin forked slightly; pectoral very large and long; dorsal very long, but not deep; with the ventral opposite to its middle. Head small; but opercula broad and strong.

1. O. procerus. 2. O. penicillatus. 3. O. dorsalis. 4. O. Munsteri.

GENUS XXII. NOTAGOGUS. Resembles Pholidophorus, but is of small size, and with two dorsal fins.

1. N. Zeitenii. 2. N. Pentlandi. 3. N. later. 4. N. denticulatus.

GENUS XXIII. PROPTERUS. Size small. Two dorsals, with the anterior rays of the first elongated beyond the rays of the second. Vertebrae are thick and short, with the interapophyseal bonelets stout. Scales rhomboidal, and finely notched on their posterior margin; anal a little behind the second dorsal; and the ventrals opposite to the extremity of the first; caudal slender.

1. P. microstomus. 2. P. serratus.

FAMILY II.—SAUROIDEI.

Pointed conical teeth, alternating with small scapular teeth. Skeleton osseous. Scales flat, rhomboidal, and completely investing the body.

In some of the genera, the vertebral column is continued into the upper lobe of the tail, a structure which Agassiz designates heterocerus; other genera have the tail in the regular form, which he distinguishes as homocerus. The heterocerques have all lived prior to the deposition of the Jurassic formation; the homocerques have existed at later geological periods. This family has no living representatives, except in the genera Lepidosteus and Polypterus.

A. Heterocerus.

GENUS I. PYGOPTERUS. Fins extremely developed; dorsal opposite to the space between ventrals and anal; anal much elongated; small rays placed on the anterior fin-rays.

1. P. Humboldtii. 2. P. mandibularis. 3. P. Bucklandi. 4. P. Jamesonii.
5. P. Bonnardi. 6. P. Greenockii. 7. P. lucius. 8. P. sculptus.

GENUS II. ACROLEPIS. This genus resembles the

last; but the anal is short and in the centre of the space between the ventrals and the caudal fin; and the dorsal less extended than in Pygopterus; ventrals nearer to the anal than to the pectorals; caudal lobes unequal. Head thick and short; muzzle pointed; jaws armed with strong, conical, closely-set teeth. Each scale surmounted by one or more keels.

1. A. acutirostris. 2. A. asper. 3. A. Sedgwickii.
GENUS III. SAURICHTHYS. This genus only known by fragments of its jaws and teeth. Teeth, short, conical, slightly compressed at the sides, with the bone supporting the enamelled point finely longitudinally striated, the point smooth. They have much resemblance to the teeth of land lizards. The fishes seem to have been of small size.

1. S. apicalis. 2. S. Mangeri. 3. S. scuminatus. 4. S. longidens.
5. S. semicostatus. 6. S. tenuirostris. 7. S. angustus. 8. S. costatus.

GENUS IV. DIPLOPTERUS. Size large; body elongated, and tapering gradually to the tail. Head large, broad, and flat; muzzle rounded; eyes large, close together, and surrounded with strong scales; jaws strong, with a single row of closely-set teeth. Two dorsals opposite to two nearly similar anal fins; two large rounded pectorals placed on the sides of the throat. Tail heterocercous, with most of the rays inserted under the elongation of the vertebral column; caudal fin truncated almost vertically. The branchiostegous rays are represented by plates below the neck. Scales on the body rhomboidal and granular.

1. D. macrolepidotus. 2. D. affinis. 3. D. borealis or Agassizii. 4. D. carbonarius. 5. D. Robertoni.

GENUS V. MEGALICHTHYS. Size large. Scales rhomboidal, and finely granular; as are the opercula and plates on the head. The teeth have a furrowed root, and smooth point; and several large appear among many smaller teeth.

1. M. Hibberti. 2. M. maxillaris. 3. M. princeps.

GENUS VI. GRAPTOLEPIS. Imperfectly known. The scales are finely sculptured. Jaws supposed to be elongated from the fragments found.

1. G. ornatus.

GENUS VII. OROGNATHUS. Known only by fragments of the jaws which seem to have been straight.

1. O. conoldens.

GENUS VIII. PODODUS. Known only by the form of its teeth. The only known species was found in the coal measures at Carluke, in Lanarkshire.

1. P. capitatus.

B. Homocerus.

GENUS IX. PTYCHOLEPIS. Scales with deep furrows, distinguished with difficulty from the divisions of the scales, which give them an irregular figure, and make the body appear rough. Head short, with large conical teeth. Tail slender, and the caudal rays small, which distinguish this genus from Eugnathus.

1. P. Bollesii.

GENUS X. SAUROPSIS. Vertebrae very short, with the slender apophyses almost in contact, with small interapophyseal bones, and slender ribs, which are longer and less curved than the apophyses. Scales minute, rhomboidal. Pectorals large, so as almost to touch the ventrals; caudal equilobed, dilated, and deeply forked. Head short and thick; jaws with sharp, conical, rather distant teeth.

1. S. latus. 2. S. longimanus. 3. S. mordax.

GENUS XI. PACHYCORBUS. Body inflated, covered by very small scales. Caudal fin very broad, with many undivided rays, which, gradually lengthening towards the middle, give it a rounded form; dorsal in the middle of the back, opposite to the space between the ventral and anal; pectorals very large. Vertebrae very short. Branchiostegous rays numerous, and close-set.

1. P. macropterus. 2. P. curtus. 3. P. macrurus. 4. P. he-

Ganoïdes. terurus. 5. P. latirostris. 6. P. gracilis. 7. P. latipennis. 8. Sauroïdes. P. latus. 9. P. macroponus. 10. P. acutirostris. 11. P. leptostens.

GENUS XII. THRISOPS. Resembles Sauropsis, but has larger vertebrae. Pectorals large, straight, composed of a few large rays; ventrals small; anal very large, often extending to the root of the tail, and often equalling one-half the length of the body; lobes of the caudal unequal; all the fin-rays jointed and dichotomous. Head short and thick; jaws slender, with small sharp teeth.

1. T. formosus. 2. T. cephalus. 3. T. micropodus. 4. T. intermedius. 5. T. salmoneus. 6. T. subovatus. 7. T. mesogaster.

GENUS XIII. CATURUS. A large dorsal opposite to the ventrals; pectorals large; caudal forked. Head large; jaws very large, with large conical teeth interspersed among scopular teeth. Spinous apophyses of the caudal vertebra strong, inclined, with their bodies approximate.

1. C. furcatus. 2. C. latus. 3. C. similis. 4. C. pachyurus. 5. C. macrurus. 6. C. maximus. 7. C. angustus. 8. C. microcheirus. 9. C. branchiostegus. 10. C. elongatus. 11. C. macrodus. 12. C. Meyer. 13. C. pleiodus. 14. C. Bucklandi.

GENUS XIV. LEPTOLEPIS. Scales very thin. Dorsal opposite to ventral; caudal forked. Mouth wide; teeth scopular in front of the jaw, and larger behind.

1. L. sprattiformis. 2. L. Voithii. 3. L. crassus. 4. L. macrolepidotus. 5. L. polyspondylus. 6. L. Bronni. 7. L. caudalis. 8. L. Jägeri. 9. L. longus. 10. L. Knorrli. 11. L. dubius. 12. L. contractus. 13. L. silipennis. 14. L. paucispondylus. 15. L. pusillus. 16. L. tenellus. 17. L. macrophthalmus. 18. L. latus.

GENUS XV. MEGALURUS. Caudal fin rounded, very large, with slender, long rays; dorsal opposite to the space between the ventral and anal. Head large; jaws with large conical teeth, intermingled with smaller teeth.

1. M. lepidotus. 2. M. brevicostatus. 3. M. elongatus. 4. M. parvus.

GENUS XVI. EUGNATHUS. Fins generally large; dorsal deep and long, with strong rays, opposite to the space between ventrals and anal; anal smaller; all have their principal rays furnished with filera to their extremities; caudal has its upper lobe larger than the lower. Scales rhomboidal, large, but smaller on the belly, with grooves and dentations on their posterior margin, which fit into the contiguous margin of the next scale. Teeth unequal; very large, conical teeth being mingled with smaller, especially in the middle of the jaw.

1. Eu. orthostomus. 2. Eu. speciosus. 3. Eu. Philpotiæ. 4. Eu. chirotes. 5. Eu. minor. 6. Eu. polyodon. 7. Eu. opercularis. 8. Eu. microlepidotus. 9. Eu. giganteus. 10. Eu. tenuidens. 11. Eu. jasculeatus. 12. Eu. ornatus. 13. Eu. scabriusculus. 14. Eu. lepidotus. 15. Eu. mandibularis.

GENUS XVII. CONODUS. Differs from Eugnathus only in its dentation; as its teeth are all conical, and much more equal in size.

1. C. ferox.

GENUS XVIII. AMBLYSEMIUS. Resembles Caturus, but its form is more slender, and its vertebrae less massive; the spinous processes more slender, and the end of the vertebral column is much elevated. Caudal forked; dorsal the largest fin.

1. A. gracilis.

GENUS XIX. THRISSONOTUS. A genus intermediate between Thrisops and Sauropsis, with a general resemblance to Pachycormus; but its dorsal fin is in the middle of the back, with its anal elongated like Thrisops.

1. T. Colei.

GENUS XX. MACROSEMIUS. Size small. Dorsal extends along the whole back, with very large rays; caudal rounded, its upper lobe is less powerful than the lower; ventrals and anal small. Head thick; mouth small, but teeth strong and conical.

1. M. rostratus. 2. M. brevirostris.

GENUS XXI. SAUROSTOMUS. Lower jaw elongated, and

has a long row of large triangular teeth, compressed, with cutting edges. Muzzle elongated; size large. 1. S. esocinus.

GENUS XXII. ASPIDORHYNCHUS. Body much elongated, upper jaw prolonged into a beak, extending beyond the lower, and with teeth in this projection; the upper jaw receives the teeth of the lower jaw in a groove. Dorsal fin placed far back, opposite the anal; pectorals and ventral rounded; caudal forked. Scales large, higher than long, especially on the middle of the body.

1. A. scutirostris. 2. A. speciosus. 3. A. ornatus. 4. A. mandibularis. 5. A. lepturus. 6. A. Anglicus. 7. A. euodus. 8. A. Walchneri. 9. A. Comptoni.

GENUS XXIII. BELONOSTOMUS. Differs from Aspidorhynchus, which it much resembles, in having the jaws of equal length, or nearly so, and in having no groove in the upper jaw, while the body is more slender. Mouth deeply cut, with sharp, unequal teeth. Eye large. Skeleton robust.

1. B. sphyrenoides. 2. B. Munsteri. 3. B. acutus. 4. B. cinctus. 5. B. Amningiæ. 6. B. tenuirostris. 7. B. subalatus. 8. B. Kochi. 9. B. ventralis. 10. B. leptosteus. 11. B. brachyomus.

FAMILY III.—CELACANTHI.

One of the most remarkable characters of this family is, that all the rays of the fins, and their bones, are hollow,—a trait which occurs not in any other ganoid fishes. Another peculiarity is, that the rays are all stiff, articulated only at their bases, and are supported on the interapophyseal bonelets, which takes place in other fishes only with the rays of the caudal and anal fins.

GENUS I. CELACANTHUS. There are two dorsals; the first is opposite to the extremity of the pectorals, the second to the space between the ventrals and the anal, which last approximates to the caudal; and the caudal comprehends the cluster of jointed rays that garnish the end of the vertebral column, and equals the one-third of the length of the fish. The scales large, elongated, with their posterior margin rounded. Teeth sharp and conical.

1. C. granulosus. 2. C. Phillipi. 3. C. minor. 4. C. gracilis. 5. C. lepturus. 6. C. Munsteri.

GENUS II. UNDINA. Approximates the last in the fins; but the teeth resemble a pavement, as in some pycnodonts.

1. U. Kohleri. 2. U. striolaris.

GENUS III. HOLOPTYCHUS. Size large; scales large and rugose. Bones of the cranium sculptured like those of the crocodile. The conical teeth exceed those of the largest saurians.

1. H. Hilberti. 2. H. sauroïdes. 3. H. falcatus. 4. H. Portlockii. 5. H. Garneri. 6. H. granulatus. 7. H. striatus. 8. H. minor. 9. H. giganteus. 10. H. Flemingi. 11. H. nobilissimus. 12. H. Andersoni. 13. H. Marchisoni. 14. H. Osaliusii.

GENUS IV. HOPLOPYGUS. Size small. Tail rather trilobate than forked, the terminal and principal lobe being between two other lobes, which last might be mistaken for a dorsal and an anal fin, were these not distinctly visible a little before these side lobes, which have another peculiarity in possessing a large spinous ray before their slender rays. Head very broad. The scales large.

1. H. Binneyi.

GENUS V. GLYPTOSTEUS, v. BOTHRIOLEPIS. The scales sculptured with grooves of various contorted forms, sometimes presenting isolated hollows, separated by rounded ridges, somewhat resembling the ripple marks on the sea-shore.

1. G. favosus. 2. G. reticulatus. 3. G. ornatus.

GENUS VI. GLYPTOLEPIS. Body of middle size, as broad as deep. Scales thin, rounded, much imbricated, covered by a thin, smooth enamel, with fine radiating striae on their interior. Fins large; two dorsals opposite to two anals, approximate to the caudal, ventrals have thin rays supported on a series of plates extending along the belly, as in

Ganoidei. Megalichthys; second anal and second dorsal larger than the fins before them. Branches of the lower jaw strong, and garnished with a single row of small conical teeth.

1. G. leptopterus. 2. G. elegans. 3. G. microlepidotus.

GENUS VII. PHYLOLEPIS. Scales exceedingly thin, but of large size: only the scales, or rather plates, known, some of which are six inches in diameter, of a square form, with rounded corners, and with concentric wrinkles.

1. Ph. concentricus. 2. Ph. tenuissimus.

GENUS VIII. PLATYGNATHUS. Body and tail elongated. Scales sculptured. Incisive teeth large, isolated, and placed in compartments apart from the jaw. Fins supported on soft, flexible rays.

1. P. Jamesonii. 2. P. paucidentis.

GENUS IX. DENDRODUS. This genus was established by Professor Owen. Teeth full, conical, isolated. Sections of the teeth show the medullary interstices branching, and laterally terminating in basins covered with enamel. The teeth are conical, with fine external striæ.

1. D. strigatus. 2. D. latus. 3. D. sigmoides. 4. D. minor. 5. D. tenuistratus.

GENUS X. LAMNODUS. Teeth full, laterally compressed, with the medullary interstices terminating in lateral branches; point capped with enamel.

1. L. bifurcatus. 2. L. hastatus. 3. L. panderi.

GENUS XI. CRICODUS. A single medullary cavity. Teeth curved back, with a rounded summit, and thick plicæ at the root.

GENUS XII. ASTEROLEPIS, v. CHELONICHTHYS. Ossous plates ornamented with granulations, which have perforated summits, and a star-formed base. The fish seems to have been of large size from its hyoid bones which have been discovered. One of the most perfect of these hitherto found is in the Museum of Stromness, Orkney. The original is six inches long, its head 2.38 inches.

1. A. Arusii. 2. A. ornata. 3. A. speciosa. 4. A. miliaris. 5. A. granulata. 6. A. minor. 7. A. Hönighausii. 8. A. Malcolmsoni. 9. A. apicalis.

GENUS XIII. PSAMMOLEPIS, v. PSAMMOTREUS. Scales with fine granulations like shagreen, and marked by many contorted medullary canals, that form a somewhat elegant net-work, among which is a hard homogeneous mass, more like dentine than true bone.

1. Ps. paradoxus. 2. Ps. meandrinus. 3. Ps. arenatus. 4. Ps. undulatus.

GENUS XIV. URONEMUS. A long dorsal fin, extending from near the nape uninterrupted to the tail, to which also the anal reaches. Size small.

GENUS XV. CTENOLEPIS. The scales are distinguished by a few projecting teeth; in other respects it resembles the genus Calacanthus.

GENUS XVI. GYROSTREUS. Imperfectly known from fragments, which belong to a very large fish.

1. G. mirabilis. Probably this is the largest of fossil fishes.

GENUS XVII. MACROPOMA. In its heavy form, and disposition of its fins, as well as its large scales, this genus much resembles Calacanthus; but the structure of the rays are different, as their edges are bristled with spines, no doubt as a defence. Skeleton robust. Head thick, and equal to one-third of the body.

1. M. Mantelli. 2. M. Egertonii.

FAMILY IV.—PYCNODONTEI.

Teeth flattened or rounded, arranged in several rows. Scales flat, rhomboidal, in rows parallel to the body, which they entirely cover. Body flat and broad. Skeleton ossous.

GENUS I. PLACODUS. Teeth of two kinds, viz., grinders, with flat crowns paving the interior of the mouth; the largest occupy the middle of the dental-plate, with sometimes lateral rows; the incisors, or prehensiles are most massive teeth, and are less pointed than in other genera; and those of the upper jaw are implanted in a sort of beak. The anterior prehensile teeth are arranged in two rows, with six in each row.

1. P. gigas. 2. P. Andriani. 3. P. Munsteri. 4. P. rostratus. 5. P. impressus.

GENUS II. SPILERODUS. The teeth are only parts known, and are always rounded, often hemispheric, from the size of a pin's head to that of a lentil; the crown smooth, and covering the root.

1. Sp. gigas. 2. Sp. annularis. 3. Sp. cinctus. 4. Sp. conicus. 5. Sp. crassus. 6. Sp. depressus. 7. Sp. discus. 8. Sp. lens. 9. Sp. irregularis. 10. Sp. microdon. 11. Sp. parvus. 12. Sp. mitula. 13. Sp. Neocomensis. 14. Sp. oculus-serpentis. 15. Sp. truncatus. 16. Sp. minor. 17. Sp. minimus.

GENUS III. PYCNODUS. Body anteriorly truncated and puffed out, posteriorly elongated. Tail slightly sloping. Vertebrae massive, short; most species have remarkable bony pieces behind the nape that obliquely cross the spinous apophyses. Teeth smooth, with crown slightly expanded, surfaces more or less convex; middle or principal row of oval teeth transverse, bounded on each side by a double alternate row of smaller circular teeth.

1. P. platessus. 2. P. rhombus. 3. P. orbicularis. 4. P. gigas. 5. P. Nicoleti. 6. P. Bucklandi. 7. P. didymus. 8. P. rugulosus. 9. P. umbonatus. 10. P. ovalis. 11. P. Hugi. 12. P. tollapicus. 13. P. Mantelli. 14. P. Munsteri. 15. P. complanatus. 16. P. sabelavatus. 17. P. cretaceus. 18. P. latirostris. 19. P. obtusus. 20. P. parvus. 21. P. miserialis. 22. P. discoides. 23. P. angustus. 24. P. elongatus. 25. P. latior. 26. P. depressus. 27. P. marginalis. 28. P. trigonus. 29. P. latidens. 30. P. priscus. 31. P. gracilis. 32. P. minutus. 33. P. minor. 34. P. tristychus.

GENUS IV. GYRODUS. Teeth elliptical or circular, with the summit provided with an umbilicated centre, surrounded by a circular furrow that divides it into two distinct parts. The superior jaw, the maxillaries, and intermaxillaries, have a single row of teeth; the vomer has five longitudinal rows, diminishing in size from behind forward; the lower jaw has four rows on each side.

1. G. macrocephalus. 2. G. frontatus. 3. G. rugosus. 4. G. umbilicus. 5. G. Jurassicus. 6. G. Cuvieri. 7. G. punctatus. 8. G. trigonus. 9. G. radiatus. 10. G. laevior. 11. G. cretaceus. 12. G. Mantelli. 13. G. minor. 14. G. angustus. 15. G. rugulosus. 16. G. Munsteri. 17. G. rucinatus. 18. G. analis. 19. G. circularis. 20. G. platurus. 21. G. punctatissimus. 22. G. rhomboidalis. 23. G. macropterus. 24. G. mammillaris. 25. G. gibbosus. 26. G. perlatus. 27. G. gracilis.

GENUS V. MICRODON. The form of the body is nearly that of Pycnodus. Dorsal and anal very long, opposite to each other, and prolonged to the caudal, which is much sloped and forked; pectorals small, with fine rays. The best character is taken from the teeth, which are smaller than in Pycnodus; they are in five rows on the vomer, and one row on each of the superior maxillaries; in the lower jaw there are four rows on each side of nearly equal size; they have a flattened angular form.

1. M. elegans. 2. M. hexagonus. 3. M. analis. 4. M. radiatus. 5. M. platurus. 6. M. abdominalis.

GENUS VI. GLOBULODUS. Teeth small, and pediculated at the summit, which distinguishes them from all the Pycnodonts.

1. G. elegans.

GENUS VII. COLOBODUS. The teeth, disposed in irregular pavements, have their layers very serrated, of a size between that of Microdon and Spharodon, have a rounded or cylindric base, with their crown bent in the form of a club, having in its centre a little truncated papilla; all the surface of the teeth finely vertically striated.

1. C. Hogardi.

GENUS VIII. SCROBODUS. Body fusiform, which is peculiar to this genus of all the Pycnodonts. The teeth marked with a distinct furrow.

GENUS IX. PISODUS. Distinguished by Professor Owen. Crown of the very dense teeth fusiform or hemispherical, and scattered over the whole surface of the dental plate.

GENUS X. GYRONCHUS. Only yet known by its upper jaw, which resembles that of Pycnodus; but the middle row of teeth on the vomer is arranged longitudinally, instead of transversely. Size probably small.

GENUS XI. ACROTEMNUS. The molar teeth, instead of the regular rounding of the crown, have a salient ridge like a crest.

GENUS XII. PERIODUS. Teeth, instead of the general form of the Pycnodonts, have a deep groove near the crown, so as to present, in a transverse section, the form of a hat, with its wide brim turned up.

GENUS XIII. PHYLLODUS. Dental plates present a form like that of a leaf, the posterior part being contracted, as if for the attachment of a petiole; the middle row are the largest. A tooth consists of a mass of united plates, more or less flattened, in number from four to ten, which are not more than a quarter of a line in thickness each. Only known from the teeth.

Palatine arch immovable; muzzle salient, armed with a few distinct teeth. Scales flat, in the form of large rhomboidal, or polygonal plates, placed obliquely on the body, which they wholly cover. Ossification of the skeleton, as if retarded, fibrous.

GENUS I. OSTRACION. This genus has several living representatives, but only one fossil species yet known. Body covered with an osseous case, consisting of plates firmly united, forming an inflexible covering, so that the fins and tail are alone moveable. Mouth with small lips, covering the sockets of the teeth.

GENUS II. ACANTHODERMA. Approaches the genus Balistes among living fishes. The scales or plates appear from their impressions in the rock to have possessed small points rising from their surface. Skeleton robust; vertebrae thick, and short; the spinous apophyses long and strong. First dorsal fin has a long spinous ray; the second dorsal and the anal have only very slender soft rays; caudal slender, composed of articulated dichotomous rays.

GENUS III. ACANTHOPLERUS. Allied to the Balistes; with a dorsal spine, but with a more slender form. Dorsal spine strong; two strong spines also to the ventrals. Skin covered with asperities that leave fine granular impressions in the rock.

GENUS IV. GLYPTOCEPHALUS. This large genus discovered by König. Head covered with symmetrical rows of tubercles, which send out rays passing from their centre to the circumference of each plate.

GENUS V. BLOCHUS. Body very long, like an eel; head the thickest part of the fish, with a very long beak. Teeth scapular. Vertebrae very long and slender. Enamelled scales rhomboidal, with their angles in the longitudinal and transverse direction of the fish.

GENUS VI. DERCETIS. Body and head elongated; beak narrow; upper jaw longer than the lower; both armed with teeth, which are long and conical, and alternating with smaller teeth. Vertebrae robust, longer than high, expanded at the articulating surfaces, but more slender in the middle. Pectorals very large; ventrals very near pectorals, short, with few rays; dorsal extends over almost all the back, reaching from before the ventrals to the tail; anal half the length of the dorsal. Sides covered with three rows of osseous shields, like those of the sturgeon, in form like the ace of hearts, with a granular surface.

GENUS VII. RHINELLUS. Small elongated body, with a slender beak. Two distinct dorsals, one near the head, the other near the tail; caudal large and forked. Sides covered with three rows of shields, like the last genus, from which it differs in having two dorsals.

The existence of fossil fishes resembling the sturgeon, in the Jurassic and tertiary formations, has been proved by the discovery of their large dermoid plates; but their bones, which were chiefly cartilaginous, have disappeared. These plates have a thin coat of enamel.

GENUS I. ACIPENSER. This genus has much resemblance to the living Acipenser ruthenus.

GENUS II. CHONDROSTUS. This has no living representative, but the form of the plates show that it belongs to this family.

The palatine arch is immovable; jaws covered with a case of ivory, formed of united teeth. Scales salient, with sharp spines placed obliquely to the body, which they wholly cover. Skeleton fibrous, with imperfect ossification.

GENUS I. DIODON. Orbicular body, sometimes elongated, with numerous sharp spines. Head thick, and obtuse. The bony plate of the jaws divided into two by a fissure, so as to represent two teeth in each jaw, as in living Diadon.

Branchiae united into little rounded tufts. Body elongated, angular, covered with angular scales. Skeleton osseous. Muzzle tubular, terminated with small free jaws.

GENUS I. CALOSTOMENA. Snout tubular, resembling the living Hippocampus; but there is a rounded fin at the end of the tail. Sides have three principal rows of oblong scales, which are higher than broad, and become smaller towards the tail; on the belly is a fourth row of small size.

GENUS II. SYGNATHUS. One anal, one caudal, and one dorsal fin; which last is far back.

Whole body and head covered by a few large shields or plates, which are not imbricated. Tail, which is heterocercous, covered with imbricated scales, without a true caudal fin. Instead of pectorals, this family have two long, bony stilettes. The place of vertebrae is supplied by a dorsal cord, like that of embryo fishes and the sturgeons.

GENUS I. PTERICHTHYS. No separation between head and trunk. The lateral anterior plates of the trunk touch the mesial line. The bony processes representing the

Ganoides. pectorals are long. It was at first supposed to be an insect, but determined to be a fish by M. Agassiz. The species known are—

1. P. Milleri. 2. P. productus. 3. P. latus. 4. P. cornutus. 5. P. testudinarius. 6. P. oblongus. 7. P. cancriformis. 8. P. major.

GENUS II. PAMPHRACTUS. Head and trunk distinct. Anterior lateral plates of the trunk separated by a mesial shield of enormous size, which forms a large portion of the surface of the carapace, and its anterior margin touches the head, the plates of which are separated from the carapace by a transverse line. Pectoral appendages like those of the last genus. It was at first mistaken for a Pterichthys.

1. P. hydrophilus.

GENUS III. POLYPHRACTUS. The only known specimen of this genus, consisting of plates of the head, was communicated by Professor Trall to M. Agassiz, and is figured by him in his Poissons Fossiles du Vieux Grèce-Rouge, Tab. 27, fig. 1. The head-plates are numerous, and finely sculptured with concentric lines, presenting the appearance of a mosaic. (See fig. 5.)

1. P. platycephalus.

GENUS IV. COCCOSTEUS. This genus wants the spinous processes which distinguish the Pterichthys, and therefore has no pectoral appendages; it has one anal, and one dorsal. The anterior of the trunk is covered by a single large shield. Mouth furnished with small, equal, conical teeth.

1. C. decipiens. 2. C. cuspidatus. 3. C. oblongus. 4. C. maximus.

GENUS V. CEPHALASPIS. Head covered by one large shield-shaped plate, with lateral prolongations extending some way along the sides of the animal, which seem to be spines united to the suborbital bones, as in the Gurnard. Body narrower than the head, and covered by vertical rows of scales. No ventral nor pectoral fins; two dorsals, the first rising just behind the head and reaching nearly to the middle of the back; the second ends near the root of the tail; the anterior of the anal is opposite to the middle of the second dorsal; the first rays of all the fins only are osseous.

1. C. Lyellii. 2. C. rostratus. 3. C. Lewisii. 4. C. Lloydii.

ORDER II.—PLACOÏDEI.

The order, named from the tabular form of their dermoid covering, consists of portions of the genera Squalus and Raja, of the Linnaean system, and is one of the most difficult branches of fossil ichthyology, because in most instances all that remain to us are the spinous appendages of the animal, the teeth, or a few scales. The spines, however, have a character which demonstrates them to have belonged to cartilaginous fishes. The spines consist of a single piece, the base of which has a distinct talus, that has been inserted in the flesh, and not articulated to any part of the skeleton, as is the case with the defensive spines of all osseous fishes. They have besides a groove in their posterior and inferior surface, more or less deep, which is often carried far into the interior of the spine, and even to its extremity. Their skeletons having been cartilaginous have been easily broken up, and have disappeared in the geological changes of the strata, in which their remains are imbedded; and it is only by a careful comparison of the fragments that remain with analogous parts in living species, that they can be referred to genera and species. Their skeletons are very rarely preserved; their movable teeth are generally detached from the jaws; their fins, little connected with their skeleton, render it difficult to recognise their position on the animal. The scales of PLACOÏDES have great diversity of form and structure. Sometimes they consist of little scaly plates variously truncated at their posterior margin, as in the shagreen of the skin of the

shark; another sort consists of large rounded plates, with a loop in the centre, which sometimes terminates in a sharp prickle or spine rising out of a circular hollow, as in the skate. If this animal be taken as a type of the structure of such parts in this order, the circular base is formed of cartilaginous fibrous tissue, on which the calciferous tubes radiate from the spine to the margins of the scale, just as if it were a tooth implanted in a jaw. This structure cannot be traced in the minute granulations on the skin of the shark; but probably the structure is similar in all the scales of PLACOÏDES.

In the magnificent work of M. Agassiz, the spines of PLACOÏDES, which were described by Dr Buckland and Mr De la Bêche as Ichthyodorulites, were at first mistaken for the defences of osseous fishes, as the Silurus and Balistes; but were proved by M. Agassiz to belong to the rays of the fins of cartilaginous species; a conclusion to which it appears that Buckland and De la Bêche had also arrived by their own researches. The term has been retained by Agassiz, to include certain genera which we only know by these osseous rays.

The form of Placoid scales will be understood from figs. 4 and 5.

DIVISION I.—ICHTHYODORULITHES.

They are characterized as the conspicuous osseous fin-rays which rise from a broad base, forming a talus to the spine, without the least appearance of the two apophyses that mark the basal joint of the spinous rays of osseous fishes.

GENUS I. ONCHUS. The spinous rays are of medium size, the surfaces longitudinally grooved, with rounded ribs between their channels, more or less broad. Most of the species have these growing on all their surfaces; but one species has the posterior surface smooth.

1. O. Murchisonii. 2. O. tenuirostris. 3. O. arenatus. 4. O. sulcatus. 5. O. hamatus. 6. O. semistriatus.

GENUS II. CTENACANTHUS. Immense semi-compressed rays, broad at the base, the posterior cavity rather small, with a few small spines on the posterior surface, and pectinated longitudinal striæ.

1. Ct. major. 2. Ct. tenuistratus. 3. Ct. brevis. 4. Ct. ornatus.

GENUS III. ORGANTHUS. Rays thick, and very broad at base, with asteroid delineations on the portion above the flesh; no posterior spines, which distinguishes them from Asteracanthus, which occurs, not like this genus in the coal, but in the oolite formation.

1. O. Milleri. 2. O. pastulosus. 3. O. minor.

GENUS IV. GYRACANTHUS. Rays have deep grooves and intervening ridges extending obliquely on the surface, from the middle of the anterior to the posterior part of the ray, and abutting those on the mesial line.

1. G. formosus. 2. G. tuberculatus. 3. G. Alaricensis.

GENUS V. TRISTYCHUS. Rays with strongly marked longitudinal grooves on all the surfaces above the flesh, with often coalescing striæ, while the base is simply finely striated. On the anterior surface there are three keels, the central the most prominent; the two lateral keels divaricate as they descend; striæ between the keels.

1. T. arenatus.

GENUS VI. PTYCHIACANTHUS. Rays have the form of a slightly bent sickle, insensibly growing thinner towards the point, and laterally compressed, with the anterior edge presenting an obtuse keel; its posterior edge carries teeth; the surface ornamented with fine thick-set plicæ.

1. Pt. sublevis. 2. Pt. Panjasii. 3. Pt. dubius.

GENUS VII. SPHENACANTHUS. Rays with well marked grooves and ridges, from top to bottom; anterior surface rounded; posterior flattened, smooth, with crenelled, but not toothed edges.

1. S. serrulatus.

GENUS VIII. NEMACANTHUS. Rays laterally compressed and flattened; anterior edge has a keel surmounted by a rounded fillet, and divided from the rest of the ray by a slight channel; on the exterior edge are several rounded knobs, and along the channel minute tooth-like projections; except where the knobs exist, the surface is longitudinally finely striated. The internal cavity is small, extending only to half the thickness of the ray at the base, and becoming a mere line where the knobs commence.

1. N. monilifer. 2. N. filifer.

GENUS IX. LEPTACANTHUS. Dorsal fins beset with small, flat, ensiform spines, the posterior part of which is armed with short teeth, and the anterior edge sharp; the rays marked by numerous fine longitudinal striae.

1. L. tenuispinus. 2. L. semistriatus. 3. L. serratus. 4. L. longispinus.

GENUS X. ASTERACANTHUS. Rays generally large, slightly arched, rounded anteriorly, and armed with a double row of close-set teeth on their posterior edge, while their surface is covered with starry tubercles; base smooth, with a wide open groove on its posterior part.

1. A. ornatissimus. 2. A. acutus. 3. A. minor. 4. A. semisulcatus.

GENUS XI. PRISTACANTHUS. Rays very long, and much compressed, so that their posterior cavity rather resembles a delicate fissure than an organic cavity; anterior edge as sharp as a knife, and so is the posterior, which is provided with sharp, flat, triangular teeth, like those of a saw.

1. P. securis.

GENUS XII. MYRIACANTHUS. Rays rounded, but with something of a quadrilateral form, from the arrangement of two series of spines on its posterior side, which are compressed and sharp, with their points towards the apex of the ray. The surface between these ranges of spines is finely longitudinally striated; the anterior face has a row of larger spines of the same form down its centre.

1. M. paradoxus. 2. M. retrosus. 3. M. granulatus.

GENUS XIII. LEIACANTHUS. Rays slightly curved, one-third part buried in the flesh, finely striated, with an aperture posteriorly, which leads into a pulpar cavity, reaching nearly to the sharp point of the ray; the surface of the exposed part is marked by longitudinal ridges of a rounded form, separated by furrows as deep. No teeth on the posterior side of the ray.

1. L. falcatus.

GENUS XIV. SPINAX. Of this genus there are living species; and the rays of the fossil resemble those of the existing species, but are much larger, proportionally thicker, straighter, and more rounded.

1. S. major.

GENUS XV. CHIMERA. Dorsal ray like that of Spinax, but differs in being more flat, and having dentations on its posterior edge, and also by a projecting anterior border. The jaws of four species have been found in the chalk by Dr Buckland.

1. Ch. Mantelli. 2. Ch. Egertonii. 3. Ch. Agassizii. 4. Ch. Tessori. 5. Ch. Bucklandi. 6. Ch. Townsendii. 7. Ch. Johnsonii. 8. Ch. brevirostris. 9. Ch. Helvetica. 10. Ch. Dutertii. 11. Ch. emarginata. 12. Ch. Dufrenoyi. 13. Ch. Beamontii. 14. Ch. Colei. 15. Ch. Owenii. 16. Ch. regnosa. 17. Ch. neglecta. 18. Ch. curvidens. 19. Ch. Sedgwickii. 20. Ch. falcata. 21. Ch. piscicola.

GENUS XVI. PLEURACANTHUS. All the surfaces of the rays rounded, depressed, and armed on each edge towards the base by a row of arenated teeth; along the posterior surface is a deep, wide, round groove.

1. P. levissimus.

The remaining genera of PLACOIDA are chiefly determined by their teeth, though the two first genera are also well characterized by the spinous rays of their fins. The labours of Agassiz on these fishes have been ably assisted by the researches of the Prince of Musignano, of Müller and

Henle, and above all, by the admirable investigations of Owen in his Odontography, a work that has thrown much light on the whole zoological Division of the Vertebrata.

The living representative of this family is Cestracion Philippii of Australia. The form of the teeth is better adapted for crushing or grinding to shreds, than for cutting.

GENUS I. HYBODUS. Besides the teeth of this genus, we possess some of the osseous rays, and even of their fins. They possess two dorsals, the osseous rays of which are of considerable size, with roots equal to one-third of their whole length concealed in the flesh. The surfaces of these rays present longitudinal furrows, divided by rounded ridges; they have a gentle curvature, with a flattened posterior surface, which is armed with two rows of large, sharp serratures, gradually approximating, and finally coalescing into one row. The teeth are peculiar, and are rather thin than massive; the central projection of each tooth is a lengthened cone, subulate or pointed; and on the same base arise smaller flanking cones, decreasing in size as they recede from the central cone. These compound teeth sometimes amount to four in each side of the jaw. The enamel of the teeth consists of vertical folds, which in some species can be seen at even the apex of the central cone. The first twenty-two species are chiefly characterized by their osseous rays, the succeeding species by their teeth.

1. H. dorsalis. 2. H. apicalis. 3. H. marginalis. 4. H. striatulus. 5. H. sulcatus. 6. H. leptodus. 7. H. acutus. 8. H. pleiodus. 9. H. striatus. 10. H. subcarinatus. 11. H. levissimus. 12. H. crassus. 13. H. crassispinus. 14. H. minor. 15. H. curtus. 16. H. reticulatus. 17. H. formosus. 18. H. ensatus. 19. H. carinatus. 20. H. major. 21. H. dimidiatus. 22. H. tenuis. 23. H. pyramidalis. 24. H. medius. 25. H. grossiconus. 26. H. polyprion. 27. H. obtusus. 28. H. inflatus. 29. H. rari-costatus. 30. H. dubius. 31. H. undulatus. 32. H. plicatilis. 33. H. Mougeoti. 34. H. angustus. 35. H. longiconus. 36. H. obliquus. 37. H. polycypus. 38. H. cuspidatus. 39. H. sublevis.

GENUS II. PTYCHODUS. Teeth quadrangular, root and crown divided by a wide shallow groove; root coarse and porous, flat below, and gradually enlarging towards the crown, which suddenly expands beyond the root; interiorly the tooth consists of medullary and calciferous tubes arranged as in Cestracia, but smaller in size. Dorsal ray very thick, and differs from that of the rest of the genera in not consisting of one piece, but seemingly formed of several layers, intimately soldered together, but perceptible in the longitudinal furrows; the anterior of the ray has bosses formed by the intersections of transverse ribs seen on its sides.

1. Pt. spectabilis. 2. Pt. gibberulus. 3. Pt. arenatus. 4. Pt. articularis. 5. Pt. altior. 6. Pt. sulcatus. 7. Pt. concentricus. 8. Pt. decurrens. 9. Pt. acutus. 10. Pt. Knorrii. 11. Pt. latissimus. 12. Pt. mammillaris. 13. Pt. Mortoni. 14. Pt. polygrus.

GENUS III. CTENOPTYCHUS. Teeth somewhat like those of Orodus, but more compressed, with the elevated central ridge dentate.

1. Ct. apicalis. 2. Ct. pectinatus. 3. Ct. denticulatus.

GENUS IV. ORODUS. Teeth elongated, with the central part forming a transverse, obtuse cone, of which the longitudinal diameter is much the greatest.

1. O. cinctus. 2. O. ramosus.

GENUS V. PSAMMODUS. Crown of teeth found formed of minute vertical tubes, which give the surface the appearance of being sanded; they appear to have been in several ranges in the jaw.

1. Ps. rugosus. 2. Ps. porosus.

GENUS VI. HELODUS. Formation of teeth like the last, with which it was by Agassiz at first confounded, as were

the three following genera also; but in this genus the crown of the tooth is perfectly smooth, with a conical elevation in the centre, and sometimes it has several such, but the central is most elevated.

1. H. simplex. 2. H. lavissimus. 3. H. subteres. 4. H. gibberulus. 5. H. turgidus.

GENUS VII. CHOMATODUS. Teeth like those of Psammodus, but the base of each is surrounded with a series of concentric plicæ, more or less salient; they are generally elongated, with the crown either flat or slightly salient, and occasionally the edge is sharp.

1. Ch. cinctus. 2. Ch. linearis. 3. Ch. acuminatus.

GENUS VIII. COCHLIODUS. The crown of the teeth convoluted like a shell, instead of having them disposed in several rows.

GENUS IX. STROPHODUS. Teeth elongated, narrow, truncated at each end, with more or less torsion in the longitudinal diameter; occasionally they are nearly straight, or only slightly bent; the crown without projection or ridge.

1. S. longidens. 2. S. reticulatus. 3. S. subreticulatus. 4. S. magnus. 5. S. tenuis. 6. S. irregularis. 7. S. radiopunctatus. 8. S. angustissimus. 9. S. elytra. 10. S. asper. 11. S. punctatus.

GENUS X. CERATODUS. Structure of teeth like Psammodus, but they have only been placed in a single row; one of their sides is straight, the opposite has several strong projections.

1. C. altus. 2. C. latissimus. 3. C. curvus. 4. C. Kaupii. 5. C. planus. 6. C. parvus. 7. C. emarginatus. 8. C. gibbus. 9. C. Dadaensis. 10. C. obtusus. 11. C. dissuris. 12. C. Phillipsii. 13. C. serratus. 14. C. heteromorphus.

GENUS XI. CTENODUS. These singular teeth look very like the valve of an echinated cockle; but how fixed in the jaw is unknown.

1. Ct. alatus. 2. Ct. cristatus. 3. Ct. Robertoni.

GENUS XII. ACRODUS. A fragment of a jaw was found showing teeth like the living Cestracron of Australia. The enamel covers a granular bony structure. The teeth have transverse ridges radiating from a longitudinal central one, not unlike in appearance to a contracted leech, for the petrifaction of which the tooth has often passed: in some species the central ridge is high, especially in the middle.

1. A. mobilis. 2. A. latus. 3. A. gibberulus. 4. A. undulatus. 5. A. leopoleus. 6. A. minimus. 7. A. scutus. 8. A. Gaillardoti. 9. A. lateralis. 10. A. larva. 11. A. Braunii. 12. A. hirudo. 13. A. rugosus.

FAMILY II.—SQUALI, OR SHARKS.

An elongated body; strong muscular tail; mouth below the muzzle; breathe through several open spiracles on the sides of the neck; generally sharp cutting teeth, which are moveable. Skeleton cartilaginous. From this last circumstance, we seldom find more of them fossilized than the teeth, and spines of the fins.

GENUS I. NOTIDANUS. Single dorsal, opposite to the space between the ventral and anal fins. Teeth composed of a series of toothlets, the first of which is crenulated on its anterior margin; the toothlets become smaller and smaller, and the last represent a fine serrature on the posterior margin of the tooth; the root broad and flat.

1. N. primigenus. 2. N. recurvus. 3. N. microdon. 4. N. pectinatus. 5. N. Munsteri. 6. N. serratissimus.

GENUS II. CORAX. Teeth solid, and resemble those of the living Galeus, except in the regularity of the serratures on the edges of the teeth.

1. C. pristidontus. 2. C. Kaupii. 3. C. falcatus. 4. C. appendiculatus. 5. C. affinis. 6. C. Egertonii. 7. C. planus.

GENUS III. GALEO CERDO. Teeth chiefly differ from those of Galeus by serratures on both edges, and from Corax by the greater size of those at the base. They are flat ex-

teriorly, and convex on the inside. Two of this genus are its living representatives, and five are fossil.

1. G. aduncus. 2. G. latidens. 3. G. minor. 4. G. gibberulus. 5. G. denticulatus.

GENUS IV. SPHYRNA, v. Zygona. Unfortunately the determination of the fossil species is very difficult; for, in this genus, the teeth in both jaws differ much from each other; and we even find, in the same jaw of the living species, teeth with serratures on the edges, and some without them. The general form of the teeth resembles those of the sharks termed Prionodon; but these are more slender. The species referred by Agassiz to this genus are,—

1. S. prisca. 2. S. lata. 3. S. denticulata.

GENUS V. HEMIPRISTIS. Teeth have smooth points, but are distinctly serrated towards their base; they are pyramidal, broad at the base, and sharp pointed, with smooth enamel.

1. H. serra. 2. H. paucidens.

GENUS VI. CARCHARIAS. Teeth triangular, in several rows, serrated on both margins; enamel perfect; dentine presents a hollow cone.

1. C. tenuis. 2. C. acutus.

GENUS VII. GLYPHIS. This genus separated from the last, because of the lancet form of the teeth, which at the point resemble a sculptor's chisel, the root and base of the crown being a little enlarged.

1. G. hastalis.

GENUS VIII. CARCHARODON. Teeth chiefly differ from those of Carcharias by being solid within, and by their vast size. The living type is the Lamna of the Prince of Canino.

1. C. megalodon. 2. C. rectidens. 3. C. subauriculatus. 4. C. productus. 5. C. polygyrus. 6. C. sulcidens. 7. C. auriculatus. 8. C. angustidens. 9. C. turgidus. 10. C. semiserratus. 11. C. lanceolatus. 12. C. toliapicus. 13. C. heterodon. 14. C. megalotis. 15. C. leptodon. 16. C. dissuris. 17. C. subserratus. 18. C. Escheri.

GENUS IX. OTODUS. Only known as a fossil. Teeth differ from Carcharodon by the total want of serratures on the edges, and being smaller, while they have a conspicuous collar on each side of the tooth; their form is wide, and their root large.

1. O. obliquus. 2. O. lanceolatus. 3. O. appendiculatus. 4. O. latus. 5. O. crassus. 6. O. semiplicatus. 7. O. serratus. 8. O. macreodus. 9. O. tricuspidus. 10. O. subplicatus. 11. O. trigonatus. 12. O. rectileonatus.

GENUS X. OXTRHINA. Teeth with the lateral collar of Otodus, in which they differ also from Lamna. Muzzle sharp.

1. Ox. hastalis. 2. Ox. xiphodon. 3. Ox. trigonodon. 4. Ox. plicatilis. 5. Ox. Mantellii. 6. Ox. retroflexa. 7. Ox. quadrans. 8. Ox. leptodon. 9. Ox. Desorii. 10. Ox. crassa. 11. Ox. subinata. 12. Zippel. 13. Ox. minuta. 14. Ox. meristodon, v. paradoxa.

GENUS XI. LAMNA. Teeth have the lateral collar, but it is much less conspicuous than in Otodus; are flat and lamelliform, but less broad than in the last mentioned; and they have small lateral cones.

1. L. elegans. 2. L. cuspidata. 3. L. compressa. 4. L. denticulata. 5. L. acuminata. 6. L. crassidens. 7. L. Hopel. 8. L. ventralis. 9. L. acutissima. 10. L. contorta. 11. L. dubia. 12. L. gracilis. 13. L. subulata. 14. L. raphidon. 15. L. Brownii. 16. L. duplex. 17. L. longidens. 18. L. plana.

FAMILY III.—RAJA.

Distinguished by their horizontally flattened bodies, with the mouth placed below their disk, and the enormous development of their pectoral fins.

GENUS I. MYLIOBATES. Known by the extraordinary size of the transverse dental plates, that supply the place of teeth in both jaws, but are longer and more flat in the lower than the upper jaw. The central teeth are elongated, and are supported on each side by much smaller lateral teeth, of an irregular hexagonal figure, in three rows. These

teeth or plates are closely applied, and seem to pave the mouth. The living species are few, but they seem to have been very numerous in a former geological epoch.

1. M. macropleurus. 2. M. Stokesii. 3. M. geniopterus. 4. M. Dioni. 5. M. Regley. 6. M. striatus. 7. M. toliapius. 8. M. punctatus. 9. M. suturalis. 10. M. gyratus. 11. M. heteropleurus. 12. M. jugalis. 13. M. Brongniartii. 14. M. nitidus. 15. M. angustus. 16. M. Colei. 17. M. Owenii. 18. M. Sternbergii. 19. M. Woodwardii. 20. M. canaliculatus. 21. M. lateralis. 22. M. marginalis. 23. M. acutus.

GENUS II. ÆTOBATES. Differs from Myliobates by the projection of the lower jaw, and the square truncation of the upper. Teeth all parallel to each other, and the lateral teeth are wanting.

1. Æ. sulcatus. 2. Æ. irregularis. 3. Æ. arenatus. 4. Æ. subarenatus.

GENUS III. ZYGOBATES. The dental plates disposed in several rows, diminishing gradually in size from the central to the lateral rows. The living species are found on the coast of Brazil; the fossil species in the crag formation.

1. Z. Studeri. 2. Z. Woodwardii.

FAMILY IV.—CHIMÆRA.

The fossil species were discovered by Dr Buckland, who recognised the jaws and teeth. The latter are undivided plates. The family more numerous in former epochs than now.

GENUS I. CHIMÆRA, v. ISCHYODON. The living species have but one branchial opening, the upper jaw represented only by the vomer; and this and also the lower jaw are furnished with hard undivided plates instead of teeth.

1. Ch. Egertonii. 2. Ch. Agassizii. 3. Ch. Tessoni. 4. Ch. Bucklandi. 5. Ch. Townsendii. 6. Ch. Johnsonii. 7. Ch. brevirostris. 8. Ch. Helvetica. 9. Ch. Dutertrii. 10. Ch. emarginata. 11. Ch. Dufrenoyi. 12. Ch. Beaumontii. 13. Ch. Colei. 14. Ch. Owenii. 15. Ch. rugulosus. 16. Ch. neglecta. 17. Ch. curvidens. 18. Ch. Mantelli. 19. Ch. Sedgwickii. 20. Ch. falcata. 21. Ch. peltacina.

GENUS II. ELASMODUS. Differs from Chimæra by the extreme shortness of the lower jaw, as was first pointed out by Sir Philip Egerton. The symphysis of the jaw flat, with dental plate truncated, and sloping backward.

1. E. Greenoughii. 2. E. Hunteri.

GENUS III. EDAPHRODON. Characterized by Buckland as having on the superior maxillaries three tubercles of dentine projecting from the bone; on the interior maxillary are two smaller tubercles, placed obliquely on the dentale.

1. E. Bucklandi. 2. E. leptognathus. 3. E. eurygnathus.

There are some other PLACOIDS which are imperfectly known from small fragments, described chiefly by the German naturalists, Count Münster, MM. Müller, Henle, and Wagner, which we can here only slightly notice.

GENUS I. JANASSA. This has much of the character of the genus of the Myliobates, with teeth somewhat like those of Zygobates; they have a tubular structure, and are smallest towards the point, placed in three principal ranges, with small lateral teeth.

1. J. angula. 2. J. Humboldtii. 3. J. bituminosa.

GENUS II. DICTEA. A nearly complete impression shows this to have a flattened form, with large rounded pectorals prolonged on the sides of the head.

1. D. striata.

GENUS III. ÆLLOPOS. From a specimen in the museum at Munich, it has vertebrae like a Galeus, as long as high, with a smooth surface. The second dorsal fin is large, of a pyramidal form; the caudal much elongated; the shagreen of the skin finely and uniformly granular.

1. Æ. Wagneri. 2. Æ. elongatus.

GENUS IV. SCYLLIODUS. This is contained in the collections of Lord Enniskillen and Sir Philip Egerton. It is a Squalus of mean size, found in the Kentish chalk.

The teeth are small, tricuspid, the middle point only cutting; the base large, which keeps the lateral points distant from the cutting one. Jaws dilated at the sides, narrowing towards the symphysis.

1. S. antiquus.

GENUS V. THYELLINA. Discovered by Count Münster in the chalk of Baumberge. Both dorsals are behind the insertion of the ventrals; the second dorsal is opposite to the anal, which it exceeds in size. Form that of a true Scyllium. The inferior angle of all these fins is rounded.

1. Th. angusta. 2. Th. prisca; this last, found in the lias of Lyme Regis.

GENUS VI. ARTHROPTERUS. Observed by Agassiz in the lias of Bristol; only known by its fins, which are five inches long, composed of articulated, cylindrical rays; dilated at their ends, and sending off parallel branches to very distant articulations; unequal in different parts of the same ray.

1. A. Rileyi.

GENUS VII. SQUALO-RAJA, v. SPINACORHINUS. From the lias of Lyme Regis. The prolongation of the head is owing to a projection analogous to the saw of a Pristis, composed of two parallel pieces, of which the larger and lower receives the other. Around this beak are spines, like those on the skate. Jaws transverse, and placed before and below the orbits, with very small pointed teeth.

1. Sq. polyspondyla.

GENUS VIII. ASTERODERMUS. The collection of the Geological Society of London possesses a small fish like a ray, from Solenhofen; but the vertebrae have more the form of a shark than a ray. All the surface is covered with star-like spinous scales, the largest of which are in the middle of the back. It has eight pairs of ribs on the sides of the pelvic vertebrae, which are long and slender, unlike the skeleton of a ray. Fins with flat, simple, transversely articulated rays.

1. A. platypterus.

GENUS IX. CYCLARTHUS. In the Bristol museum, a fish which cannot be referred to any known species of ray, though like them. The rays are cylindrical. Thick and short towards the base of the fins. The shagreen very fine.

1. C. micropterus.

GENUS X. EURYARTHRA. Count Münster has a fin from Solenhofen, of large size, with flat, broad rays, composed of a few large articulations. The animal seems to have been very large.

1. Ea. Munsteri.

GENUS XI. PRISTIS. The saw of this species, found in Sheppy, is in the British Museum; and a similar one of the same genus in Sir P. Egerton's collection. They belong to a species no longer existing. They have on the superior surface two grooves. The two osseous plates composing this beak are supported by vertical pillars, that lie side by side.

1. P. bisulcatus. 2. P. Hastingsii.

GENUS XII. TRYGON. This genus belongs to the Rays, and the two known species are found at Monte Bolca. The genus is distinguished by the double dentate spine or sting, with which the tail is armed. Both species occur at Monte Bolca.

1. T. Gazzolei. 2. T. oblongus.

GENUS XIII. TORPEDO. A large fish, with the appearance of the existing Torpedo, occurs at Monte Bolca. The disk of the body is nearly circular; the tail short and robust.

1. T. gigantea.

GENUS XIV. NARCOPTERUS. In the museum of Padua is a fish which Agassiz mentions under this name, from

Ctenoïdei. Monte Bolca. It appears to have considerable resemblance
Percoides. to the last genus, having a very broad muzzle.

This order, unlike the two last, has many living representatives in all its families. The character is, "scales circular, more or less elongated, formed of osseous plates, toothed or dentate on their posterior margins." The fossil families are nine, and many of the species are found in excellent preservation.

Body oblong; scales rough; opercula strongly dentate or spinous. Teeth on the intermaxillaries, the forepart of the vomer, the lower jaw, and frequently on the palate. Strong anterior spinous rays on the anterior part of the back, forming a fin, quite distinct from the soft rays, or uniting with them in a common membrane. Ventral fins often thoracic, i.e., anterior to the pectorals.

GENUS I. SPHENOCEPHALUS. One dorsal, with some spinous rays only at its anterior margin; this fin is of small extent, and scarcely surpasses the size of the anal. Head wedge-shaped.

1. Sph. fiskeus.

GENUS II. HOPTOPTERYX. Spinous portion of the dorsal formed of very thick rays, and as large as the soft part; this fin extends as far as the end of the anal. Bones of the head dentate.

GENUS III. BERYX. A single dorsal, with a few spinous rays only in its anterior. Head thick, and very obtuse.

1. B. ornatus. 2. B. radians. 3. B. microcephalus. 4. B. Zippel. 5. B. Germanus.

GENUS IV. ACANUS. Spinous portion of the only dorsal very large, formed of thick rays longer than the soft rays. Several strong rays before the anal.

1. A. ovalis. 2. A. Regeley. 3. A. oblongus. 4. A. minor. 5. A. arcuatus.

GENUS V. PODOCTUS. Lower jaw projecting. Ventrals much developed, with long rays. Dorsal extending to the nape.

GENUS VI. ACROGASTER. Abdominal region large, and salient. A few spines before the dorsal, which extends not below the middle of the back; anal as long as the dorsal.

GENUS VII. MYRIPRISTIS. Præoperculum bristled with two parallel rows of dentations, but without a spine at its angle. All the opercula and the bones of the face and cranium are equally dentate. Two nearly equal dorsals.

1. M. homopterygius. 2. M. leptacanthus.

GENUS VIII. HOLOGENTRUM. Operculum and præoperculum equally armed with spines, and the latter has besides, at its angle, a strong one directed backwards; cranial bone and the suborbital bones are also dentate. Two dorsals; the first of which is formed of large sharp spines, and is larger than the second.

1. H. pygmaeus. 2. H. pygmaeus.

GENUS IX. PRISTIGENYS. Suborbiculars strongly dentate. Spinous rays of the dorsal longer than the soft, and occupying it to a greater extent.

1. P. macrophthalmus.

GENUS X. ENOPLOSUS. Broad compressed body. Anterior dorsal very high. Ventrals very large.

GENUS XI. SMERDIS. First suborbital bone strong, dentate; præoperculum equally so, but without a spine at

its angle; operculum terminates behind by a rounded projection. Two very narrow dorsals; caudal forked.

1. S. mleracanthus. 2. S. pygmaeus. 3. S. minutus. 4. S. macrurus. 5. S. ventralis. 6. S. latior.

GENUS XII. PERCA. Two approximate dorsals. A strong spine at the angle of the operculum; præoperculum dentate, especially below; interoperculum, at its inferior margin, as well as the suboperculum, less dentate. There are dentations also at the scapularies and angles of the humerus.

1. P. lepidota. 2. P. Beaumontii. 3. P. angusta.

GENUS XIII. LABRAX. Operculum with a double point; suborbitals, interopercula, and subopercula smooth; præoperculum dentate, rounded at its angle, with large teeth at its inferior margin; opercular pieces scaly.

1. L. lepidotus. 2. L. schizurus. 3. L. major.

GENUS XIV. APOGON. Two very distinct dorsals. Præoperculum with a double dentate margin. Body short. Scales large.

1. A. spinosus.

GENUS XV. LATES. Præoperculum dentate, with a strong spine at its angle, directed backwards; humeral angle dentate. Two dorsals. Tail rounded.

1. L. gracilis. 2. L. gibbus. 3. L. noteus. 4. L. macrurus.

GENUS XVI. CYCLOPOMA. Operculum terminated by a thick point, very strong and sharp; præoperculum strongly dentate, and the strongest dentations on this bone are at its inferior margin, and directed forward; humeral angle rounded. Two dorsals slightly united at their base; caudal rounded.

1. C. gigas. 2. C. spinosum.

GENUS XVII. DULES. Jaws furnished with finely scapular, or velvet-formed teeth. Opercula spinous; præoperculum dentate. Six branchiostegous rays. Dorsals united.

1. D. temnopterus. 2. D. medius.

GENUS XVIII. PELATES. Operculum terminated by a strong spine; præoperculum dentate. Teeth scapular. Dorsal has numerous spinous rays, and this part is scarcely distinguishable from the soft part of the fin.

1. P. quinquecristalis.

GENUS XIX. SERRANUS. Spinous and soft portions of the dorsal united. Jaws with canine teeth, mingled with scapular teeth. Operculum terminated by two or three flat spines; præoperculum finely dentate. Seven branchiostegous rays. Cranium and opercular pieces scaly.

1. S. microstomus. 2. S. occipitalis. 3. S. ventralis.

The living fishes of this family were involved in much confusion, until remodelled by Valenciennes. Its fossil fishes are not numerous. The most ancient occur at Monte Bolca, and among these there is one extinct genus, Sparodus; all the other genera have living representatives, though the species which occur as fossils no longer exist.

The Sparoids are characterized by a mouth not porrectile, by the absence of palatal teeth, and of spines or dentations on the opercular bones; no bulging of the cranial bone, and no scales on their vertical fins.

GENUS I. DENTEX. Deep and compressed body. Head large; conical teeth in one row on the edges of the intermaxillaries and inferior maxillaries; the anterior teeth extend in a hooked form beyond the other teeth. Cheeks scaly.

1. D. leptacanthus. 2. D. microdon. 3. D. senisspinus. 4. D. breviceps. 5. D. ventralis. 6. D. Fasjalli.

GENUS II. PAGELLUS. Two rows of small molar teeth on the intermaxillaries and maxillaries, in the form of pavements, with small conical slender teeth in the front of the jaws.

1. P. microdon. 2. P. leptosteus.

GENUS III. SPARNODUS. A single row of large, conical,

Ctenoidei. short, and obtuse teeth on the edge of the intermaxillaries and inferior maxillaries. On the back and behind the anal fin are grooves, in which the anal and dorsal fins may lie.

1. S. macrophthalmus. 2. S. ovalis. 3. S. altivelis. 4. S. micracanthus. 5. S. elongatus.

GENUS IV. SARGUS. Body small, elongated, much compressed, and deep, especially in the middle. Cutting incisors in the interior part of the intermaxillaries and inferior maxillaries.

1. S. Cavieri.

FAMILY III.—SCIENOIDEI.

This family presents most of the characters of the Percoids, except that they have no teeth on vomer and palate, which are always smooth. The head, and especially the muzzle, is rounded, so that the outline presents an ogee Gothic arch. There are but two fossil genera.

GENUS I. PRISTIPOMA. The spinous rays of the dorsal are united to the soft rays; seven branchiostegous rays. Muzzle much rounded; mouth small. Operculum obtuse.

1. P. fureatum.

GENUS II. ODONTEUS. Spinous part of dorsal very high, and separated from the soft rays by a slope. One row of thick conical teeth, which are short, on the intermaxillaries and maxillaries; preoperculum finely dentate. Cavernous bone round the orbits. Six branchiostegous rays.

1. O. sparoides.

FAMILY IV.—COTTOIDEI.

Head large, depressed, cuirassed, furnished with spines or tubercles. Two dorsals.

GENUS I. COTTUS. Head and body at its anterior thick and broad, tapering to the tail. Head tuberculated or spinous. Dorsals distinct; the first narrow; inferior rays of pectorals simple; ventrals with few rays. Branchiostegous rays six.

1. C. brevis. 2. C. aries. 3. C. papyraceus.

GENUS II. PTERYGOCEPHALUS. Spinous dorsal rays very long, separate, and reaching to the head, while the soft part of this fin occupies all the back. Caudal large, rounded. Scales carinated.

1. Pt. paradoxus.

GENUS III. CALLIPTERYX. Body large, elongated. Few spinous rays in the anterior of the dorsal, which extends along the whole back; anal also very extended. No scales have yet been found. The last caudal vertebra dilated into a plate, and caudal fin ample.

1. C. speciosus. 2. C. recticaudus.

FAMILY V.—GOBIOIDEI.

Ventral-thoracic fins united by their inner margins so as to form a sort of funnel more or less open. Dorsal has simple slender rays, which sometimes mingle with the soft rays, or form sometimes a distinct fin. Six branchiostegous rays.

GENUS I. GOBUS. Two distinct dorsal fins. Ventrals united. Teeth finely scapular.

1. G. macrurus. 2. G. microcephalus.

FAMILY VI.—TEUTHYS.

An oval compressed body; a small mouth, not porrectile, with a single row of teeth in each jaw; none on the palatines nor tongue. Dorsal single; caudal nearly square. Head sloping very rapidly.

GENUS I. ACANTHURUS. Teeth cutting, and dentate on the edges. A strong, cutting, and mobile spine on each side of the tail.

1. A. tenuis. 2. A. ovalis.

GENUS II. NASTUS. Front more or less prominent.

Teeth conical. Four branchiostegous rays. Ventral has three soft rays. Tail with fixed spines.

1. N. nuchalis. 2. N. rectifrons.

FAMILY VII.—AULOSTOMATA.

This family contains several genera which have little resemblance with each other, except in having the mouth tubular, or like a flute. Body elongated, but some are thoracic and others abdominal fishes. The soft dorsal and anal fins are placed far back. Scales pectinated, as in Chordodon.

GENUS I. AMPHISYLE. Back cuirassed with large scaly plates, with the anterior of which the first spinous ray of the dorsal is articulated.

1. A. longirostris.

GENUS II. AULOSTOMA. Ventrals abdominal; the soft dorsal opposite to the anal, and far back; a few free spines are before the dorsal. Mouth-tube long and compressed; jaws without teeth.

1. A. Bolcense.

GENUS III. FISTULARIA. Mouth-tube very long, and depressed; small teeth on the intermaxillaries and inferior maxillaries. A single dorsal opposite to the anal; middle ray of the caudal filamentous.

1. F. tenuirostris. 2. F. Königii.

GENUS IV. RHAMPHOSUS. An immense spinous ray, dentate on its posterior surface, is inserted in the nape; a soft dorsal opposite to the anal fin; caudal squared. Muzzle projecting as a nose above the jaws.

1. Rh. aculeatus.

GENUS V. UROSPHEN. Body elongated, cylindrical, terminated by a large cuneiform fin. Mouth-tube elongated, as in Fistularia.

1. U. fistularis.

FAMILY VIII.—CHÆTODONTA, v. SQUAMIPENNÆ.

Body compressed, appearing more or less deep according to the proportion of the vertical fins, the soft parts of which have scales on them, so as to render it difficult to see the beginning of those fins. Some of them have very fine scapular teeth.

GENUS I. SEMIOPHORUS. Dorsal very high anteriorly, and all soft, except the fins, ray, and a few small spines; it extends along the whole back; anal much less; ventrals very long. Profile very perpendicular.

1. S. velifer. 2. S. velicans.

GENUS II. EPHIPPUS. Anterior of dorsal formed of very large spinous rays, which are not covered with scales. A deep groove exists in all the rays of both spinous and soft.

1. E. longipennis. 2. E. oblongus.

GENUS III. SCATOPHAUS. Two dorsals, of which the anterior is formed of thick spines, the first the longest; the anal has four spines. Scales very small.

1. S. frontalis.

GENUS IV. ZANCLUS. Few spinous rays in the dorsal; but elongating rapidly, where collected at the very high anterior of the dorsal. Muzzle very prominent.

1. Z. brevirostris.

GENUS V. MACROSTOMA. Mouth very large. Dorsal and anal low, but very long.

1. M. altum.

GENUS VI. HOLACANTHUS. At the angle of the preoperculum is a large needle-formed spine, directed backwards, the surface of which is usually dentate. Spinous dorsal rays strong, but less high than in Pomacanthus.

1. H. microcephalus.

GENUS VII. POMACANTHUS. Resembles the last, but with much longer dorsal spines.

1. P. subarenatus.

GENUS VIII. PLATAX. Body much compressed, being scarce distinguishable from the vertical fins, which are very

tenoidi. high and scaly. Short spinous rays are concealed in the anterior of the dorsal; ventrals very long.

1. P. altissimus. 2. P. macropterygius. 3. P. papillo. 4. P. Woodwardii.

GENUS IX. PYGÆUS. Dorsals united, the anterior spinous part formed of thick rays, the soft part rounded and accumulated by rays a little longer in the middle portion; anal conformed to the dorsal, but not so long.

1. P. gigas. 2. P. nobilis. 3. P. oblongus. 4. P. dorsalis. 5. P. nuchalis. 6. P. Coleanus. 7. P. Egertoni. 8. P. gibbus.

GENUS X. TOXOTES. Dorsal very far back, scaly on its soft portion, which is lost in the spinous part; anal resembles the dorsal, to which it is opposite. Lower jaw projecting. The living type is the T. jaculator of Bengal, which the fossil species much resembles.

FAMILY XI.—PLEURONECTES.

Characterized by want of symmetry between both sides of the body, the irregularity of the head, the eyes on one side of the body. Fins of back and abdomen invest also the head. Scales with rough points at their extremities.

GENUS I. RHOMBUS. Body very broad. Dorsal advancing to the border of the lower jaw, and prolonged, as is the anal to the caudal.

FAMILY XII.—MUGILLOÏDEI.

Body nearly cylindrical. Scales large, advancing to the top of the head. Two distant dorsals, the first consisting of a few strong spines; ventrals abdominal. Teeth minute.

GENUS I. MUGIL. Body short, covered with large scales. First dorsal consists of four spines.

ORDER IV.—CYCLOÏDEI.

They have been defined osseous fishes, with elliptical or circular scales, formed of horny laminae, without dentations on their posterior margins. From the varying size of the laminae composing them, they appear marked with concentrical circular rings. This order does not correspond with any of Cuvier's divisions, but the structure of the scales is an excellent character for distinguishing either recent or fossil fishes. Agassiz subdivides this order into two great divisions.

DIVISION I.—CYCLOÏDEI ACANTHOPTERYGEL.

FAMILY I.—SCOMBEROÏDEI.

Body more or less elongated, generally fusiform, rarely squat. Ventrals either thoracic or jugular; ventrals without scales; dorsals either separate or contiguous, with or without finlets behind the second dorsal or anal fins; opercula without spines or dentations. Jaws with strong conical teeth, or with loose scapular teeth. Scales very small. Of all the Cycloids, the Scomberoids have the greatest number of living representatives.

GENUS I. GASTERONEMUS. Body compressed; abdomen very dilated. Thoracic ventrals supported by an immense pelvic bone, and composed of a long simple ray preceded by a small bonelet. Dorsal continuous. Head small. Teeth very small.

1. G. rhombeus. 2. G. oblongus.

GENUS II. ACANTHONEMUS. Body squat. Dorsal continuous; spinous rays of the dorsal and anal exceedingly developed. Muzzle porrectile. Teeth scapular.

1. A. filamentosus. 2. A. Bertrandi.

GENUS III. VOMER. Body squat, compressed, wholly covered with very small scales. Head large, its profile much inclined. Ventrals thoracic; dorsals separate; fin-rays

short and slender; vertebrae apophyses stout; those of the abdomen curving forwards.

1. V. longispinus. 2. V. priscus. 3. V. parvus.

GENUS IV. ZEUS. Body squat, compressed. Head large; muzzle porrectile. Spinous dorsal composed of very long rays; two anals; one spinous, the other soft; the soft dorsal and anal are flanked by large osseous and spinous shields; margin of the ventral has similar shields. Vertebrae short; ribs very slender, and partly attached to very strong inferior apophyses.

1. Z. priscus.

GENUS V. LICHIA. Body elongated, compressed. First dorsal composed of free, moveable spines, and of a fixed one directed forwards; two free spines before the anal. Teeth scapular.

1. L. priscus.

GENUS VI. TRACHINOTUS. Body short, elevated. Profile much inclined. First dorsal composed of free spines. Teeth scapular.

1. T. tenuiceps.

GENUS VII. CARANGUS. Body elongated, compressed. First dorsal consists of free spines, rather long, without the spine projecting forwards; no free anal spines; second dorsal opposite to the anal; no finlets. Teeth scapular.

1. C. later. 2. C. dorsalis. 3. C. analis. 4. C. maximus.

GENUS VIII. AMPHISTUM. Body broad and squat, probably flat. Dorsal continuous, occupying more than the half of the ridge of the back. Anal very large.

1. A. paradoxum.

GENUS IX. PALIMPHYES. Body squat. Dorsals separate; pectorals very large. Pedicle of tail broad. Vertebrae short and numerous.

1. P. longus. 2. P. brevis. 3. P. later.

GENUS X. ARCHEUS. Body more or less elongated. Vertebrae long and few; interapophyseal bonelets very slender.

1. Ar. Glarisianus. 2. Ar. brevis.

GENUS XI. ISURUS. Body squat. Head large. Pedicle of tail very narrow. Skeleton robust.

1. I. macrurus.

GENUS XII. PLEIONEMUS. Allied to Isurus, but body more lengthened.

1. P. macrospodius.

GENUS XIII. DUCTOR. Body elongated and cylindrical. Pedicle of tail broad. Vertebrae long and few.

1. D. leptosomus.

GENUS XIV. THYNNUS. Body elongated. Dorsals contiguous; false pinnules or finlets behind the dorsal and anal fins. A corslet of unequal scales around the thorax.

1. Th. propterygius. 2. Th. Bolcenais.

GENUS XV. ORCYNUS. Body elongated. Dorsals contiguous; finlets behind the dorsal and anal fins; pectorals very long, which distinguish it from Thynnus.

1. O. lanceolatus. 2. O. later.

GENUS XVI. CYBIUM. Body elongated. Dorsals contiguous; finlets as in the last. Teeth large in both jaws.

1. C. speciosum. 2. C. macropomum.

GENUS XVII. GONIIGNATHUS. Habit of the Coryphæne; but differs in the angular form of the jaws.

1. G. coryphænoides. 2. G. maxillaris.

GENUS XVIII. ENCHODUS. Teeth strongly developed, bulging on their interior, and flat on their anterior surface, occupying the whole circumference of the jaws; but there are also scapular teeth on the margins of the jaws.

1. E. haleyon. 2. E. Faujasi.

GENUS XIX. ANENCHELUM. Body much elongated, or eel-shaped. Head obtuse; jaws armed with strong teeth. Dorsals continuous; ventrals consist of some long rays. Vertebrae long and slender; apophyseal bonelets are fastened to the apophyses.

1. A. Glarisianus. 2. A. isopleurum. 3. A. dorsale. 4. A. heteropleurum. 5. A. latum. 6. A. longipenne.

Cycloidei GENUS XX. NEMOPTERYX. Body elongated. Caudal Acanthop- fin rounded; pectorals very large. Strong teeth in the terygel. jaws. Vertebrae robust.

Xiphoidi. 1. N. crassus. 2. N. elongatus.

GENUS XXI. XIPHOPTERUS. Body very long. Tail deeply forked. Ventrals thoracic; anal extends to nearly two-thirds of the length of the fish. Head small. Ribs long, and interlaced with the sternal appendages, as in Clupea.

1. X. falcatus.

GENUS XXII. PALÆORHYNCHUM. Body much elongated, or anguilliform. Head small. Jaws equal, and drawn out into a very long slender beak, without teeth. Dorsal and anal much developed; caudal fin little forked. Apophyseal bonelets disposed in pairs.

1. P. longirostre. 2. P. Egertoni. 3. P. Glarisianum. 4. P. latum. 5. P. medium. 6. P. Colei. 7. P. microspondylum.

GENUS XXIII. HEMIRHYNCHUS. Body elongated. Upper jaw drawn out into a slender beak, without teeth. Scales large. Skeleton feeble; spinous apophyses slender; interapophyseal bonelets disposed in pairs.

1. H. Des Hayes.

FAMILY II.—XIPHOIDEI.

This remarkable family has but few fossil representatives. Body elongated; scales small; upper jaw lengthened into a thin beak. Ventrals thoracic. Teeth scopular. Vertebrae long, surmounted by apophyses in the form of vertical plates. Articular apophyses large.

GENUS I. TETRAPTERUS. Body elongated. Beak very prominent. Teeth scopular. Scales long and thin. Dorsal commences at the nape. Ventrals thoracic. Vertebrae very narrow in the middle.

1. T. priscus. 2. T. minor.

GENUS II. CÆLORHYNCHUS. Beak extremely slender and straight, diminishing very gradually, and having a cavity extending to its point.

1. C. rectus. 2. C. sinuatus.

FAMILY III.—SPHYRÆNOIDEI.

Body elongated. Scales large. Jaws with long cutting teeth. Dorsals separated. Ventrals abdominal. Vertebrae few.

GENUS I. SPHYRÆNA. Body slender. Head lengthened. Intermaxillary, palatal, and lower-jaw teeth strong and cutting. Spinous dorsal separated from the soft fin. Scales of middle size. Vertebrae few and long.

1. S. Bolcensis. 2. S. gracilis. 3. S. Amici. 4. S. maxima.

GENUS II. SPHYRÆNODUS. Jaws with very strong but uniform teeth, conic, and slightly compressed.

1. S. priscus.

GENUS III. HYPSONDUS. Seems to have been very large. Jaw very thick, and teeth formidable; those of the upper jaw placed in several rows.

1. H. Lewisensis. 2. H. toliapius. 3. H. oblongus.

GENUS IV. SAUROCEPHALUS. Teeth straight, very compressed, and furnished with vertical plices.

1. S. lanceolatus. 2. S. striatus.

GENUS V. SAURODON. Teeth narrower than in the last genus, compressed, oblique on their summit, and striated at their base.

1. S. leanus.

GENUS VI. CLADOCYCLUS. Tube on the scales of the lateral line branched.

1. C. Lewisensis. 2. C. Gardneri.

GENUS VII. RHAMPHOGNATHUS. Body elongated. Ventrals abdominal. Jaws very slender, with the upper overlapping the lower.

1. Rh. paralepoides.

GENUS VIII. MESOGASTER. Body elongated. Head short, obtuse. Jaws equal. Ventrals abdominal.

1. M. sphyrenoides.

FAMILY IV.—BLENOIDEI.

Body squat; size generally small. Scales small. Ventrals jugular; one very long dorsal fin, partly consisting of spinous and soft rays. Teeth more or less conspicuous.

GENUS I. SPINACANTHUS. First dorsal consists of enormous spines, equalling in length the body of the fish; and the anterior spines are dentate at their base; second dorsal slender.

1. S. blennioides.

FAMILY V.—LOPHIOIDEI.

Pectorals supported on a prolongation of the carpal bones, which form as it were an arm. Ventrals thoracic. Scales entirely wanting or replaced by osseous tubercles, or short spines. Head very large; jaws armed with numerous sharp teeth, in suborbital bones.

GENUS I. LOPHIUS. Head enormous, depressed; mouth immense. Two dorsals, the first of which extends to the head.

1. L. brachysomus.

FAMILY VI.—LABROIDEI.

Form oblong; body scaly. A single dorsal sustained anteriorly by spinous rays. Jaws covered by fleshy lips. No palatal teeth; but they are found on the three pharyngeal bones, either as plates or pointed teeth.

GENUS I. LABRUS. Form squat. Skeleton massive. Opercular pieces without spines or dentations.

1. L. Valencianensis. 2. L. Ibbetsoni.

DIVISION II.—CYCLOIDEI MALACOPTERYGEL.

FAMILY VII.—CYPRINOIDEI.

Body oblong. Ventrals abdominal. Inferior pharyngeal bone armed with several rows of strong teeth, sometimes conical, sometimes compressed, or crooked; no jaw teeth; mouth small, with fleshy lips, often carrying beards. Vertebrae strong and few; three branchiostegous rays. The family are chiefly fresh-water fishes.

GENUS I. ACANTHOPSIS. Form very long, and compressed. Caudal fin truncated and rounded; dorsal placed a little before the ventrals. Beards short. First suborbital bone mobile, bifurcated, and terminating in sharp points. Scales scarcely perceptible.

1. A. angustus.

GENUS II. CORITIS. Form elongated, cylindrical. Cheeks smooth. Orbiculars immovable, concealed under the skin. Scales small. Pharyngeal teeth slender, bevelled.

1. C. centrochir. 2. C. cephalotes. 3. C. longiceps.

GENUS III. GOBIO. Form cylindrical. Dorsals opposite to two ventrals, with a large simple ray. Scales of medium size, and very thin.

1. G. axalis.

GENUS IV. TINCA. Form squat. Fins thick. Scales small. A single row of pharyngeal teeth, claviform. Large rounded fins, with very thick rays.

1. T. furecia. 2. T. leptosoma. 3. T. micropygoptera.

GENUS V. LEUCISCUS. Body fusiform, covered with large scales. Pharyngeal teeth in two rows. Skeleton robust.

1. L. Oalingensis. 2. L. latiusculus. 3. L. pusillus. 4. L. heterurus. 5. L. leptus. 6. L. macrurus. 7. L. papyracens. 8. L. cephalon. 9. L. gracilis. 10. L. Hartmanni. 11. L. brevis.

GENUS VI. APSIUS. Body elongated, compressed, covered with large scales, salient at their posterior margin. Mouth oblique; inferior jaw reaching beyond the upper; pharyngeal teeth long, in two rows. Dorsal behind the ventrals; caudal much forked. Skeleton slender.

1. A. gracilis. 2. A. Brognartii.

GENUS VII. RHODEUS. Form squat, compressed, covered with large, thin scales. No beards. Pharyngeal teeth bevelled. Dorsal opposite to anal; caudal forked; all the fins small. Fishes all very small.

1. Rh. elongatus. 2. Rh. latior.

GENUS VIII. CYCLURUS. Dorsal and anal large; caudal rounded. Vertebral column recurved at its extremity. Vertebrae thick and short. Scales thick and long.

1. C. Valencienensis. 2. C. minor.

FAMILY VIII.—CYPRINODONTEI.

Form very regularly oblong. Scales large, though the fishes are small. Ventrals abdominal. Teeth in both jaws. More than three branchiostegous rays.

GENUS I. LESBIAS. Body rather elongated. Jaws horizontally flattened, and furnished with serrated teeth. Opercula large. Many branchiostegous rays. Dorsal opposite to the anal.

1. L. cephalotes. 2. L. perpusillus. 3. L. gobio. 4. L. Meyer. 5. L. crassicaudatus.

FAMILY IX.—ESOCIDEI.

Body slender, with large scales. Superior maxillaries without teeth, and placed in a line with the intermaxillaries. Teeth generally very strong, and conical in the lower jaw, palatines, and vomer.

GENUS I. ESOX. Form long, cylindrical. Head large; muzzle long, obtuse, depressed; mouth very wide. Palatine teeth very strong and conical, as are those on the anterior part of the vomer, and on the lower jaw; small teeth on the intermaxillaries; none on the maxillaries. Numerous branchiostegous rays. Dorsal and anal approximate to the caudal, which last is a little sloped. Scales large. Skeleton not robust.

1. E. Otto. 2. E. lepidotus.

GENUS II. HOLOSTEUS. Form very elongated. Skeleton slender; ribs very thin; muscular apophyses numerous and very large.

1. H. Esocinus.

GENUS III. SPHENOLEPIS. Form elongated. Dorsal opposite to ventrals; caudal scarcely forked. Scales large.

1. Sph. squamosus. 2. Sph. Cuvieri.

GENUS IV. ISTIUS. Body elongated. Dorsal stretching along almost the whole back; anal very far back. Scales large. Vertebrae very short; spinous apophyses very close together, and more numerous than the apophyseal bonelets. Small teeth in the jaws.

1. I. grandis. 2. I. macrocephalus. 3. I. microcephalus. 4. I. gracilis.

FAMILY X.—HALECOÏDEI.

This family includes the Clupea and Salmones. The fish are very symmetrical, and covered with well-defined scales. Ventrals abdominal. Superior maxillaries forming partially the margin of the jaw, often carry teeth, which are conical, and more or less conspicuous. Skeleton slender, with or without sternal ribs. Size from small to medium.

GENUS I. MALLOTUS. Body elongated. Skeleton slender. Dorsal in the middle of the back; anal very large. Teeth scapular.

1. M. villosus.

GENUS II. OSMERUS. Body elongated. Dorsal opposite to ventrals. Teeth strong and conical, in the palatines and maxillaries.

1. O. Cordieri. 2. O. Glaristanus.

GENUS III. OSMEROIDES. Dorsal far forwards. Head flat; mouth rather small. No sternal ribs.

1. O. Monasteri. 2. O. microcephalus. 3. O. Lewesensis. 4. O. granulatus.

GENUS IV. ACROGNATHUS. Head large, flat, and broad; 1. A. boops.

GENUS V. AULOLEPIS. Form approaching to that of Salmo. Head high; muzzle pointed; jaws of equal length. Vertebrae higher than long. Pectorals have long slender rays. Scales large, subangular.

1. A. typus.

GENUS VI. ALOSA. Form symmetrical. Vertebrae very numerous; ribs sternal. A notch in the middle of the upper jaw.

1. A. elongata.

GENUS VII. MEGALOPS. Resembles alosa; but has a very large eye. Last dorsal terminates in a filament.

1. M. princeps.

GENUS VIII. CLUPEA. Form symmetrical. No notch in the middle of the upper jaw. Sternal ribs. Dorsal in the centre of the back.

1. C. macroptoma. 2. C. dentex. 3. C. Beurardi. 4. C. brevissima. 5. C. lata. 6. C. brevis. 7. C. tenuissima. 8. C. minima. 9. C. megaptera. 10. C. Shouchzeri. 11. C. leptostes. 12. C. minuta. 13. C. Goldfussii. 14. C. catapygoptera.

GENUS IX. ENGRAULIS. Body elongated. Mouth very wide; muzzle pointed, and projecting beyond the lower jaw. Pectorals very large; dorsal opposite to the ventrals. No sternal ribs.

1. E. evolans.

GENUS X. HALEC. Head very broad and flat. Mouth very wide. Lower jaw-bone very narrow. No sternal ribs.

1. H. Sternbergii.

GENUS XI. PLATINX. Form elongated. Dorsal placed far back; pectorals very long. Vertebral column very stout. No sternal ribs.

1. P. elongatus. 2. P. gigas.

GENUS XII. COEOGASTER. Allied to Platinx, but has an extended anal fin. Belly appears hollowed.

1. C. analis.

GENUS XIII. NOTEUS. Body squat. Dorsal extends over most of the ridge of the back; ventrals abdominal; caudal rounded. Vertebrae higher than long.

1. N. laticaudatus.

FAMILY XI.—ANGUILLIFORMES.

Body uniformly and greatly elongated. Scales very minute. No ventrals, and sometimes no pectorals. Teeth small, conical, and generally strong.

GENUS I. ANGUILLA. Pectorals near the gills, which open on each side of the fins; dorsal commences at a certain distance from the nape.

1. A. latissima. 2. A. ventralis. 3. A. brevicauda. 4. A. multiradiata. 5. A. pachyura. 6. A. branchiostegalis. 7. A. interspinalis. 8. A. leptoptera.

GENUS II. ENCHELYOPUS. Body much elongated. Dorsal prolonged to the nape. Thoracic cincture very slender.

1. E. tigrinus.

GENUS III. SPHAGEBRANCHUS. Gill-covers approximate under the throat. Vertical fins placed far back. Muzzle pointed.

1. Sph. formosissimus.

GENUS IV. OPHIURUS. Differs from Anguilla in having the termination of the dorsal and anal fins before reaching the end of the tail, which is thus finless, and terminates in a point.

1. O. acuticaudatus.

GENUS V. LEPTOCEPHALUS. Differs from Anguilla in having the gill-openings before the pectorals, and in having much more of the ribband form. Head extremely small, and muzzle pointed. Pectorals scarcely perceptible.

1. L. gracilis. 2. L. medius.

Catopterus macrolepidotus, Caithness, Orkney, Widdel.
Osteolepis macrolepidotus, Cromarty, Caithness, Orkney.
" microlepidotus, Caithness, Orkney.
" arenatus, Gamrie in geodes.
" major, Lethen-bar.
Acanthodes pusellus, Gordon Castle.
Dipacanthus striatus, Cromarty.
" striatulus, Lethen-bar.
" longispinus, Lethen-bar, Cromarty.
" crassispinus, Caithness.
Cheiracanthus Murchisoni, Gamrie.
" microlepidotus, Lethen-bar, Cromarty.
" minor, Orkney.
Cheirolepis Traillii, Orkney.
" uragus, Gamrie.
" Cummingiae, Lethen-bar, Cromarty.
Cephalaspis Lyelli, Hereford, Brecon, Whitbach.
" rostratus, Whitbach.
" Lewisii, Whitbach.
" Iloydii, Whitbach, Wales.
Pterichthys Milleri, Cromarty.
" productus, Lethen-bar.
" latus, Lethen-bar.
" cornutus, Lethen-bar.
" testudinarius, Lethen-bar.
" oblongus, Cromarty, Gamrie.
" canceriformis, Orkney.
" hydrophilus, Durness, Fifeshire.
Cocosteus decipiens, Orkney, Caithness.
" oblongus, Lethen-bar.
" cuspidatus, Cromarty, Gamrie.

Acanthodes Bronnii, Saarbrück.
" sulcatus, Newhaven near Edinburgh.
Amblypterus macropterus, Saarbrück.
" eupterygius, Saarbrück, Lebach.
" latus, Saarbrück, Lebach, St Ingbert.
" lateralis, Saarbrück, Lebach.
" nemopterus, Newhaven, Inchkeith.
" punctatus, Newhaven.
" striatus, Newhaven.
Palmoniscus fultus, Massachusetts, Connecticut.
" Agassizii, New Jersey.
" macropterus, Massachusetts.
" Egertoni, Staffordshire.
" Monensis, Anglesey.
" Davernoyi, Appel by Kreutznach.
" minutus, Appel by Kreutznach.
" Blainvillei, Muse by Autun.
" Voltzii, Muse by Autun.
" angustus, Muse by Autun.
" Robisoni, Burdleshouse by Edinburgh.
" striolatus, Burdleshouse by Edinburgh.
" ornatissimus, Burntisland in Fifeshire.
" carinatus, Newhaven.
" Vratislavensis, Hupperdorf, Bohemia.
" lepidurus, Scharfeneck, Bohemia.
Catopterus gracilis, Connecticut.
" parvulus, New Jersey.
" anguilliformis, Connecticut.
Eurynotus crenatus, Burdleshouse.
" fimbriatus, Newhaven.
" tenuiceps, Massachusetts.
Platysomus parvulus, Leeds.
Gyroolepis Rankenei, Leeds.
Plectrolepis rugosus, Carluke.

Amblypterus Olfersii, Ceara in Brazil.
Palmoniscus Freislebeni, Mansfeld, Hesse.
Palmoniscus magnus, Mansfeld, Hesse.

Palmoniscus macropterus, Mansfeld, Hesse.
" elegans, magn. limestone of England.
" comptus, magn. limestone of England.
" glaphyrus, magn. limestone of England.
" longissimus, magn. limestone of England.
" macrocephalus, magn. limestone of England.
Platysomus gibbosus, Zechstein of Germany.
" rhombus, Mansfeld.
" striatus, magn. limestone of England.
" macrurus, magn. limestone of England.
" parvus, magn. limestone of Low Pallic, England.

Palmoniscus catopterus, var. sandstone of Tyrore.
Amblypterus Agassizii, muschelkalk of Thuringen.
Gyroolepis Albertii, muschelkalk of Schwenningen, Lüneville.
" tenuistriatus, muschelkalk of Schwenningen, Axmuth.
" maximus, muschelkalk of Lüneville, Wickwarr.

Dapedius politus, Lyme Regis.
" granulatus, Lyme Regis.
" punctatus, Lyme Regis.
" Colei, Lyme Regis.
" orbis, Whitby.
" arenatus, Lyme Regis.
" micans, Whitby.
Tetragonolepis semicinctus, Bronn, Neidingen.
" confuens, Lyme Regis.
" speciosus, Lyme Regis.
" pastulatus, Lyme Regis.
" radiatus, Lyme Regis.
" leiosomus, Lyme Regis.
" Leachii, Lyme Regis.
" heterokera, Lyme Regis, Wurtemberg.
" pholidotus, Boll, England.
" ovalis, Boll, England.
" Bovei, Seefeld.
" dorsalis, Gloucester.
" monilifer, Banwell, Whitby.
" angulifer, Stratford-on-Avon.
" striatus, Whitby.
Amblypterus macropterus, Lyme Regis.
Semionotus Leptoccephalus, Boll.
" Bergeri, Koburg.
" latus, Seefeld.
" rhombifer, Lyme Regis.
" Nilssonii, Scania.
" striatus, Seefeld.
Centrolepis asper, France, Germany, England.
Lepidotus gigas, Lyme Regis.
" semiserratus, Whitby, Scarborough.
" undatus, Lyme Regis.
" rugosus, Lyme Regis, Whitby.
" fimbriatus, Lyme Regis, Haring in Tyrol, Coburg.
" ornatus, Seefeld.
" fromdous, Zell near Boll.
" speciosus, Seefeld.
" parvulus, Seefeld.
" serrulatus, Whitby.
" pectinatus, Whitby.
Pholidophorus Bechii, Lyme Regis.
" onychius, Lyme Regis, Chernoek.
" dorsalis, Seefeld.
" limbatus, Lyme Regis.
" Stricklandii, Whitby.
" Hastingsii, Whitby.
" latusculus, Seefeld.
" pusillus, Seefeld.
" furcatus, Seefeld.
" leptoccephalus, Street.
" pachysomus, Lyme Regis.
" crenulatus, Lyme Regis.
" Hartmanni, Ohnden.
Nothosomus octostychius, Street.

Ganoids.
Sauroids. b. Jurassic Proper.
Tetragonolepis Magneville, lower oolite of Caen.
" mastodontens, wealden of Hastings.
Semionotus Pentlandi, Castellamare.
" minutus, Castellamare.
" pustulifer, Castellamare.
Lepidotes lavis, Portland-stone of Solenre.
" unguiculatus, Solenhofen, Stonesfield.
" radiatus, French Jura.
" pallatus, Kimmerrage clay of Boulogne.
" tuberculatus, Stonesfield.
" notopterus, Solenhofen.
" oblongus, Solenhofen.
" minor, Furbeck calc. of Hildesheim.
" fittoni, Hastings sand of Tilgate.
" Mantelli, wealden of Tilgate.
" latimanus, Oxford clay of Chippingham.
Pholidophorus macrocephalus, calc. of Solenhofen.
" microptus, calc. of Solenhofen.
" tenuiserratus, calc. of Kehlheim.
" longiserratus, calc. of Kehlheim.
" striolaris, calc. of Solenhofen.
" Taxis, calc. of Solenhofen.
" latus, calc. of Eichstätt.
" micronyx, calc. of Kehlheim.
" intermedius, calc. of Kehlheim.
" latimanus, calc. of Solenhofen.
" ornatus, calc. of Furbeck.
" Fleischeri, inferior oolite.
" angustus, sandstone of Poland.
" gracilis, calc. of Kehlheim.
" minor, oolite of Stonesfield.
" radians, calc. of Solenhofen.
" uracoides, calc. of Solenhofen.
" radiopunctatus, calc. of Solenhofen.
" maximus, calc. of Solenhofen.
" fusiformis, Castellamare.
Nothosomus levis, calc. of Solenhofen.
Ophiopsis penicillatus, calc. of Furbeck.
" dorsalis, calc. of Furbeck.
" procerus, calc. of Solenhofen.
" Münsteri, calc. of Kehlheim.
Notagus Zietenii, calc. of Solenhofen.
" Pentlandi, Torre d'Orlando.
" latus, Torre d'Orlando.
" denticulatus, calc. of Kehlheim.
Propterus microstomus, calc. of Kehlheim.
Cocolepis Bucklandi, calc. of Solenhofen.

Lepidotes striatus, Vache Noire in Normandy.
" punctatus, white chalk of Kent.
" temnurus, Brazil.
" Cottae, Hohenstein.
" Virleti, Modon in Morea.

Lepidotes Maximillarii, calc. grosser of Paris.

Diplopterus affinis, Gamrie.
" Agassizii, v. borealis, Orkney.
" macrocephalus, Letben-bar, Printscha.
Platynathus paucidens, Caithness.
" Jamesoni, Dura-den.
" minor, Dura-den.
Dendrodus latus, Morayshire.
" strigatus, Morayshire, Riga.
" sigmoides, Morayshire.
Lamnodus biporeatus, Morayshire, Riga.
" Pandri, Morayshire, Riga.
Orlodus incurvis, Morayshire, Riga.
Megalichthys priscus, Orkney.

Pygopterus Bonnardi, Muse near Autun.
" Bucklandi, Burdiehouse.
" lucius, Saarbrück.
" Jamesoni, Burdiehouse.
" Greenochii, Newhaven.

Megalichthys Hibberti, Glasgow, Carluke.
" maxillaris, Leeds.
Diplopterus carbonarius, Stafford.
" Robertsoni, Burdiehouse.
Acrolepis acutirostris, Carluke.
Orognathus conidens, Carluke.
Graptolepis ornatus, Carluke.
Pododus capitatus, Carluke.

Pygopterus Humboldtii, Mansfeld, Nendehawen, Riggeldorf, &c.
" mandibularis, calc. magn. of East Tricksey, Terryhill.
" sculptus, calc. magn. of East Tricksey, Terryhill.
Acrolepis Sedgwickii, calc. magn. of East Tricksey, Terryhill.
" asper, Mansfeld.

Saurichthys apicalis, Laineck, Benk, Göttingen, Hildesheim, Jena, bonebed at Axmouth; muschelkalk at Bareuth.
" Mougeoti, muschelkalk at Lunéville, Bareuth.
" acuminatus, bonebed at Austeliff.
" longidens, bonebed at Austeliff, Pyrton-on-Severn.
" semicostatus, muschelkalk of Benk, Laineck, Saxony, Hanover.
" tenuirostris, muschelkalk of Bavaria.
" costatus, muschelkalk of Benk, Laineck, Bareuth.
" augustus, muschelkalk.

Eognathus chirotes, Lyme Regis.
" orthostomus, Lyme Regis.
" Philpotiae, Lyme Regis.
" minor, Lyme Regis.
" opercularis, Lyme Regis.
" polyodon, Lyme Regis.
" speciosus, Lyme Regis.
" fasciculatus, Whitby.
" leptodus, Lyme Regis.
" mandibularis, Lyme Regis.
" ornatus, Lyme Regis.
" scabriusculus, Lyme Regis.
" tenuidens, Street.
" giganteus, Iias of Boll.
Ptycholepis Bollenis, Iias of Boll, Lyme Regis, Whitby.
Conodus ferox, Lyme Regis.
Pachycormus macropterus, Iias of Burgundy.
" acutirostris, Whitby.
" curtus, Whitby.
" gracilis, Whitby, Wurtemberg.
" heterurus, Lyme Regis.
" latipennis, Lyme Regis.
" latirostris, Whitby.
" latus, Whitby.
" macrurus, Lyme Regis.
" leptosteus, Lyme Regis.

Caturus Bucklandi, Lyme Regis.
" Meyeri, black schist of Western Rawensberg.
Thrissonotus Colei, Lyme Regis.
Sauropsis latus, Lyme Regis, Wurtemberg, Baden.
Leptolepis Brounii, Lyme Regis, Neidlingen, Bareuth, Caen, Baden, Oberland.

" Jageri, Iias of Boll.
" longus, Iias of Boll.
" caudalis, Lyme Regis.
" tenuis, Iias of Baden.
" filipennis, Street.

Aspidorhynchus Anglicus, Whitby.
" Walchneri, Baden, Oberland.
Belonostomus acutus, Whitby.
" Anningie, Lyme Regis.
Sauroctomus esocinus, Baden, Oberland.
" (nondescriptus), Lincolnshire.

Eognathus microlepidotus, calc. of Solenhofen.
Pachycormus macropterus, Vaches Noires in Normandy.
Caturus furcatus, calc. of Solenhofen.
" pachyurus, calc. of Solenhofen.
" macrurus, calc. of Solenhofen.
" maximus, calc. of Solenhofen.
" microchirus, calc. of Solenhofen.
" branchiostegus, calc. of Solenhofen.

Ganoide. Caturus latus, calc. of Solenhofen.
Calo-
canths. " elongatus, calc. of Solenhofen.
" macrodus, calc. of Solenhofen.
" pleiodus, collie of Stonesfield.
" angustus, Portland-stone of Garsington.
Amblysemius gracilis, collie of Northampton.
Sauropais longimanus, calc. of Solenhofen.
" mordax, collie of Stonesfield.
Thrisops formosus, calc. of Kehlheim.
" cephalus, calc. of Solenhofen.
" micropodius (locality unknown).
" intermedius, Upper Jura of Wethern.
" salmonus, calc. of Kehlheim and Solenhofen.
" subovatus, calc. of Kehlheim and Solenhofen.
" mesogastes, calc. of Solenhofen.
Leptolepis sprattiformis, schists of Pappenheim and Solenhofen.
Voithii, calc. of Kehlheim.
" crassus, calc. of Solenhofen.
" macrolepidotus, calc. of Solenhofen.
" polyspondylus, calc. of Solenhofen.
" Knoxii, calc. of Solenhofen.
" dubius, calc. of Solenhofen.
" contractus, calc. of Solenhofen.
" latus, calc. of Eichstätt.
" paucispondylus, calc. of Kehlheim.
" pusillus, calc. of Kehlheim.
" macrophthalmus, Oxford clay of Chippenham.
Aspidorhynchus acutirostris, calc. of Solenhofen.
" speciosus, calc. of Kehlheim.
" ornatissimus, calc. of Kehlheim.
" mandibularis, calc. of Eichstätt.
" lepturus, calc. of Kehlheim.
" enodus, Oxford clay of Chippenham.
Belonostomus sphyraenoides, calc. of Solenhofen.
" Münsteri, lithographic-stone of Bavaria.
" tenuirostris, calc. of Solenhofen.
" subulatus, calc. of Solenhofen.
" ventralis, calc. of Solenhofen.
" Kochii, calc. of Kehlheim.
" leptostomus, collie of Stonesfield.
" brachysomus, calc. of Solenhofen.
Megalurus lepidotus, calc. of Solenhofen.
" brevicostatus, calc. of Kehlheim.
" elongatus, calc. of Kehlheim.
" parvus, calc. of Kehlheim.
Macrosemius rostratus, calc. of Solenhofen.
" brevirostris, collie of Stonesfield.

Caturus, chalk of Kent and Lewes.
Aspidorhynchus Comptoni, South America.
Belonostomus cinctus, Lewes.

Holoptychius giganteus, Elgin, Clashbennie, Gamrie, Glamis.
" Flemingii, Dura-den, St Petersburg.
" nobilissimus, Elgin, Clashbennie, Printscha.
" Andersoni, Dura-den.
" Murchisoni, Clashbennie.
" Osmaliusii, Liege, Namur, Eifel.
Aetinolepis tuberculatus, Elgin, St Petersburg.
Platygathus Jamesoni, Dura-den, St Petersburg.
" paucidens, Pemon in Orkney.
Glyptosteus favosus, Clashbennie, Elgin, St Petersburg, Ladoga, &c.
" reticulatus, ornatus, Elgin, Nairn, Ladoga, &c.
Phyllolepis concentricus, Clashbennie.
Glyptolepis leptopterus, Elgin, Lethen-bar, St Petersburg.
" microlepidotus, Lethen-bar.
" elegans, Gamrie.
Dendrodus latus, Findhorn in Moray, Riga.
" strigatus, Elgin, Riga, St Petersburg.
" sigmoides, Elgin, St Petersburg.
" tenuistriatus, St Petersburg.
" minor, Megra.
Lamnodus biporcatus, Elgin, Riga, Cremona, St Petersburg.
" Panderi, Elgin, Riga, Cremona, St Petersburg.
" sulcatus, Elgin.
Cricodus incurvus, Elgin, Riga.
Asterolepis Asmusii, Riga, Megra.
" ornata, Riga, Megra.
" speciosa, Voronege.

Asterolepis minor, Elgin, Riga, St Petersburg, Calithness, Orkney. Ganoide.
" granulata, Riga. Pycnodonts.
" Henninghausii, Eifel.
" Malcomsoni, Riga.
" apicalis, Riga.
Psammostomus meandrinus, Ladoga.
" paradoxus, Riga.
" arenatus, Riga.
" undulatus, Riga.

Holoptychius Hibberti, Burdleshouse.
" sauroides, Burdleshouse.
" falcatus, Greenside by Glasgow.
" Portlockii, Ireland.
" Garneri, Lanesfield.
" granulatus, Manchester.
" striatus, Great Millston near Edinburgh.
" minor, North Stafford.
Colacanthus Phillipsii, Halifax.
" lepturus, Leeds, Manchester.
" Munsteri, Lebach in Bavaria.
Phyllolepis tenuissimus, Burdleshouse.
Hoplopygus Blaneyi, Manchester.
Uronemus lobatus, Burdleshouse.

Colacanthus granulatus, magnus, calc. of Durham, E. Trickett.
" gracilis, England.

Colacanthus minor, muschelkalk of Lunéville.

Undina striolaris, lithographic-stone of Bavaria.
" Kohleri, lithographic-stone of Bavaria.
Ctenolepis cyclos, collie of Stonesfield.
Gyrosteus mirabilis, liss of Whitby and Lyme Regis.

Macropoma Mantelli, chalk of Lewes, Sussex, Cambridge, Chirnay.
" Egertonii, gault of Speeton.

Globulodus elegans, Zechstein of Germany.

Pycnodus priscus, Keuper, Tubingen-Wurtemberg.
Sphaerodus annularis, Keuper, Tubingen-Wurtemberg.
" minimus, coprolite-breecia of Tubingen-Wurtemberg.
Placodus gigas, muschelkalk of Bamberg, Lunéville.
" Andriani, muschelkalk of Bamberg, Lunéville.
" Munsteri, muschelkalk of Bamberg in Bavaria, and of
Esperstadt in Thuringia.
" rostratus, muschelkalk of Laineck.
" impressus, variegated sandstone of Deux-Ponts.
Colobodus Hogardi, muschelkalk of Lunéville.

Sphaerodus microdon, Lyme Regis.

Pycnodus rhombus, Torre d'Orlando.
" gigas, Portland-stone of Switzerland and Germany.
" Nicoleti, Portland-stone of Neufchâtel.
" Backlandi, calc. of Stonesfield.
" didymus, calc. of Stonesfield.
" regulosus, sandy oolite of Northamptonshire.
" umbonatus, forest marble.
" ovalis, Stonesfield slate.
" Ilugii, Portland-stone of Soleure.
" Mantelli, forest marble of Tilgate.
" latirostris, collie of Stonesfield.
" obtusus, collie of Stonesfield.
" parvus, oolite of Stonesfield.
" tristychius, collie of Stonesfield.
" biserialis, collie of Little Gibraltar near Bedford.
" trigonus, collie of Stonesfield.

Ganoids. Pycnodus latidens, Portland-stone of Soleure.
Pycnodonts. " discoides, colite of Little Gibraltar near Bedford.
" gracilis, coral-rag of Hildesheim and Lindenberg, Hanover.
" minutus, coral-rag of Hildesheim and Lindenberg, Hanover.
Gyronechus oblongus, calc. of Stonesfield.
Serobodus subovatus, lithographic-stone of Solenhofen.
Microdon elegans, calc. of Solenhofen.
" hexagonus, calc. of Solenhofen.
" analis, calc. of Solenhofen.
" radiatus, calc. of Purbeck.
" abdominalis, calc. of Solenhofen.
" platurus, calc. of Solenhofen.
Sphaerodus gigas, Kimmeridge clay.
" minor, Stonesfield clay.
Gyrodus macrophthalmus, calc. of Kehlheim.
" frontatus, calc. of Kehlheim.
" rugosus, calc. of Kehlheim.
" umbilicus, colite of Durrheim in Germany.
" Jurassicus, Portland-stone of Soleure.
" Cuvieri, Boulogne, Weymouth.
" punctatus, colite of Malten.
" trigonus, calc. of Stonesfield.
" radiatus, calc. of Caen.
" Mantelli, calc. of Tilgate.
" gracilis, calc. of Kehlheim.
" analis, calc. of Kehlheim.
" circularis, calc. of Solenhofen.
" platurus, calc. of Solenhofen.
" punctatissimus, calc. of Kehlheim.
" rhomboidalis, calc. of Kehlheim.
" macropterus, calc. of Kehlheim.
" perlatus, calc. of Stonesfield.
" gibbosus, calc. of Kehlheim.

Pycnodus Münsteri, greensand of Ratisbon.
" complanatus, greensand of Ratisbon.
" subclavatus, chalk of Maestricht.
" cretaceus, chalk of Kent.
" angustus, chalk of Kent.
" elongatus, chalk of Lewes.
" depressus, greensand of Ghent and Ratisbon.
" marginalis, chalk of Kent.
" Couloni, yellowstone of Neufchâtel.
" minor, Speeton clay.
Acrotemnus faba, chalk of Kent.
Sphaerodus crassus, chalk of Maestricht.
" mitrula, greensand of Ratisbon.
" Neocomensis, yellowstone of Neufchâtel.
Gyrodus cretaceus, chalk of Lewes.
" angustus, chalk of Maidstone.
" rugulosus, greensand of Ratisbon.
" Münsteri, greensand of Ratisbon.
" minor, Speeton clay.
" mammillaris, chalk of Kent.

Pycnodus platesus, Monte Bolca.
" orbicularis, Monte Bolca.

Pycnodus toliapius, London clay of Sheppy.
Periodus Königii, London clay of Sheppy.
Sphaerodus lens, tertiary beds of Osnabruck.
" irregularis, tertiary beds of Plieningen.
" parvus, tertiary beds of Cassel.
" cinctus, calc. grossier of Styria.
" truncatus, tertiary beds of Osnabruck.
Gyrodus laevior, London clay of Sheppy.
Phyllodus toliapius, London clay of Sheppy.
" planus, London clay of Sheppy.
" polyodus, London clay of Sheppy.
" marginalis, London clay of Sheppy.
" irregularis, London clay of Sheppy.
" medius, London clay of Sheppy.
Pisodus Owenii, London clay of Sheppy.

Sphaerodus depressus, Salzburg.
" discus, Algarves in Portugal.

Sphaerodus conicus, Ceylon.
" oculus serpentis, Algarves.
Gyrodus runcinatus, (f)

Acanthoderma ovale, Glaris.
" spinosum, Glaris.
Acanthopleurus serratus, Glaris.
" brevis, Glaris.
Dercetis elongatus, Lewes.
" scutatus, Westphalia.

Blochius longirostris, Monte Bolca.
Rhinellus nasalis, Monte Bolca.
Ostracion micrurus, Monte Bolca.

Glyptcephalus radiatus, London clay of Sheppy.
DOUBTFUL.
Rhinellus furcatus, Mount Lebanon.

Diodon tenuispinus, Monte Bolca.
" Sellia, Monte Bolca (f)
" Erinaceus, Monte Bolca (f)

Calomostoma breviusculum, Monte Bolca.
Syngnathus opisthopterus, Monte Bolca.

Acipenser toliapius, London clay of Sheppy.
Chondrostes acipenseroides, lias of Lyme Regis.

Onchus Murchisoni, Ludlow.
" tenuistratus, Ludlow.

Onchus arcuatus, Bromyard.
" semistriatus, Southstone rock.
Ctenacanthus ornatus, Wales.
" serratus, Kohlhusen.
Ptychacanthus dubius, Abergavenny.
Ctenoptychius crenatus, Meaga, Russia.
" priscus, Scotland.

Oracanthus Milleri, calc.-carbon of Bristol.
" frustulosus, calc.-carbon of Bristol.
" minor, calc.-carbon of Bristol.
" confuens, calc.-carbon of Armagh.
Onchus sulcatus, calc.-carbon of Bristol.
" hamatus, calc.-carbon of Bristol.
" rectus, calc.-carbon of Armagh.
" plicatus, calc.-carbon of Armagh.
" falcatus, calc.-carbon of Armagh.
" subulatus, coal, Rhunabon, Wales.
Ctenacanthus major, calc.-carbon of Bristol.
" tenuistratus, calc.-carbon of Bristol.
" brevis, calc.-carbon of Bristol.
" heterogyrus, calc.-carbon of Armagh.
" arculatus, calc.-carbon of Armagh.
" crenulatus, calc.-carbon of Armagh.
Gyracanthus forosus, calc.-carbon of Burdiehouse, Newcastle, Sunderland, Alnwick, Burntisland.
" tuberculatus, Sunderland.
" Alnwickensis, Alnwick Castle.
" ornatus, coal schists of Wales.
Sphenacanthus serratus, Burdiehouse.
Tristychius arenatus, Greenside near Glasgow.
Orodus cinctus, calc.-carbon of Bristol.
" ramosus, calc.-carbon of Bristol.
Ctenoptychius apicalis, coal schists Stafford, Manchester.
" pectinatus, Burdiehouse, Manchester.
" denticulatus, Burdiehouse, Manchester.
" cuspidatus, coal of Glasgow.

Placoids. Ctenoptychius dentatus, calc.-carbon of Armagh.
" serratus, calc.-carbon of Armagh.
" macrodus, calc.-carbon of Armagh.
" crenatus, coal, Carluke.
Helodus simplex, coal schists of Stafford, Coalbrookdale.
" levissimus, calc.-carbon of Bristol.
" subteres, calc.-carbon of Bristol.
" gibberulus, calc.-carbon of Bristol.
" turgidus, calc.-carbon of Bristol.
" mitratus, coal, Carluke.
" didymus, calc.-carbon of Armagh.
" maximillaris, calc.-carbon of Armagh.
" planus, calc.-carbon of Armagh.
Chomatodus truncatus, calc.-carbon of Armagh.
" cinctus, calc.-carbon of Bristol.
" linearis, calc.-carbon of Bristol.
Psammodus rugosus, calc.-carbon of Bristol, Esky, Geroldstein.
" porosus, calc.-carbon of Bristol.
" cornutus, calc.-carbon of Bristol.
Cochliodus contortus, calc.-carbon of Bristol, Armagh, Clifton.
" magnus, calc.-carbon of Armagh.
" oblongus, calc.-carbon of Armagh.
" acutus, calc.-carbon of Armagh.
" striatus, calc.-carbon of Armagh.
Paeclodus Jonesii, calc.-carbon of Armagh.
" parallelus, calc.-carbon of Armagh.
" transversus, calc.-carbon of Armagh.
" obliquus, calc.-carbon of Armagh, Carluke.
" sublaevis, calc.-carbon of Armagh.
" angustus, coal, Carluke.
Pleurodus affinis, coal schist, Rhusabon, Carluke.
" Rankinei, coal, Carluke.
Ctenodus cristatus, coal, Tong.
" Robertsoni, Burdleshouse.
" alatus, calc. of Ardwick.
Petalodus acuminatus, calc.-carbon of Durham, Yorkshire, Glasgow.
" Hastingsiae, calc.-carbon of Armagh.
" psittacinus, calc.-carbon of Armagh.
" levissimus, calc.-carbon of Armagh.
" rectus, calc.-carbon of Armagh.
" redicans, calc.-carbon of Armagh.
" marginalis, calc.-carbon of Armagh.
" agittatus, calc.-carbon of Armagh.
Cladodus mirabilis, calc.-carbon of Armagh.
" striatus, calc.-carbon of Armagh.
" marginatus, calc.-carbon of Armagh.
" Milleri, calc.-carbon of Bristol.
" conicus, calc.-carbon of Bristol.
" acutus, calc.-carbon of Laughgal.
" Bibberti, Burdleshouse.
" parvus, Burdleshouse.
Diplodus gibbosus, coal, Carluke.
" minutus, Burdleshouse.
Carcharopsis prototypus, calc.-carbon of Yorkshire, Armagh.

Gyropristis obliquus, magn. limest. of Belfast.
Hybodus major, muschelkalk of Lunéville, Bareuth, Breslau.
" tenuis, muschelkalk of Lunéville, Bareuth.
" dimidiatus, muschelkalk of Lunéville.
" minor, bonebed of Bristol.
Leicanthus falcatus, muschelkalk of Lunéville, Bareuth.
Nemacanthus monilifer, bonebed of Westbury.
" filifer, bonebed of Westbury.
" granulosus, muschelkalk of Leinech.
" senticosus, muschelkalk of Leinech.
Hybodus plicatilis, muschelkalk of Schwenningen, Tübingen, Tar-
nowitz, Lunéville.
" Mougeoti, muschelkalk of Schwenningen, Lunéville.
" angustus, muschelkalk of Lunéville.
" longiconus, muschelkalk of Lunéville, Gisemont.
" obliquus, muschelkalk of Voge.
" polycypus, muschelkalk of Lunéville.
" minor, bonebed of Bristol.
" euspidatus, Keuper, Tübingen, Rietheim.
" sublaevis, Keuper, Tübingen.
" apicalis, Keuper, Hildeheim.
Strophodus angustissimus, muschelkalk of Lunéville, Wilhelmshall.
" elytra, variegated sandstone of Deux Ponts, Lunéville.
Acrodus Gaillardoti, muschelkalk of Lunéville, Bareuth, Wilhelm-
shall.
" lateralis, muschelkalk of Lunéville.
" Braunii, variegated sandstone of Deux Ponts.

Acrodus minimus, bonebed of Aust Cliff, Lyme Regis.
" acutus, sandstone of Tübingen.
Ceratodus heteromorphus, muschelkalk of Wilhelmshall, Lunéville.
" serratus, Keuper, Argovia.
" latissimus, bonebed of Aust Cliff.
" curvus, bonebed of Aust Cliff.
" planus, bonebed of Aust Cliff.
" parvus, bonebed of Aust Cliff.
" emarginatus, bonebed of Aust Cliff.
" gibbus, bonebed of Aust Cliff.
" Dedaleus, bonebed of Aust Cliff.
" altus, bonebed of Aust Cliff.
" disauris, bonebed of Aust Cliff.

a. Lias.
Leptacanthus tenuispinus, Lyme Regis.
Myriacanthus paradoxus, Lyme Regis.
" retroflexus, Lyme Regis.
" granulatus, Lyme Regis.
Asteracanthus Stuchburgi, Charmouth.
Hybodus curtus, Lyme Regis, Keynsham, Wurtemberg.
" crassispinus, Lyme Regis.
" reticulatus, Lyme Regis.
" formosus, Lyme Regis.
" enatus, Lyme Regis.
" lœvulusculus, Bristol.
Acrodus nobilis, Lyme Regis.
" latus, Lyme Regis.
" gibberulus, Lyme Regis.
" undulatus, Lyme Regis.
" Anningke, Lyme Regis.
Hybodus reticulatus, Lyme Regis.
" pyramidalis, Lyme Regis.
" medius, Lyme Regis.
Sphenonchus hamatus, Lyme Regis.
Thyellina prisca, Lyme Regis.
Anthropterus Rileyi, Bristol.
Squaloraja polyspondyla, Lyme Regis.
Cyclarthrus macropterus, Lyme Regis.
Ischyodon Johnsoni, Charmouth.

Nemacanthus brevispinus, oolite of Stonesfield.
Leptacanthus longissimus, calc. of Caen.
" semistriatus, Stonesfield.
" serratus, Stonesfield.
Asteracanthus acutus, Bedford.
" minor, England.
" semisulcatus, Stonesfield, Purbeck (?)
Pristacanthus securis, Caen, Stonesfield.
Hybodus crassus, Towcester, Wasseraligen.
" apicalis, Stonesfield, Hastings.
" dorsalis, Stonesfield, Hastings.
" marginalis, Stonesfield, Tilgate.
" leptodus, Oxford clay, Oxford.
" pleiodus, Frame.
Ceratodus Phillipsii, oolite of Stonesfield.
Strophodus longidens, calc. of Caen.
" magnus, Stonesfield, Dundry, Ranville.
" tenuis, Stonesfield, Dundry.
" irregularis, inf. oolite of Neuenburg.
" radiato-punctatus, Kelloway.
" favosus, Stonesfield.
Acrodus lelopterus, oolite of Bath.
Hybodus grossiconus, Stonesfield, Caen.
" polypripon, Stonesfield.
" obtusus, oolite of Caen.
" inflatus, oolite of Caen.
" rariostatus, oolite (?)
Ischyodon Tessonii, Marne, Mont Vohayes, Pfallingen, Oxford.
" emarginatus, Stonesfield.
Ganodus Cœli, Stonesfield.
" Owenii, Stonesfield.
" regulosus, Stonesfield.
" neglectus, Stonesfield.
Psittacodon falcatus, Stonesfield.
" psittacinus, Stonesfield.

Asteracanthus ornatissimus, Shotover, Solcure.
Hybodus striatulus, Hastings.

" strictus, Portland.
" subcarinatus, Tilgate.
Strophodus reticulatus, Oxford clay of Shotover.
" subreticulatus, Portland stone of Soleure.
Acrodus hirudo, Tilgate.
Hybodus dubius, Purbeck, Linkfield.
" undulatus, Purbeck, Linkfield.
Sphenonchus elongatus, Tilgate.
" Martini, Purbeck, Linkfield.
Aelopos elongatus, Kelheim.
" Wagneri, Solenhofen.
Asterodermus platypterus, Solenhofen.
Euryarthra Munsteri, Solenhofen.
Notidanus Munsteri, Streitberg, Randen.
Oxyrhina paradoxa, Tilgate, Hildesheim, Rabenstein.
Lamna longidens, Rabenstein, Streitberg.
Ischyodon Egertoni, Kimmeridge clay of Shotover.
" Bucklandi, Portland stone of Soleure.
" Townsendii, Portland stone of Great Milton, Oxford.
" Dutertai, Kimmeridge clay of Boulogne.
" Dupemoyi, Kimmeridge clay of Boulogne.
" Beaumontii, Kimmeridge clay of Boulogne.

Ptychodes acutus, Lewes.
" spectabilis, Lewes.
" gibberulus, Lewes.
" arcus, Lewes.
" articulatus, Lewes.
" mammillaris, England, Belgium, Belluno, Paris, Delaware.
" decurrens, Lewes, Rouen, Bockum, Belluno, Ratisbon.
" altior, Sussex.
" polygyrus, Lewes, Quedlimburg.
" latissimus, Lewes, Bockum, Bennatack, Belluno.
" Mortoni, United States.
Hybodus sulcatus, Lewes.
Chimera Mantelii, Lewes.
Spinax major, Lewes.
Acrodus rugosus, Maastricht.
" transversus, Sussex.
Strophodus asper, Lewes.
" punctatus, greensand of Kelheim.
" sulcatus, greensand of Maidstone.
Scyllodus antiquus, Kent.
Thyellina angusta, Baumberg near Munster.
Notidanus microdon, Sussex.
" pectinatus, Sussex.
Corax pristodontus, calc. of Maastricht.
" Kaupii, marl of Aix-la-Chapelle and Haldem.
" falcatus, Kent, Sussex, Pl. Strehla, Quedlimburg.
" appendiculatus, calc. of Maastricht, Salzgitter.
" affinis, calc. of Maastricht.
Galeocerdo gibberulus, marl of Haldem.
" denticulatus, calc. of Maastricht.
Sphyrna denticulata, Pl. Strehla.
Hemipristis serra (?) chalk of Ratisbon, Haldem.
Carcharias tenuis, greensand of Sentis.
" acutus, marl of Bockum.
Odontus appendiculatus, chalk of Sussex, Normandy, Delaware.
" latus, Maastricht.
" crassus, greensand of Ratisbon, Kelheim.
" semiplicatus, Quedlimburg, Pl. Strehla.
" serratus, Maastricht.
Oxyrhina Mantelii, chalk of Kent and Sussex.
" subinfata, greensand of Bohemia, Porte-du-Rhine.
" Zippei, greensand of Ratisbon.
Lamna acuminata, chalk of Kent, Sussex, Yorkshire, Aix-la-Chapelle, Strehla.
" gracilis, calc. of Neufchâtel.
" subulata, marl of Bognor, Quedlimburg, Ratisbon.
" Rhaphidion, Lewes, Ratisbon.
" Bronnii, calc. of Maastricht.
" plana, chalk of Sentis.
Ischyodon Agassizii, greensand of Maidstone.
" brevirostris, gault, England.
Pittacodon Mantelii, chalk of Kent.
" Sedgwickii, Cambridge.

Ptychopleurus Faujasi, Paris.
Myliobates Brongnarti, Ghent.

" Sternbergii, Brenta.
" Owenii, London clay of Sheppy.
" acutus, London clay of Sheppy.
" canaliculatus, London clay of Sheppy.
" lateralis, London clay of Sheppy.
" marginalis, London clay of Sheppy.
Zygobates Studeri, molasse of Switzerland.
" Woodwardii, crag of Norfolk.
Galeus Cuvieri, Monte Bolca.
Notidanus serratissimus, London clay of Sheppy.
" primitigenus, molasse of Switzerland.
Corax Egertoni, Maryland.
Galeocerdo aduncus, molasse of Switzerland.
" minor, molasse of Switzerland.
Hemipristis serra, molasse of Switzerland and Saabia.
Glyphis bastalis, London clay.
Carcharodon megalodon, molasse of Dax, crag in Maryland.

" rectidens, Noyant.
" productus, Malta, Alzey, Apt.
" polygyrus, molasse of Switzerland, Maryland.
" sulcidens, Castell-Arquato, Soissons.
" auriculatus, Dax.
" angustidens, Kressenberg.
" turgidus, Floxheim.
" lanceolatus, Kressenberg.
" tolapius, Sheppy.
" megalotis, Maryland.
" disauris, Ghent.
" suberratus, London clay.
" Escheri, molasse, Kressenberg.

Otodus obliquus, London clay of Sheppy, Sussex.
" lanceolatus, Kressenberg.
" macrotus, Sheppy, calc. grossier of Vétoul.
" tricuspis, Wilhelmshöhe.
" subplicatus, Bünde.
" trigonatus, Kressenberg.
" apiculatus, Vétoul.

" xiphodon, Paris, Dax.
" trigonodon, Valley of the Rhine.
" plicatilis, Castell-Arquato.
" quadranus, molasse, Valley of Rhine.
" leptodon, Worentop, Flenheim.
" Desorii, molasse of Wurtemberg, Osnabrück, Bünde.
" crassa, Valley of the Rhine.
" minuta, Osnabrück.
Lamna elegans, Sheppy, Paris, Grignon, Dax, Bordeaux, Italy.
" cupidata, molasse of Valley of Rhine.
" compressa, London clay, calc. of Chaumont.
" denticulata, molasse of Switzerland, Valley of Rhine.
" crassidens, pisiform iron ore of Maastricht.
" Hopel, Sheppy.
" verticalis, Sheppy.
" contortidens, crag, Thiengen-molasse, Valley of Rhine.
" dubia, molasse of Switzerland.

" leptognathus, Bagshot sand.
" eurygnathus, London clay, Sussex.

" goniophorus, London clay.
" Dixoni, London clay.
" striatus, London clay.
" punctatus, London clay.
" gyratus, London clay.
" jugalis, London clay.
" nitidus, London clay.
" Collei, London clay.
" heteropterus, London clay.
" Régleyi, Brussels.
" angustus, Eckelsheim.

Ceratodus Kaupii.
Notidanus recurvus, tertiary (?)
Corax planus, chalk (?)
Galeocero latidens, tertiary (?)
Sphyrna prisca, chalk (?)
" dubia, molasse (?)
" lata (?)
Hemipristis pavidens, molasse (?)
Carcharodon subauriculatus, Maestricht (?)
" semiserratus, Malta (?)
" heterodon, Normandy (?)
" leptodon, tertiary (?)
Otodus recticonus, Malta (?)
Oxyrhina retroflexa, tertiary (?)
Lamna acutissima, tertiary (?)
" duplex, tertiary (?)
Ganodus curvidens (?)
Elasmodus Greenoughii (?)
Myliobates micropleurus (?)
" Stokesii (?)
" suturalis (?)
Aetobates sulcatus (?)

Sphenoccephalus fissicaudus, quaderstein of Westphalia.
Acrogaster parvus.
Hoptoptyx antiquus.
Beryx Zippel, slag-stone of Bohemia.
" ornatus, chalk, Sussex.
" radians, chalk, Sussex.
" microcephalus, chalk, Sussex.
" Germanus, quaderstandstein of Westphalia.
Rhacolepis latus, chalk of Brazil.
" buccalis, chalk of Brazil.
" Offerili, chalk of Brazil.

Acanus ovalis.
" Régleyi.
" arcuatus.
" oblongus.
" minor.
Podocypris minutus.
Fistularia Koenigii.

Pristigenys macrophthalmus, Monte Bolca.
Myripristis homopterygius, Monte Bolca.
Holocentum pygmaum, Monte Bolca.
" pigmaum, Monte Bolca.
Cyclopoma gigas, Monte Bolca.
" spinosum, Monte Bolca.
Lates gracilis, Monte Bolca.
" gibbus, Monte Bolca.
" notatus, Monte Bolca.
Apogon spinosus, Monte Bolca.
Labrax lepidotus, Monte Bolca.
" schizurus, Monte Bolca.
Smerdis miracanthus, Monte Bolca.
" pygmaus, Monte Bolca.
Enoplosus pygopterus, Monte Bolca.
Dules temnopterus, Monte Bolca.
" medius, Monte Bolca.
Pelates quinquedecimalis, Monte Bolca.
Serranna microstomus, Monte Bolca.
" occipitalis, Monte Bolca.
" ventralis, Monte Bolca.
Sparnodus macrophthalmus, Monte Bolca.
" ovalis, Monte Bolca.
" altivelis, Monte Bolca.
" micracanthus, Monte Bolca.
" elongatus, Monte Bolca.
Pagellus microdon, Monte Bolca.
" leptosteus, Lebanon.
Dentex leptacanthus, Monte Bolca.
" crassispinus, Monte Bolca.
" breviceps, Monte Bolca.
" microdon, Monte Bolca.
" ventralis, Monte Bolca.

Pristepoma fuscatum, Monte Bolca.
Odontes sparoides, Monte Bolca.
Pterygocephalus paradoxus, Monte Bolca.
Callipteryx speciosus, Monte Bolca.
" recticandus, Monte Bolca.
Gobius macrurus, Monte Bolca.
" microcephalus, Monte Bolca.
Acanthurus tenuis, Monte Bolca.
" ovalis, Monte Bolca.
Naseus nuchalis, Monte Bolca.
" rectifrons, Monte Bolca.
Semiopterus velifer, Monte Bolca.
" velicans, Monte Bolca.
Ephippus longipennis, Monte Bolca.
" oblongus, Monte Bolca.
Scatophagus frontalis, Monte Bolca.
Zancus brevirostris, Monte Bolca.
Pomacentrus subarenatus, Monte Bolca.
Platax altissimus, Monte Bolca.
" macropterygius, Monte Bolca.
" papillo, Monte Bolca.
Pygmaus gigas, Monte Bolca.
" nobilis, Monte Bolca.
" oblongus, Monte Bolca.
" dorsalis, Monte Bolca.
" nuchalis, Monte Bolca.
" Coleanus, Monte Bolca.
" Egertonii, Monte Bolca.
" gibbus, Monte Bolca.
Toxotes antiquus, Monte Bolca.
Fistularia tenuirostris, Monte Bolca.
Aulostoma Bolcense, Monte Bolca.
Urophena fistularis, Monte Bolca.
Amphisole longirostris, Monte Bolca.
Rhamphosus aculeatus, Monte Bolca.
Rhombus minimus, Monte Bolca.

Lates macrurus, calc. grossier of Sèvres.
Labrax major, calc. grossier of Passy.
Smerdis ventralis, gyps. of Montmartre.
" macrurus, lignite of Apt.
" minutus, gyps. of Aix in Provence.
Perca lepidota, fresh-water calc. of Oeningen.
" angusta, lignite of Mönst.
" Beaumontii, gyps. of Aix in Provence.
Dentex Faujasii, calc. grossier, Nanterre.
Sargus Cuvieri, gyps. of Montmartre.
Cottus brevis, fresh-water calc. of Oeningen.
" aries, gyps. of Aix, Provence.
" papyraceus, lignite of Monte-Viale, in Vicentine.
Macrostoma altum, calc. grossier of Nanterre.
Holacanthus microcephalus, calc. grossier of Châtillon.
Platax Woodwardi, crag of Suffolk.
Sciurus Bowerbankii, London clay of Sheppy.
" crassior, London clay of Sheppy.
Mugil princeps, gyps. of Aix in Provence.

Smerdis later (?)

Enchodus halocyon, chalk of Lewes.
" Faujasii, chalk of Maestricht.
Istius grandis, greensand of Westphalia.
" macrocephalus, greensand of Westphalia.
" microcephalus, greensand of Westphalia.
" gracilis, greensand of Westphalia.
Osmerus Cordieri, greensand of Ibbenbusen.
Osmeroides Monasterii, greensand of Ringenrode, near Munster.
" Lewesiensis, chalk of Lewes.
" granulatus, chalk of Lewes.
Acrogathus boops, chalk of Lewes.
Aulolepis typus, chalk of Lewes.
Tetrapterus minor, chalk of Lewes.
Hypsodon Lewesiensis, chalk of Lewes.
Saurocephalus lanciformis, chalk of New Jersey.
" striatus, chalk of England.
Saurodon Leanus, chalk of Lewes.

FOSSIL ICHTHYOLOGY.

Cycloids. Cladocycelus lewesensis, chalk of Lewes.
" Gardneri, chalk of Brazil.
Calamopleurus cylindricus, chalk of Brazil.
Halice Sterenbergii, flagstone of Bohemia.

II.—SCHISTS OF GLARIS.

Palaeorhynchus longirostre.
" Egertonii.
" Glarisianum.
" latum.
" medium.
" Colei.
" microspondylum.

Palimphytes longus.
" brevis.
" latus.

Archæus Glarisianus.
" brevis.

Pleionemus macrospondylus.

Anenchelum Glarisianum.

" isopleurum.
" dorsale.
" heteropleurum.
" latum.
" longipenne.

Neomptoryx crassus.

" elongatus.

Osmerus Glarisianus.

" megaptera.

" Scheuchzeri.

Uropteryx elongatus.

Microspondylus Escheri.

III.—MONTE BOLCA AND LEBANON.

Gasterosteus rhombeus, Monte Bolca.
" oblongus, Monte Bolca.
Acanthonemus filamentosus, Monte Bolca.
Vomer longispinus, Monte Bolca.
Lichia prisca, Monte Bolca.
Trachinotus tenuiceps, Monte Bolca.
Vomer parvulus, Lebanon.
Carangopsis latior, Monte Bolca.
" dorsalis, Monte Bolca.
" analis, Monte Bolca.
" maximus, Monte Bolca.
Amphistium paradoxum, Monte Bolca.
Dactor leptonotus, Monte Bolca.
Thynnus propterygius, Monte Bolca.
" Bolcensis, Monte Bolca.
Orcynus lanceolatus, Monte Bolca.
" latior, Monte Bolca.
Cypræa speciosum, Monte Bolca.
Xiphopterus falcatus, Monte Bolca.
Holosteus esocinus, Monte Bolca.
Engraulis evolans, Monte Bolca.
Sphyræna Bolcensis, Monte Bolca.
" gracilis, Monte Bolca.
" Amici, Monte Bolca.
" maxima, Monte Bolca.
Rhamphognathus paralepoides, Monte Bolca.
Mesogaster sphyrænoïdes, Monte Bolca.
Spinacanthus blennioides, Monte Bolca.
Labrus Valencienensis, Monte Bolca.
Lophius brachysomus, Monte Bolca.
Atherina macrocephala, Monte Bolca.
" minutissima, Monte Bolca.
Clupea macropoma, Monte Bolca.
" dentex, Murazzo Struttiano.
" Beurardi, Lebanon, Acre.
" brevissima, schist of Lebanon.
" lata, schist of Lebanon.
" tenuissima, Radusa and Mondrino near Rimini.
" minima, schist of Lebanon.
" leptostea, Monte Bolca.
" catopterygia, Monte Bolca.
" minuta, Monte Bolca.
Platix elongatus, Monte Bolca.
" gigas, Monte Bolca.
Catogaster analis, Monte Bolca.

Clupeina macrocephala, Monte Bolca.
Anguilla latispina, Monte Bolca.
" ventralis, Monte Bolca.
" brevicula, Monte Bolca.
" branchiostegalis, Monte Bolca.
" interspinalis, Monte Bolca.
" leptoptera, Monte Bolca.
Enchelyopus tigrinus, Monte Bolca.
Sphagebranchus formosissimus, Monte Bolca.
Ophirurus acuticaudus, Monte Bolca.
Leptoccephalus tænia, Monte Bolca.
" gracilis, Monte Bolca.
" medius, Monte Bolca.

IV.—TERTIARY FORMATION.

Acanthopsis angustus, fresh-water limestone of Oeningen.
Cobites centrochir, fresh-water limestone of Oeningen.
" cephalotes, fresh-water limestone of Oeningen.
Gobio analis, fresh-water limestone of Oeningen.
Tinca farcaia, fresh-water limestone of Oeningen.
" leptooma, fresh-water limestone of Oeningen.
" micropterygota, fresh-water limestone of Steinheim.
Leuciscus Oenigenensis, fresh-water limestone of Oeningen.
" latiusculus, fresh-water limestone of Oeningen.
" pusillus, fresh-water limestone of Oeningen.
" heterurus, fresh-water limestone of Oeningen.
" leptus, tripoli of Siebengebirge.
" macrurus, lignite of Bonn and Stöcken.
" papyraceus, lignite of Bilin.
" cephalon, lignite.
" Hartmanni, calc. tert. of Steinheim.
" gracilis, calc. of Steinheim.
" brevis, (?)
Aspius gracilis, fresh-water calc. of Oeningen.
" Brongnartii, lignite of Ménat.
Rhodus elongatus, fresh-water calc. of Oeningen.
" latior, fresh-water calc. of Oeningen.
Cyclurus Valencienensis, lignite of Ménat.
" minor, fresh-water calc. of Oeningen.
Lebiras cephalotes, tertiary of Aix, Provence.
" golbo, lignite of Sensen, Fichtelgebirge.
" Meyeri, near Frankfort.
" crassicaudus, clay of Pezaros, marl of Gesso, St Argelo.
" perpusillus, fresh-water calc. of Oeningen.
Esoc Otto, diluvial marl of Silesia.
" lepidotus, fresh-water calc. of Oeningen.
Sphenocephalus squamosus, Aix in Provence.
" Cuvieri, plaster quarries of Montmartre.
Mallotus villosus, coast of Iceland.
Alosa elongata, tripoli of Oran.
Colocephalus salmones, London clay of Sheppy.
Megalops priscus, London clay of Sheppy.
Notemus laticaudus, gyps. of Montmartre.
Haleopis levis, London clay of Sheppy.
Clupea Goldfussii, environs of Bingen.
Anguilla multiradiata, calc. of Aix.
" pachyura, fresh-water calc. of Oeningen.
Labrus Ibbetsoni, Swiss molasse.
Acanthonemus Bertrandi, Schio in Vicentine.
Zeus priscus,
Hemirhynchus Des Hayes, calc. grossier of Paris.
Cypræa macropoma, London clay of Sheppy.
Gonognathus coryphænoïdes, London clay of Sheppy.
" maxillaris, London clay of Sheppy.
Tetropterus priscus, London clay of Sheppy.
Colorhynchus rectus, London clay of Sheppy.
" sinuatus, London clay of Sheppy.
Sphyrænodus priscus, London clay of Sheppy.
" crassidens, London clay of Sheppy.
Hypsodon toliapicus, London clay of Sheppy.
" oblongus, London clay of Sheppy.
Colopoma Colei, London clay of Sheppy.
" læve, London clay of Sheppy.
Brachygnathus tenuiceps, London clay of Sheppy.
Rhynchorhinus branchialis, London clay of Sheppy.
Pachycephalus cristatus, London clay of Sheppy.
Podoccephalus nitidus, London clay of Sheppy.
Bothrostes latus, London clay of Sheppy.
" brevifrons, London clay of Sheppy.
Rhinocephalus planiceps, London clay of Sheppy.
Ampheristus toliapicus, London clay of Sheppy.
Ptychocephalus radiatus, London clay of Sheppy.