MAHMUD I., Sultan of Turkey, the son of Mustapha II., was born at Constantinople in 1696, and succeeded his uncle Ahmed III. on the Ottoman throne in 1730. He prosecuted the war which had been begun in the former reign against Nadir Shah of Persia. In 1734 the Russians commenced hostilities against the sultan, and in 1737 captured Oczakow and Kilburn. The Austrians joined them; but, after invading Wallachia, they were defeated at Krotka, and forced to accede to a disadvantageous peace in 1739. Not so honourable was the treaty struck soon afterwards between the Ottomans and Russians, by which the latter were allowed to retain part of the possessions they had captured. Meanwhile, a peace had been concluded with Persia in 1736, but was broken in 1743, and restored soon afterwards on terms unfavourable to the Ottomans. Mahmud died in December 1754.