PARALOGISM (literally false reckoning, from παρά, beyond, i.e., wrong, and λογισμός, a reckoning), a species of fallacy explained thus by Kant in his Logik, § 90:—"A rational reasoning which is false in form while valid in appearance is a fallacy. Such a reasoning is a paralogism if we are ourselves deceived by it. It is a sophism if we seek to deceive others." (See also Aristotle, De Sophisticis Elenchis; and the chapter on "Sophisms" in the Port-Royal Logic.)