PESHAWUR, the capital of the above province, on the Bara, about 18 miles E. of the eastern extremity of the Khyber pass, and 36 W. by N. of Attock, at an altitude of 1068 feet above the sea; N. Lat. 34, E. Long. 71. 38. It is defended by walls and a fort, which commands the whole of the town, the former having at intervals strong bastions. The fortress, which was erected by the Sikhs, occupies a square 220 yards each way, and has round towers at each corner. The walls are all built of mud; and the place is surrounded by a moat and by a fausse-braye. The principal street of Peshawur, which stretches eastward from the Kabool gate, is broad, and lined on each side with houses of one storey. This is the only good street in the town, as the side lanes which diverge from it are very narrow, irregular, and dirty, and the houses mean. Peshawur contains three open places, that in the centre, which is of a circular form, being the finest part of the town. The houses in it are regularly built, and have in front of them a circle of acacias. On each side of this area is an arched gateway leading to a square, one of which is used as a market for grain, and the other for silk cloth, leather, and other articles. The town at one time contained numerous mosques, many of them being magnificent buildings; but they have been profaned by the Sikhs, and are now fast falling into decay. The manufactures are very few, consisting principally of loongees, or light-blue scarfs of cotton. In the adjacent country large quantities of salt are obtained; there are also two productive lead mines, and nitre and sulphur are likewise found. A considerable trade is carried on between Afghanistan and India by Peshawur; and this has been much increased since the British took possession of it, by the removal of all the restrictions that had been imposed by the Sikhs. Peshawur was founded by the Mogul emperor Akbar, from whom it obtained its name, which signifies "the advanced post," as it is the frontier city of India. It was formerly much more populous than at present; and in the beginning of this century it contained 100,000 inhabitants. Runjee Singh took it after his victory over the Afghans at Noushera, and destroyed many of its finest buildings. Pop. 53,295, including 7706 Hindus.