KALUGA, the capital of the above government, is situate on the right bank of the Oka, 95 miles S.W. of Moscow. Though consisting of not more than 4000 houses, it is said to be nearly 7 miles in circumference. It is surrounded by a rampart, which has been formed into a public walk. The houses are chiefly wooden, and the streets narrow, crooked, and dirty. There are, however, some good public edifices,—as the government-house, town-hall, theatre, and several of the churches. Besides carrying on an extensive trade, it manufactures largely sail-cloth, woollens, cottons, leather, sugar, hats, &c. Pop. (1851) 29,580.