an improvement of the cycle of Meton, of nineteen years, which Calippus, a famous Grecian astronomer, finding in reality to contain nine- teen of Nabonassar's years, four days, and $\frac{3}{4}$, he, to avoid fractions, quadrupled the golden number, and by that means made a new cycle of seventy-six years; which time being expired, he supposed the lunation, or changes of the moon, would happen on the same day of the month, and hour of the day, that they were on seventy-six years before.

**CALIX.** See **CALYX.**

**CALIXTINS,** in church-history, a sect of Christians, in Bohemia and Moravia: the principal point in which they differed from the church, was the use of the chalice, or communicating in both kinds.

**CALIXTUS,** is also a name given to those, among the Lutherans, who follow the tenets of George Calixtus, a celebrated divine, who opposed the opinion of St Augustine, on predestination, grace, and free-will.

**CALKA,** a kingdom of Tartary, in Asia, to the east of Siberia.

**CALKING.** See **CAULKING.**

**CALKINS,** the prominent parts at the extremities of a horse-shoe, bent downwards, and forged to a sort of point.

Calkins are apt to make horses trip; they also occasion blynes, and ruin the back sinews. If fashioned in form of a hare's ear, and the horn of a horse's heel be pared a little low, they do little damage; whereas the great square calkins quite spoil the foot.

Calkins are either single or double, that is, at one end of the shoe, or at both: these last are deemed less hurtful, as the horse can tread more even.

**CALL,** among hunters, a leeson blown upon the horn, to comfort the hounds.

**CALLS,** natural and artificial, among fowlers, a sport much practised during the wooing season of partridges, especially for taking cock-partridges; for which they put a hen into a cage, to call and bring them near. The hen-partridge should be set near a hedge, in a thin, open, wire-cage, so that she may be seen at a good distance: then the net, called hallier, should be placed quite round the cage, each part about the distance of twenty feet: the fowler should retire behind the hedge.

**Artificial Calls** are best made of box, walnut-tree, or the like: they are formed of the bigness of an hen's egg, bored through from end to end; about the middle there must be a hole hollowed within, to the bottom; then have a pipe of a swan's quill, and the bone of a cat's foot, opened at one end, which must be conveyed into the hole at the end, and so thrust into the hole at the middle; rake afterwards a goose-quill, opened at both ends, and put it in at the other end of the call; blow into the quill, and it will make the like noise as the partridge-cock does.

**CALLA,** in botany, a genus of the gynandria polyandra class. The spathe is plain; the spadix is covered with floccules; it has no corolla; the berry contains many seeds. There are three species, none of them natives of Britain.

**CALLABAS,** a town of Indostan in Asia, upon the road from Surat to Agra.

**CALLAO,** a port-town in a little island on the coast of Peru, in South America, opposite to Lima: W. long. $76^\circ$, and S. lat. $12^\circ$.

**CALLEN,** a town of Ireland, in the county of Kilkenny, and province of Leinster, about ten miles southwest of Kilkenny: W. long. $7^\circ 22'$, and N. lat. $52^\circ 25'$.

**CALLICHTYS,** in ichthyology, the trivial name of a species of silurus. See **Silurus.**

**CALLICO,** in commerce, a kind of linen manufacture, made of cotton, chiefly in the East Indies, some of which are painted with various flowers of different colours; and others that are never dyed, having a stripe of gold and silver quite through the piece; and at each end they fix a tassel of gold, silver, and silk, intermixed with flowers. This manufacture is brought hither by the East-India company, and is re-exported by merchants to other parts of Europe. The general wear of stained or printed India calicoes in this nation having become a general grievance, and occasioning unspeakable distress upon our own manufacturers, they were prohibited by stat. 7 Geo. I. cap. vii.

**CALLIDRYS,** in ornithology, the trivial name of a species of motacilla. See **Motacilla.**

**CALIFORNIA,** a large country of the West Indies, lying between $116^\circ$ and $138^\circ$ W. long. and between $23^\circ$ and $46^\circ$ N. lat. It is uncertain whether it be a peninsula or an island.

**CALLIGONUM,** in botany, a genus of the polyandra digynia class. The calix has five leaves; the petals are four; it has two stigmas; and the capsule is divided into two partitions, each containing two seeds. There is but one species, viz. the polygonoides, a native of mount Ararat.

**CALLIGRAPHUS,** in antiquity, a copist or scriviner, who transcribed, in a fair hand, what the notaries had taken down in notes, or minutes, being generally in a kind of cypher or short-hand, which, as they were in that hand, being understood by few, were copied over fair and at length by persons who had a good hand, for sale, &c.

**CALLING the house,** in the British parliament, is the calling over the members names, every one answering to his own, and going out of the house, in the order in which he is called: this they do, in order to discover whether there be any persons there not returned by the clerk of the crown; or if any member be absent without leave of the house.

**CALLIONYMUS,** in ichthyology, a genus of fishes belonging to the order of jugulares. The upper lip is doubled up; the eyes are very near each other; the membrane of the gills has six radii; the operculum is shut; the body is naked; and the belly-fins are at a great distance from each other. There are three species of callionymus, viz. 1. The lyra, with the first bone of the back-fin as long as the body of the animal, and a cirrus at the anus. It is of the Atlantic. 2. The draunculus, with the first bone of the back-fin shorter than its body; which is of a spotted yellow colour. It frequents the shores of Genoa and Rome. 3. The indicus, has a smooth head with longitudinal wrinkles; the lower jaw is a little longer than the upper. per one; the tongue is obtuse and emarginated; the apertures of the gills are large; it is of a livid colour, and the anus is in the middle of the body. It is a native of Asia.