painting, is applied both to the drugs, and to the tints produced by those drugs variously mixed and applied.

The principal colours used by painters are red and white lead, or cerufts; yellow and red ochres; several kinds of earth, umbre, orpiment, lamp-black, burnt ivory, black lead, cinnabar or vermilion, gumboge, lacca, blue and green ashes, verdigris, bistre, bicce, smalt, carmine, ultra marine: each of which, with their uses, &c., are to be found under their proper articles.

Of these colours some are used tempered with gum-water, some ground with oil, others only in fresco, and others for miniature.

Painters reduce all the colours they use under these two classes, of dark and light colours: dark colours are black, and all others that are obscure and earthy, as umbre, bistre, &c.

Under light colours are comprehended white, and all that approach nearest to it.

Painters also distinguish colours into simple and mineral.

Under simple colours they rank all those which are extracted from vegetables, and which will not bear the fire; as the yellow, made of saffron, French berries, lacca, and other tinctures extracted from flowers, used by limners, illuminers, &c.

The mineral colours are those which being drawn from metals, &c., are able to bear the fire, and therefore used by enamellers. Changeable and permanent colours is another division, which, by some, is made of colours.

Changeable colours are such as depend on the situation of the objects with respect to the eye, as that of a pigeon's neck, taffeties, &c. The first however being attentively viewed by the microscope, each fibre of the feathers appears composed of several little squares, alternately red and green, so that they are fixed colours.

Local Colours. See Local.

Water Colours. See Water.

dying. There are, in the art of dying, five colours, called simple, primary, or mother colours, from the mixture of which all other colours are formed; these are blue, yellow, brown, red, and black. Of these colours, variously mixed and combined, they form the following colours, panfy, blue, and red; from the mixture of blue and scarlet are formed amaranth, violet, and panfy; from the same mixture of blue, crimson, and red, are formed the columbine, or dove-colour, purple-crimson, amaranth, panfy, and crimson-violet. See Botany, Vol. I. Here it is to be observed, that they give the name criminol to all colours made with cochineal.

**Colour**, in heraldry. The colours generally used in heraldry are red, blue, black, green, and purple, which the heralds call gules, azure, sable, vert or sapphire, and purpure; tenne or tawny, and sanguine, are not so common: as to yellow and white, called or and argent, they are metals, not colours.

The metals and colours are sometimes expressed in blazon by the names of precious stones, and sometimes by those of planets or stars. See **Blazoning**.

Oenomaus is said to have first invented the distinction of colours, to distinguish the gundillae of combatants of the Circensian games; the green for those who represented the earth, and blue for those who represented the sea.

**Colours**, in the military art, include the banners, flags, ensigns, &c. of all kinds, borne in the army or fleet. See **Flag** and **Standard**.

**Field-Colour.** See **Field**.

**Colours**, in the Latin and Greek churches, are used to distinguish several mysteries and feasts, celebrated therein.

Five colours only are regularly admitted into the Latin church; these are white, green, red, violet, and black: the white is for the mysteries of our Saviour, the feasts of the virgin, those of the angels, saints, and confessors; the red is for the mysteries and solemnities of the holy sacrament, the feasts of the apostles and martyrs; the green for the time between pentecost and advent, and from epiphany to septuagesima; the violet in advent and Christmas, in vigils, rogations, &c. and in votive masses in time of war; lastly, the black is for the dead, and the ceremonies thereto belonging.

In the Greek church, the use of colours is almost abolished, as well as among us: red was, in the Greek church, the colour for Christmas, and the dead, as black among us.

To **Colour strangers goods**, is when a freeman allows a foreigner to enter goods at the custom-house in his name.

**Colouring**, among painters, the manner of applying and conducting the colours of a picture; or the mixtures of light and shadows, formed by the various colours employed in painting. See **Painting**.

**Colouring of glass.** See **Glass**.

**Colouring of porcelain.** See **Porcelain**.

**Colt**, in zoology. See **Equus**.

**Colt-evil**, among farriers, a swelling of the yard and scrum, incident both to stoned horses and geldings; for which, after washing the part with lukewarm vinegar, it is usual to anoint them with juice of rue, mixed with honey, and boiled in hog's grease, adding bay-leaves and the powder of fenugreek.

**Colt's-foot**, in botany. See **Tussilago**.

**Coltie**, a term used by timber-merchants for a defect, or blemish, in some of the annular circles of a tree, whereby its value is much diminished.

**Coluber**, in zoology, a genus of serpents belonging to the class of amphibia. The characters are these:

They have a number of scuta, or hard crusts, on the belly; and scutellae, or scales, on the tail. Linnaeus enumerates no less than 97 species under this genus, distinguished solely by the number of scuta and scutellae. For the sake of brevity, we shall give the numbers in figures, the first denoting the number of scuta, and the second the number of scutellae, thus, 140-22.

The first species is the *vipera*, 118-22. This is the viper of the shops, the flesh of which has been much recommended in scrophulous, leprosy, and other obstinate chronic disorders: but its virtues in these cases have been too much exaggerated: the flesh of the viper is however highly nutritive, and is therefore properly esteemed to be a good restorative: but, to answer any good purpose, even when given with this intention, it ought to be used liberally, and for a considerable time, as food. This animal is a native of Egypt. The body is very short, and of a pale colour, with brownish spots; and the head is gibbous, and covered with small scales. 2. The *atropos*, 131-22, is a native of America; the body is white, and the eyes are brown, with a white iris. 3. The *leberis*, 110-50, is a native of Canada, and has many linear black rings. 4. The *ammodites*, 142-32, is about six inches long, and has an erect fleshy protuberance on its nose. It is a native of the East. 5. The *berus*, 146-39, or common British viper, is found in most countries in Europe: it is of a dusky blackish colour. 6. The *chersea*, 150-34, is a native of Sweden, and rather less than the asp. 7. The *prester*, 152-32, is found in the northern parts of Europe, and the whole body is black. 8. The *alpis*, 146-46, is a native of France, and is of a reddish colour, with dusky spots on the back. 9. The *lebetinus*, 155-46, is a native of Asia, and is of a cloudy colour, with red spots on the belly. 10. The *feverus*, 170-42, is likewise a native of Asia, and is ash-coloured, with white belts. 11. The *stolatus*, 143-76, is a native of Asia, and is of a greyish colour, with two white fillets. 12. The *laeetus*, 203-32, is a native of the Indies; the colour is white, with black spots. 13. The *naja*, 193-60, is a native of the East Indies; and is the most poisonous of all serpents; they are eat by the ichneumon. 14. The *atrox*, 196-69, is a native of Asia; it is of a hoary colour; and the head is compressed and covered with small scales. 15. The *niveus*, 209-62, is white, without any spots. It is a native of Africa. 16. The *corallinus*, 193-82, is a native of Asia: it is greyish, with three brown fillets. 17. The *diphas*, 152-135, is a native of America: it is of a blueish colour, with the margins of the scales white. 18. The *myctezians*, 192-167, is a native of America; the snout is stretched out, and triangular. Although this genus comprehends 97 species, the above 18 are all whose bite is supposed to be poisonous. The poison is contained in a little bag at the base of their long fangs. See **Natural History**.

The 19th species is the *lutrix*, 134-27; the back and belly are yellow; and the sides are blueish. It is a native of the Indies. 20. The *calamarius*, 140-22, is of a livid colour interspersed with dusky spots and and lines, and is found in America. 21. The simus, 124-46, is a native of Carolina; the head is roundish, flat, and gibbous; the body is interspersed above with black and white; and the belly is black. 22. The striatus, 126-45, is likewise a native of Carolina; the back is dusky and striated; and the belly is pale. 23. The cerastes, 150-25, is a native of Asia; the scales of the head are round and small; this is the horned viper of Hafselquist; but the horns are a mere imposition; the Arabians fix the spurs of a cock or other bird upon the head of the viper, in order to raise the admiration of travellers. 24. The plicatilis, 131-46, is of a livid colour, with dusky sides. 25. The domicella, 118-60, is a native of Asia; it is white, with black belts. 26. The alidras, 121-58, is a native of India, and is all white. 27. The punctatus, 136-43, is a native Carolina: It is ash-coloured, variegated with yellow spots. 28. The buccatus, 107-72, is dusky-coloured, with white belts, and is a native of Asia. 29. The angulatus, 117-70, is a native of Asia, and of a greyish colour, with black fillets. 30. The ceruleus, 165-24, is blueish, with white scales on one side: It is a native of America. 31. The albus, 170-20, is entirely white, and is a native of Asia. 32. The typhlus, 140-53, is a native of the Indies, and of a blueish colour. 33. The fasciatus, 128-67, is a native of Carolina; the scales are carinated, and the colour is blackish. 34. The melanocephalus, 140-62, is a native of America; the body is very smooth; the colour is dusky, and the head is black. 35. The cobra, 150-54, is very frequent in America: it is ash-coloured, interspersed with white lines. 36. The regina, 137-70, is a native of the Indies; the body is dusky, and the belly is black and white. 37. The dollatus, 164-43, is a native of Carolina; this is a small serpent, of a whitish colour, with black rings. 38. The ordinatus, 138-72, is likewise found in Carolina: It is blueish, and clouded with black spots. 39. The Mexicanus, 134-77, is a native of America. 40. The aurora, 179-37, is a native of America: it is livid, with a yellow back. 41. The sipedon, 144-73, is yellowish, and a native of North America. 42. The maurus, 152-66, is a native of Algiers: the body is yellowish above, and the belly is red. 43. The vitatus, 142-78, is a native of America; the edges of the scales are yellowish, and there is a white dentated fillet under the anus. 44. The milarius, 162-59, is a native of the Indies; the body is yellow, with a white spot in each scale; and the belly is white. 45. The asculapii, 180-43, is a native of the Indies: it has white and black belts. 46. The rhombatus, 157-70, is a native of the Indies: the colour is blueish, with black spots. 47. The cyanus, 119-110, is a native of America: it is of an azure colour, and the belly is green. 48. The natrix, 170-60, is a native of Europe: it is black, with a white spot on each side of the neck. 49. The agilis, 184-50, is a native of the Indies; it has yellow and white belts. 50. The jaculatrix, 163-77, is a native of Surinam. 51. The aulicus, 184-60, is a native of America, and is of a greyish colour, with white belts. 52. The monilis, 164-82, is a native America; the body is annulated, with three white spots on the collar. 53. The fulvius, 218-31, is a native of Carolina: it has 22 black rings, and as many yellow, placed alternately. 54. The pallidus, 156-96, is a native of the Indies, and is of a pale colour, with grey and yellow spots. 55. The lineatus, 169-84, is a native of Asia: it is blueish, with four linear fillets. 56. The padera, 108-56, is a native of the Indies: it is white, with yellowish spots. 57. The canus, 188-70, is a native of the Indies: it is of a hoary colour, with yellowish belts. 58. The gelatus, 215-44, is a native of Carolina: it is of a blackish blue colour, with yellow linear belts. 59. The fimbriatus, 160-100, is a native of Asia; and is blue, with black fillets, and a white belly. 60. The laticaudatus, 220-42, is a native of the Indies: it is ash-coloured, with yellow belts; and the tail is obtuse and compressed. 61. The trifasciatus, 150-114, is a native of Canada: the body is of a dirty yellow colour, with three blueish green fillets. 62. The fibon, 180-85, is a native of Africa: it is of a yellowish iron-colour, interspersed with white; and the belly is white, with yellow spots. 63. The nebulatus, 185-81, is a native of America: it is clouded with yellow and an ash colour, and the belly is variegated with yellow and white. 64. The fusca, 149-117, is a native of Asia; it is yellow and ash-coloured, and there are yellow spots behind the eyes. 65. The saturninus, 147-120, is a native of the Indies: it is livid and coloured with an ash-colour, and the eyes are very large. 66. The candidus, 220-50, is a native of the Indies: it is white, with yellow belts. 67. The scaber, 228-44, is a native of the Indies: it is clouded with black and yellow, and the scales are carinated. 68. The carinatus, 157-115, is a native of the Indies: it is of a lead colour, and the edges of the scales are tipped with white; the belly is white, and the back is carinated. 69. The vivorus, 203-73, is a native of America. 70. The saurita, 156-121, is a native of Carolina: it is of a greenish colour. 71. The constrictor, 186-92, is a native of North America: it is black and smooth; the belly is of a palish green; and the nape of the neck is white. This species is so bold, that it even attacks men, twisting about their legs, and breaking their bones: it runs very quickly; but its bite is not poisonous. 72. The exoletus, 147-132, is a native of the Indies: it is blueish and ash-coloured. 73. The titula, 236-45, is a native of Egypt: It is greyish. 74. The trifasciatus, 195-86, is a native of the Indies: It is of an azure colour. 75. The guttatus, 227-60, is a native of Carolina: It is of a livid colour, with red and black spots on the back. 76. The lemnicatus, 250-35, is a native of Asia: The body is very smooth, and variegated with white and black rings. 77. The annulatus, 190-95, is a native of America: It is white, with round yellow spots. 78. The pehas, 187-103, is a native of the Indies: It is yellow behind the eyes, and the rest is blackish. 79. The tyria, 210-83, is a native of Egypt: It is whitish, with yellow spots. 80. The jugularis, 195-102, is a native