an angel occupying the eighth rank in the celestial hierarchy.

city of Russia, in the province of Hierar- Dwina, situated on the east side of the river Dwina, by about six miles from the White Sea, in E. Long. 40° 21'. N. Lat. 64° 30'. The city extends about two miles in length, is rich, populous, and built in the modern taste; it is a metropolitan see. Archangel owed its wealth and importance originally to the English, by whom it was discovered in the year 1553. Richard Chancellor, master of one of the ships fitted out under the command of Sir Hugh Willoughby, who had re- ceived a commission to go in quest of the north-east passage to China, was separated from the rest of the fleet, and obliged by fogs of weather to put into the bay of St Nicholas on the White Sea. The Czar Iwan Basilowicz, being informed of his arrival, invited him to his court, where he was hospitably entertained; and the Czar indulged the English with a free trade in his dominions: in consequence of this permission, a com- pany of merchants was incorporated in London; and, being encouraged by particular privileges from the Czar, set on foot a considerable commerce, to the mu- tual advantage of both nations. Before this period, the Russian commodities were usually conveyed to Narva, in the gulf of Finland; but the channel of trade was soon turned to Archangel, and this traffic the English for some time enjoyed without competition. The Dutch, however, and other nations, gradually influen- ced themselves into this commerce; which they car- ried on to a very great disadvantage, as not being fa- voured with those privileges which the Czar had grant- ed to the English company: these were at last unhap- pily lost, in the time of the great rebellion. When the Czar heard that the English nation had brought their sovereign to the scaffold, he was so exasperated a- gainst them, that he forthwith deprived them of the immunities in trade which they had hitherto enjoyed in the dominions of Russia; nor could our company with all its efforts retrieve them in the sequel; so that our merchants were obliged to trade at Archangel on The elector of Brandenburg was appointed by the golden bull archchamberlain of the empire.