of Brescia, in Italy, distinguished himself by being the founder of a sect, which opposed the wealth and power of the Roman clergy. He went into France, where he studied under the celebrated Peter Abelard. Upon his return to Italy, he put on the habit of a monk, and maintained in his sermons, That the pope and the clergy ought not to enjoy any temporal estate; and that those ecclesiastics who had any estates of their own, or held any lands, were entirely cut off from the least hopes of salvation: that the clergy ought to subsist upon the alms and voluntary contributions of Christians; and that all other revenues belonged to princes and states, in order to be disposed of among the laity, as they thought proper. He maintained also several heresies with regard to baptism and the Lord's supper. St Bernard has drawn his character in very strong colours. "Would to God (says he) that his doctrine was as holy as his life is strict: would you know what sort of man this is? Arnold of Brescia is a man that neither eats nor drinks; who, like the devil, is hungry and thirsty after the blood of souls; who goes to and fro upon the earth, and is always doing among strangers what he cannot do amongst his own countrymen; who ranges like a roaring lion, always seeking whom he may devour; an enemy to the cross of Christ, an author of discord, an inventor of schisms, and a disturber of the public peace: he is a man, whose conversation has nothing but sweetness, and his doctrine nothing but poison in it; a man who has the head of a dove, and the tail of a scorpion." He engaged a great number of persons in his party, who were distinguished by his name, and proved very formidable to the popes. His doctrines rendered him so obnoxious, that he was condemned in the year 1139, in a council of near 1000 prelates, held in the church of St John Lateran at Rome, under Pope Innocent II. Upon this he left Italy, and retired to Switzerland. After the death of that pope, he returned to Italy, and went to Rome, where he raised a sedition against Pope Eugenius III. and afterwards against Hadrian IV., who laid the people of Rome under an interdict till they had banished Arnold and his followers. This had its desired effect: the Romans seized upon the houses which the Arnoldists had fortified, and obliged them to retire to Otricoli in Tuscany; where they were received with the utmost affection by the people, who considered Arnold as a prophet. However, he was seized some time after by cardinal Gerard; and notwithstanding the efforts of the viceroys of Campania, who had refused him, he was carried to Rome, and condemned by Peter, the prefect of that city, to be hanged, and was accordingly executed in the year 1155. Thirty of his followers went from France to England, about the year 1160, in order to propagate their doctrine there; but they were immediately seized and destroyed.