the capital city of Hungary, called Ösztör by the inhabitants, and Buden by the Turks. It is large, well fortified, and has a castle that is almost impregnable. The houses are tolerably handsome, being most of them built with square stone. It was a much finer place before the Turks had it in their possession; but they being masters of it 135 years, have suffered the finest buildings to fall to decay. The lower city, or Jews town, extends like suburbs from the upper city to the Danube. The upper town takes up all the declivity of a mountain; and is fortified with good walls, which have towers at certain distances. The castle, which is at the extremity of the hill, on the east side, and commands the greatest part of it, is surrounded with a very deep ditch, and defended by an old-fashioned tower, with the addition of new fortifications. There is also a suburb, inclosed with hedges, after the Hungarian manner. The most sumptuous structures now are the caravanseras, the mosques, bridges, and baths. These last are the finest in Europe, for the magnificence of the building, and plenty of water. Some of the springs are used for bathing and drinking; and others are so hot, that they cannot be used without a mixture of cold water. The Danube is about three quarters of a mile in breadth; and there is a bridge of boats between this city and Pest, consisting of 63 large pontoons. The Jews have a synagogue near the castle-gardens. The adjacent country is fruitful and pleasant, producing rich wines; though in some places they have a sulphureous flavour.

This city was the residence of the Hungarian monarchs till the Turks took it in 1526. Ferdinand archduke of Austria recovered it the next year; but in 1529 the Turks became masters of it again. In 1684 the Christians laid siege to it; but they were obliged to raise it soon after, though they had an army of 80,000 men. Two years after, the Turks lost it again, it being taken by assault in the fight of a very numerous army. The booty that the Christians found there was almost incredible, because the rich inhabitants had lodged their treasury in this city as a place of safety. However, part of these riches were lost in the fire occasioned by the assault. This last siege cost the Christians a great deal of blood, because there were many in the camp who carried on a secret correspondence with the Turks. When the feralisk saw the city on fire, and found he could not relieve it, he beat his head against the ground for anger. In 1687, this city had like to have fallen into the hands of the Turks again, by treachery. After this, the Christians augmented the fortifications of this place, to which the Pope contributed 100,000 crowns, for this is looked upon as the key of Christendom. It is seated on the Danube, 105 miles south-east of Vienna, 163 north by west of Belgrade, and 563 north-west of Constantinople. E. Long. 19. 22. N. Lat. 47. 20.

(the beglerbegic of), was one of the chief governments of the Turks in Europe. It included all the countries of Upper Hungary between the rivers Tisza and Danube, and between Agria and Novigrad, all Lower Hungary, from Gran and Canica, the eastern part of Slavonia, and almost all Servia; but a good part of this government now belongs to the queen of Hungary.

BUDDÆUS (William), the most learned man in France in the 15th century, was descended of an ancient and illustrious family, and born at Paris in 1497. He was placed young under masters; but barbarism prevailed so much in the schools of Paris, that Buddæus took a dislike to them, and spent his whole time in idleness, till his parents sent him to the university of Orleans to study law. Here he passed three years without adding to his knowledge; for his parents sending for him back to Paris, found his ignorance no less than before, and his reluctance to study, and love to gaming and other youthful pleasures, much greater. They talked no more to him of learning of any kind; and as he was heir to a large fortune, left him to follow his own inclinations. He was passionately fond of hunting, and took great pleasure in horses, dogs, and hawks. The fire of youth beginning to cool, and his usual pleasures to pall upon his senses, he was seized with an irresistible passion for study. He immediately disposed of all his hunting equipage, and even abridged himself from all business to apply himself wholly to study, in which he made, without any assistance, a very rapid and amazing progress, particularly in the Latin and Greek languages. The work which gained him greatest reputation was his treatise de Arte. His erudition and high birth were not his only advantages; he had an uncommon share of piety, modesty, gentleness, and good-breeding. The French king Francis I. often sent for him; and at his persuasion, and that of Du Bellay, founded the royal college of France, for teaching the languages and sciences. The king sent him to Rome with the character of his ambassador to Leo X. and in 1522 made him master of requests. The same year, he was chosen provost of the merchants. He died at Paris in 1550. His works, making four volumes in folio, were printed at Basil in 1557.

BUDDÆUS (John Francis), a celebrated Lutheran divine, and one of the most learned men Germany has produced, was born in 1667, at Anklam a town of Pomerania, where his father was minister. He was at first Greek and Latin professor at Colburg; afterwards professor of morality and politics in the university of Hall; and at length, in 1705, professor of divinity at Jena, where he fixed, and where he died, after having acquired a very great reputation. His principal works are, 1. A large historical German dictionary. 2. Historia ecclesiastica Veteris Testamenti, 2 vols 4to. 3. Elementa philosophiae practicae, instrumentalis et theoreticae, 3 vols 8vo; which has had a great number of editions, because, in most of the universities of Germany, the professors take this work for the text of their lessons. 4. Selecta juris naturae et gentium. 5. Miscellanea sacra, 3 vols 4to. 6. Hagiographico-theologica ad theologiam universam, singulareque ejus partes, 2 vols 4to; which is much valued by the Lutherans. 7. A treatise on atheism and superstition.