the name given by the moderns to a gem, which was called the topaz by the ancients. All the modern jewellers, and those of several ages before them, have agreed in calling this gem the chrysolite: and the true chrysolite of the ancients, which had its name from its fine gold yellow colour, they now universally call the topaz.

The chrysolite of our times, the topaz of the ancients, is, even in its most pure and perfect state, a gem of but small beauty, and little value. It is found of various sizes, and some of the coarser pieces of it are vastly larger than those of any of the other gems are ever found to be: its most frequent size, however, when perfect, is about the size of a nutmeg. It is found of very various figures, but never columnar, or in the form of crystal: it is in some places found small, or in irregular pebble-like masses; in others, generally oblong and flattened; and is always of a rude surface, and less bright than any of the other gems. Its colour is a dead green, with a faint admixture of a pale yellow. It has these different tinges, in the several specimens, in different degrees of mixture; but its most usual colour is that of an unripe olive with somewhat of a brassy colour mixed with it; and sometimes it is of a pale and dusky green, obscured by a mixture of brown, and with a slight cast of the same brassy yellow. It is much softer than any of the pellicid gems; its finest pieces do not exceed crystal in hardness, and its coarser are greatly softer; it takes a good polish, however; and, in some of its finer specimens, makes a tolerable appearance, though greatly inferior to the other gems. Our jewellers take very little Chrysolite little notice of it; and instead of having two or three names for it, as they have for most of the other gems, they call it very often a prasius, and the less accurate among them often call the chrysoptilus a chrysolite.

This stone is found in New Spain, and also in several parts of Europe, as in Silelia, Bohemia, &c. The American chrysolites, however, are greatly superior to the European; but they are usually small: the Bohemian are large, but very few of them are of a good colour, or free from flaws.

**Chrysolite-Paste**, a kind of glass made in imitation of natural chrysolite, by mixing two ounces of prepared crystal with ten ounces of red-lead, adding twelve grains of crocus martis made with vinegar; and then baking the whole for twenty-four hours, or longer, in a well-luted cucurbit.

**Chrysomela**, in zoology, a genus of insects, belonging to the order of coleoptera. The antennae are shaped like bracelets, and thicker on the outside; and neither the breast nor the elytra are margined. There are no less than 122 species enumerated by Linnaeus, principally distinguished by differences in their colour.

**Chrysophyllum**, or **bully-tree**, a genus of the monogynia order, belonging to the pentandra class of plants. There are two species, the camito and glabrum, both natives of the West Indies. The first rises 30 or 40 feet high, with a large trunk covered with a brown bark, and divides into many flexible slender branches, which generally hang downward, garnished with spear-shaped leaves, whose undersides are of a bright ruffler colour. The flowers come out at the extremities of the branches, disposed in oblong bunches, which are succeeded by fruit of the size of a golden pipkin, that are very rough to the palate, and alluring; but when kept some time mellow, as is practised here with medlars, they have an agreeable flavour. The second sort never rises to the height of the first, nor do the trunks grow to half the size; but the branches are slender and garnished with leaves like those of the first. The flowers come out in clusters from the side of the branches, which are succeeded by oval smooth fruit about the size of olives, including three or four hard compressed seeds. Both these plants are frequently preserved in gardens where there are large flows, and are propagated by seeds, but the plants can never bear the open air in this country.

**Chrysoprasus**, or **Chrysoprasius**, the tenth of the precious stones, mentioned in the Revelations, as forming the foundation of the heavenly Jerusalem. The chrysoptilus is a species of prasius, of a pale, but pure green colour, with an admixture of yellow.

**Chrysostom** (St John), a celebrated patriarch of Constantinople, and one of the most admired fathers of the Christian church, was born of a noble family at Antioch, about the year 347. He studied rhetoric under Libavius, and philosophy under Andragathus; after which he spent some time in solitude in the mountains near Antioch; but the austerities he endured, having impaired his health, he returned to Antioch, where he was ordained deacon by Meletius Flavian, Meletius's successor, raised him to the office of presbyter five years after; when he distinguished himself so greatly by his eloquence, that he obtained the surname of Golden Mouth. Nestorius patriarch of Constantinople, dying in 397, St Chrysostom, whose fame was spread throughout the whole empire, was chosen in his room by the unanimous consent of both the clergy and the people. The emperor Arcadius confirmed this election, and caused him to leave Antioch privately, where the people were very unwilling to part with him. He was ordained bishop on the 26th of February, 398; when he obtained an order from the emperor against the Eunomians and Montanists; reformed the abuses which subsisted amongst his clergy; retrenched a great part of the expenses in which his predecessors had lived, in order to enable him to feed the poor and build hospitals; and preached with the utmost zeal against the pride, luxury, and avarice of the great. But his pious liberty of speech procured him many powerful enemies. He differed with Theophilus of Alexandria, who got him deposed and banished; but he was soon recalled. After this, declaiming against the dedication of a statue erected to the empress, he banished him into Cuculus in Armenia, a most barren, inhospitable place; afterwards, as they were removing him from Petrus, the soldiers treated him so roughly, that he died by the way, A.D. 407. The best edition of his works is that published at Paris in 1718, by Montfaucon.

**Crystal.** See **Crystal**.

**Chubb**, or **Chuss**, in ichthyology. See **Cyprinus**.

**Chubb** (Thomas), a noted polemical writer, born at East Harnham, a village near Salisbury, in 1679. He was put apprentice to a glover at Salisbury, and afterwards entered into partnership with a tallow-chandler. Being a man of strong natural parts, he employed all his leisure in reading; and though a stranger to the learned languages, became tolerably versed in geography, mathematics, and other branches of science. His favourite study was divinity; and he formed a little society for the purpose of debating upon religious subjects, about the time that the Trinitarian controversy was so warmly agitated between Clarke and Waterland. This subject therefore falling under the cognizance of Chubb's theological assembly, he at their request drew up and arranged his sentiments on it, in a kind of dissertation; which was afterward published under the title of *The Supremacy of the Father asserted*, &c. In this piece Mr Chubb shewed great talents in reasoning; and acquired so much reputation, that the late Sir Joseph Jekyll, master of the rolls, took him into his family to enjoy his conversation: but though he is said to have been tempted to remain with him by the offer of a genteel allowance, he did not continue with him many years; but chose to return to his friends at Salisbury. He published afterward a 4th volume of tracts, which Mr Pope informs his friend Gay, he "read through with admiration of the writer, though not always with approbation of his doctrine." He died a single man in the 68th year of his age, and left behind him 2 vols. of posthumous tracts, in which he appears to have had little or no belief in revelation. But however licentious his way of thinking may be deemed, nothing irregular irregular or immoral has been fairly imputed to him in his life and actions.