bishop of Rome, where he is said to have been born; and to have been fellow labourer with St Peter and St Paul. We have nothing remaining of his works that is clearly genuine, excepting one epistle, written to quiet some disturbances in the church of Corinth; which, next to holy writ, is esteemed one of the most valuable remains of ecclesiastical antiquity.

CLEMENS Alexandrinus, so called to distinguish him from the former; was an eminent father of the church, who flourished at the end of the second and beginning of the third centuries. He was the scholar of Pantanus, and the instructor of Origen. The best edition of his works is that in 2 vols folio, published in 1715, by archbishop Potter.

CLEMENT V. (pope), the first who made a public sale of indulgences. He transplanted the holy see to Avignon in France; greatly contributed to the suppression of the knights templars; and was author of a compilation of the decrees of the general councils of Vienna, titled Clementinae. He died in 1314.

CLEMENT VII. (Julius de Medici), pope, memorable for his refusing to divorce Catharine of Arragon from Henry VIII.; and for the bull he published upon the king's marriage with Anne Boleyn; which, according to the Roman authors, lost him England. He died in 1534.

CLEMENT XIV. (Francis Laurentius Gauganelli), the late pope, was born at St Angelo in the duchy of Urbino, in October 1705; and chosen pope, though not yet a bishop, in 1769: at which time the see of Rome was involved in a most disagreeable and dangerous contest with the house of Bourbon. His reign was rendered troublesome by the collision of parties on the affairs of the Jesuits; and it is pretended that his latter days were embittered by the apprehensions of poison. Though this report was probably apocryphal, it is said that he often complained of the heavy burden which he was obliged to bear; and regretted, with great sensibility, the loss of that tranquillity which he enjoyed in his retirement when only a simple Franciscan. He was, however, fortunate in having an opportunity, by a single act, to distinguish a short administration of five years in such a manner as will ever prevent its sinking into obscurity. His death was immediately attributed to poison, as if an old man of 70, loaded with infirmities and disorders, could not quit the world without violence. His proceedings against the Jesuits furnished a plausible pretence for this charge; and the malevolence of their enemies embellished it with circumstances. It even seems as if the ministers of those powers who had procured their dissolution did not think it beneath them to countenance the report; as if falsehood was necessary to prevent the revival of a body which had already sunk in its full strength, under the weight of real misconduct. The charge was the more ridiculous, as the Pontiff had undergone a long and painful illness, which originally proceeded from a suppression of urine, to which he was subject; yet the report was propagated with the greatest industry: and though the French and Spanish ministers were present at the opening of his body, the most horrible circumstances were published relative to that operation. It was confidently told that the head fell off from the body, and that the stench poisoned and killed the operators. It availed but little that the operators showed themselves alive and in good health, and that the surgeons and physicians proved the falsehood of every part of the report. Clement XIV. appears to have been a man of a virtuous character, and possessed of considerable abilities. He died much regretted by his subjects.

CLÉNARD (Nicholas), a celebrated grammarian in the 16th century, was born at Dieff; and after having taught humanity at Louvain, travelled into France, Spain, Portugal, and Africa. He wrote in Latin:

1. Letters relating to his Travels, which are very curious and scarce. 2. A Greek Grammar, which has been revised and corrected by many grammarians; and other works. He died at Grenoble, in 1542.