on board a ship, he that looks to the casks and all other vessels for beer, water, or any other liquor. He hath a mate under him.

(Anthony Ashley), first earl of Shaftesbury, a most able statesman, was the son of Sir John Cooper, Bart. of Rockborn in Hampshire, and was born in 1621. He was elected member for Tewkesbury at 19 years of age, in the short parliament that met April 13th, 1640. He seems to have been well affected to the king's service at the beginning of the civil wars; for he repaired to the king at Oxford with offers of assistance: but prince Maurice breaking articles to a town in Dorsetshire that he had got to receive him, furnished him with a pretence for going over to the parliament, from which he accepted a commission. When Richard Cromwell was deposed, and the Rump came again into power, they nominated Sir Anthony one of their council of state, and a commissioner for managing the army. At that very time he had engaged in a secret correspondence for restoring Charles II., and, upon the king's coming over, was sworn of his privy council. He was one of the commissioners for the trial of the regicides; was soon after made chancellor of the exchequer, then a commissioner of the treasury; in 1672 was created earl of Shaftesbury; and soon after was raised to the post of lord chancellor. He filled this office with great ability and integrity; and though the short time he was at the helm was in a tempestuous season, it is doing him justice to say, nothing could either distract or affright him. The great seal was taken from him in 1673, 12 months after his receiving it; but, though out of office, he still made a distinguished figure in parliament, for it was not in his nature to remain inactive. He drew upon himself the implacable hatred of the duke of York, by steadily promoting, if not originally inventing, the famous project of an exclusion-bill. When his enemies came into power, he found it necessary to consult his safety by retiring into Holland, where he died six weeks after his arrival, in 1683. While his great abilities are confessed by all, it has been his misfortune to have his history recorded by his enemies, who studied to render him odious. Butler has given a very severe character of him in his Hudibras.

(Anthony Ashley), earl of Shaftesbury, was son of Anthony earl of Shaftesbury, and grandson of Anthony first earl of Shaftesbury, lord high chancellor of England. He was born in 1671, at Exeter-house in London, where his grandfather lived, who from the time of his birth conceived so great an affection for him, that he undertook the care of his education; and he made so good a progress in learning, that he could read with ease both the Latin and Greek languages, when only 11 years old. In 1683, his father carried him to the school at Winchester, where he was often insulted on his grandfather's account, whose memory was odious to the zealots for delictive power: he therefore prevailed with his father to consent to his desire of going abroad. After three years stay abroad, he returned to England, in 1689, and was offered a seat in parliament in some of those boroughs where his family had an interest. But this offer he did not now accept, that he might not be interrupted in the course of his studies, which he prosecuted five years more, with great vigour and success; till, on Sir John Trenchard's death, he was elected burgess for Pool. Soon after his coming into parliament, he had an opportunity given him of expressing that spirit of liberty by which he uniformly directed his conduct on all occasions. It was the bringing in and promoting "the act for regulating trials in cases of high treason." But the fatigues of attending the house of commons, in a few years impaired his health, that he was obliged to decline coming again into parliament after the dissolution in 1698. He then went to Holland, were the conversation of Mr Bayle, Mr Le Clerc, and several other learned and ingenious men, induced him to reside a twelvemonth. Soon after he returned to England he became earl of Shaftesbury. But his own private affairs hindered him from attending the house of lords till the second year of his peerage, when he was very earnest to support king William's measures, who was at that time projecting the grand alliance. So much was he in favour with king William, that he had the offer of secretary of state; but his declining constitution would not allow him to accept it. Though he was disabled from engaging in business, the king consulted him on matters of very high importance; and it is pretty well known that he had the greatest share in composing that celebrated half speech of king William, December 31st, 1701. On Queen Anne's accession to the throne, he returned to his retired manner of life, being no longer advised with concerning the public; and was then removed from the vice admiralty of Dorset, which had been in the family for three generations. In 1703, he made a second journey to Holland, and returned to England the year following. The French prophets soon after this, having by their enthusiastic extravagancies made a great noise throughout the nation, and, among different opinions, some advising a prosecution, the lord Shaftesbury apprehended prehended that such measures tended rather to inflame than to cure the disease, and this occasioned his letter concerning Enthusiasm. In 1711, finding his health still declining, he was advised to seek assistance from a warmer climate, and accordingly set out for Naples; where he lived near two years, and died there in 1713. In the three volumes of his characteristics, he completed the whole of his writings which he intended should be made public, though we have several pieces of his published by other hands. His principal study was the writers of antiquity, from which he formed to himself the plan of his philosophy.

(Samuel), a very eminent English miniature painter, born in 1609, and bred under the care of his uncle John Hopkins. He derived, however, his principal excellence from a study of the works of Van Dyck, in whose style he lived; infomuch that he was commonly styled "Van Dyck in little." His pencil was chiefly confined to the head, in which, with all its dependences, especially the hair, he was imitative; but if he descended lower, his incorrectness was notorious. He died in 1672; and his pieces are universally admired all over Europe, selling for incredible prices. —He had a brother, Alexander, likewise a good miniature painter, who became linner to Christina queen of Sweden.

(Thomas), a pious and learned prelate in the reign of queen Elizabeth, was born at Oxford about the year 1517. He was educated in the school adjoining to Madalene college, of which he was a chorister; where also, in 1539, he was elected probationer, and fellow in the following year. About the year 1546, quitting his fellowship, he applied himself to the study of physic, in 1556 took the degree of bachelor in that faculty, and practised as physician at Oxford. Being inclined to the Protestant religion, probably this was only a prudent suspension of his final intentions, during the Popish reign of queen Mary: for, on the accession of Elizabeth, he resumed the study of divinity; became a celebrated preacher, was made dean of Christchurch and vice-chancellor of the university, having accumulated the degrees of bachelor and doctor in divinity. In 1569 he was made dean of Gloucester; and, the year following, bishop of Lincoln: whence, in 1584, he was translated to the see of Winchester; in which city he died on the 29th of April 1594, and was buried in the cathedral there, on the south side of the choir. The several writers who have mentioned Dr Cooper, unanimously give him the character of an eloquent preacher, a learned divine, and a good man. He had the misfortune while at Oxford to marry a lady whose gallantries became notorious: nevertheless he would not be divorced from her; knowing that he could not live without a wife, he did not choose "to charge his conscience with the scandal of a second marriage."—He wrote, 1. the Epitome of Chronicles from the 17th year after Christ, to 1549, and thence after to 1560. 2. Thesaurus linguae Romanae et Britannicae. This dictionary, which is an improvement upon Elyot's, was much admired by queen Elizabeth, who thenceforward determined to promote the author. 3. A brief exposition of such chapters of the Old Testament, as usually are read in the church, at common prayer, on Sundays throughout the year.

An admonition to the people of England. 5. Ser. Co-ordinate