in anatomy, a species of DIARTHROSION.

ENCÆNIA, the name of three several feasts celebrated by the Jews in memory of the dedication, or rather purification, of the temple, by Judas Maccabæus.

Vol. IV.

(a) Spanish chalk is called by Dr Parsons, in a note, Spanish white. This is a better kind of whitening than the common, and was the only white that had the name of Spanish annexed to it, that I could procure, tho' I inquired for it at most if not all the colour-shops in town.

My friend Mr da Colta shewed me a piece of Spanish chalk in his collection, which seemed more like a Cimolza (tobacco pipe clay), and was the reason of my using that in one of the experiments. mained after it had been planed, and afterwards was rubbed over with as much dry Spanish white as could be made to stick on it. This, on being painted (the colours mixed with water only), to clogged the pencil, and mixed so unequally with the ground, that it was impossible to make even an outline, but what was so much thicker in one part than another, that it would not bear so much as the name of painting; neither had it any appearance of a picture. However, to pursue the experiment, this was put at a distance from the fire, on the hearth, and the wax melted by slow degrees: but the Spanish white, (though laid as smooth as so soft a body would admit, before the colour was laid on), yet on melting the wax into it, was not sufficient to hide the grain of the wood, nor show the colours by a proper whitening of the ground; the wax, in rubbing on the board, was unavoidably thicker in some parts than in others, and the Spanish white the same: on this I suspected there must be some mistake in the Spanish white, and made the inquiry mentioned in the note.

"To obviate the inequality of the ground in the first experiment:

"Exp. 2. A piece of old wainscot (oak board) of an inch thick, which, having been part of an old drawer, was not likely to shrink on being brought near the fire: this was smoothed with a fish-skin, made quite warm before the fire; and then, with a brush dipped in white wax, melted in an earthen pipkin, smeared all over, and applied to the fire again, that the wax might be equally thick on all parts of the board, a ground was laid (on the waxed board), with levigated chalk mixed with gum water, (viz. gum Arabic dissolved in water): when it was dry, I painted it with a kind of landscape; and pursuing the method laid down by Count Caylus, brought it gradually to the fire. I fixed the picture on a fire-screen, which would preserve the heat, and communicate it to the back part of the board. This was placed first at the distance of three feet from the fire, and brought forwards by slow degrees, till it came within one foot of the fire, which made the wax swell and blow up the picture; but as the chalk did not absorb the wax, the picture fell from the board and left it quite bare.

"Exp. 3. I mixed three parts white wax, and one part white resin, hoping the tenacity of the resin might preserve the picture. This was laid on a board heated, with a brush, as in the former; and the ground was chalk, prepared as before. This was placed horizontally on an iron box, charged with an hot heater, shifting it from time to time, that the wax and resin might penetrate the chalk; and hoping from this position, that the ground, bloated by melting the wax, would subside into its proper place; but this, like the other, came from the board, and would not at all adhere.

"Exp. 4. Prepared chalk four drams, white wax, white resin, of each a dram, burnt alabaster half a dram, were all powdered together and sifted, mixed with spirit of molasses instead of water, and put for a ground on a board smeared with wax and resin, as in Exp. 3. This was also placed horizontally on a box-iron, as the former: the picture blistered, and was cracked all over; and though removed from the box-iron to an oven moderately heated (in the same horizontal position), it would not subside, nor become smooth. When it was cold, I took an iron spatula made warm, and moved it gently over the surface of the picture, as if I were to spread a plaster. (This thought occurred, from the board being prepared with wax and resin, and the ground having the same materials in its composition, the force of the spatula might make them unite.) This succeeded so well, as to reduce the surface to a tolerable degree of smoothness; but as the ground was broke off in many places, I repaired it with flake white, mixed up with the yolk of an egg and milk, and repainted it with molasses spirit (instead of water), and then put it into an oven with a moderate degree of heat. In this I found the colours fixed, but darker than when it was at first painted; and it would bear being washed with water, not rubbed with a wet cloth.

"Exp. 5. A board (that had been used in a former experiment) was smeared with wax and resin, of each equal parts; was wetted with molasses spirit, to make whitening (or Spanish white) mixed with gum-water adhere. This, when dry, was scraped with a knife, to make it equally thick in all places. It was put into a warm oven, to make the varnish incorporate partly with the whitening before it was painted; and it had only a small degree of heat: water only was used to mix the colours. This was again put into an oven with a greater degree of heat; but it flaked off from the board: whether it might be owing to the board's having had a second coat of varnish (the first having been scraped and melted off), and that the unctuous parts of the wax had so entered its pores, that it would not retain a second varnish, I cannot tell.

"Exp. 6. Having miscarried in these trials, I took a new board, planed smooth, but not polished either with a fish-skin or rushes: I warmed it, and smeared it with wax only; then took cinelia (tobacco-pipe clay) divested of its sand, by being dissolved in water and poured off, leaving the coarse heavy parts behind. After this was dried and powdered, I mixed it with a small quantity of the yolk of an egg and cow's milk, and made a ground with this on the waxed board: this I was induced to try, by knowing that the yolk of an egg will dissolve almost all unctuous substances, and make them incorporate with water; and I apprehended, that a ground, thus prepared, would adhere so much the more firmly to the board than the former had done, as to prevent its flaking off. The milk, I thought, might answer two purposes; first, by uniting the ground with the wax; and secondly, by answering the end of size, or gum-water, and prevent the colours from sinking too deep into the ground, or running one into another. When the ground was near dry, I smoothed it with a pallet-knife, and washed with milk and egg where I had occasion to make it smooth and even: when dry I painted it, mixing the colours with common water; this, on being placed horizontally in an oven, only warm enough to melt the wax, flaked from the board; but held so much better together than any of the former, that I pasted part of it on paper.

"Exp. 7. (a) Flake white mixed with egg and milk, crumbled to pieces in the oven, put on the waxed board, as in the last experiment.

The bad success which had attended all the former experiments... experiments, led to consider of what use the wax was in this kind of painting; and it occurred to me, that it was only as a varnish to preserve the colours from fading.

"In order to try this:

"Exp. 8. I took what the brick-layers call fine fluff, or putty (c); to this I added a small quantity of burnt alabaster, to make it dry; this I soon did in the open air; but before I put on any colours, I dried it gently by the fire, lest the colours should run. When it was painted, I warmed it gradually by the fire (to prevent the ground from cracking), till it was very hot. I then took white wax three parts, white resin one part, melted them in an earthen pipkin, and with a brush spread them all over the painted board, and kept it close to the fire in a perpendicular situation, that what wax and resin the plaster would not absorb might drop off. When it was cold, I found the colours were not altered, either from the heat of the fire, or passing the brush over them. I then rubbed it with a soft linen cloth, and thereby procured a kind of gloss, which I afterwards increased by rubbing it with an hard brush; which was so far from scratching or leaving any marks on the picture, that it became more smooth and polished by it.

"After I had made all the foregoing experiments, in conversation with my honoured and learned friend Dr Kidby, a fellow of this society, I said I had been trying to find out what the encaustic painting of the ancients was. Upon which he told me, that there was a passage in Vitruvius de Architectura, relative to that kind of painting; and so good as to transcribe it for me from the 7th book, chap. 9. De minii temperatura. Vitruvius's words are: At si quis subtilior fuerit, & voluerit expositionem miniaecam suum acumen retineret, cum paries expolitus & aridus fuerit, tunc ceram Punicam ligniflammam igni, paulo oleo temperatam, feta inducat, deinde postea carbonibus in ferro uae compositis, eam ceram apprime cum pariete, calefaciendo fuore cogat, statque ut persaquetur, deinde cum candela linteisque paris subigit, uti signa marmorea nuda cuantur. Hac autem usu Graece dicitur. Ha obfusam ceram Punicam lorica non patitur, nec luna splendorem, nec folis radios lambendo eripere ex his potestibuis colorum.

Which I thus translate: "But if any one is more wary, and would have the polishing [painting] with vermilion hold its colour, when the wall is painted and dry, let him take Carthaginian [Barbary] wax, melted with a little oil, and rub it on the wall with an hair-pen; and afterwards let him put live coals into an iron vessel [chafing-dish], and hold it close to the wax, when the wall, by being heated, begins to sweat; then let it be made smooth: afterwards let him rub it with a (p) candle and (x) clean linen rags, in the same manner as they do the naked marble statues. This the Greeks call xanxos. The coat of Carthaginian wax (thus put on) is so strong, that it neither suffers the moon by night, nor the sun-beams by day, to destroy the colour."

Being satisfied, from this passage in Vitruvius, that the manner of using wax in Exp. 8. was right, I was now to find if the wax-varnish, thus burnt into the picture, would bear washing. But here I was a little disappointed: for, rubbing one corner with a wet linen cloth, some of the colour came off; but washing it with a soft hair-pencil dipped in water, and letting it dry without wiping, the colour stood very well.

A board painted, as in Exp. 8. was hung in the most smoaky part of a chimney for a day, and exposed to the open air in a very foggy night. In the morning the board was seemingly wet through, and the water ran off the picture. This was suffered to dry without wiping; and the picture had not suffered at all from the smoke or the dew, either in the ground or the colours: but when dry, by rubbing it, first with a soft cloth, and afterwards with a brush, it recovered its former gloss.

Suspecting that some tallow might have been mixed with the white wax I had used, which might cause the colours to come off on being rubbed with a wet cloth, I took yellow wax which had been melted from the honeycomb in a private family, and consequently not at all adulterated: to three parts of this I added one part resin, and melted them together.

Exp. 9. Spanish white, mixed with fish-glue, was put for a ground on a board, and painted with water-colours only. The board was made warm; and then the wax and resin were put on with a brush, and kept close to the fire till the picture had imbued all the varnish, and looked dry. When it was cold, I rubbed it first with a linen cloth, and then polished it with an hard brush.

In these experiments I found great difficulties with regard to colours. Many water-colours being made from the juices of plants, have some degree of an acid in them; and these, when painted on an alkaline ground, as chalk, whitening, cinolina, and plaster, are totally changed in their colours, and from green become brown; which contributes much to make the experiments tedious. I would therefore advise the use of mineral or metallic colours for this sort of painting, as most likely to preserve their colour: for although I neutralized Spanish white, by fermenting it with vinegar, and afterwards washed it very well with water, it did not succeed to my wish.

"These experiments, and this passage from Vitruvius, will in some measure explain the obscurity of part of that passage in Pliny which Dr Parsons, in his learned comment on the encaustic painting with wax, seems to despair of.

"Ceris pingere, was one species of encaustic painting. Encaustos, iuxta, may be translated, "forced in by the means of fire, burnt in:" for whatever is forced in by the help of fire can be rendered into Latin by no other

(c) Putty is lime flaked, and, while warm, dissolved in water, and strained through a fine.

(p) The account of the method of polishing [painting] walls coloured with vermilion, gave me great satisfaction, as it proved the method I had taken in experiment 8. (which I had tried before I saw or knew of this passage in Vitruvius) was right. The use of the candle, as I apprehend, was to melt the wax on the walls where by accident the brush had put on too much, or afford wax where the brush had not put on enough, or had left any part bare.

(x) The rubbing the wall with a linen cloth, while warm, will do very well, where there is only one colour to be preserved; but where there are many, as in a landscape, it will be apt to take off some, or render the colouring rather faint; which I found by wiping the wax off from a painting while it was hot. Encaustic, other significant word, that I know of, but insulm. If this is allowed me, and I think I have the authority of Vitruvius (a writer in the Augustan age) for it, who seems to have wrote from his own knowledge, and not like Pliny, who copied from others much more than he knew himself, the difficulty with regard to this kind of painting is solved, and the encaustic with burnt wax recovered to the public.

"What he means by the next kind he mentions, in ebro cygno id est viricola, I will not attempt to explain at present.

"The ship-painting is more easily accounted for: the practice being, in part, continued to this time; and is what is corruptly called breuning, for breuning or burning.

"This is done by reeds set on fire, and held under the side of a ship till it is quite hot; then resin, tallow, tar, and brimstone, melted together, and put on with an hair brush while the planks remain hot, make such a kind of paint as Pliny describes: which, he says, nec sute, nec sute, ventique corrupitum. As they were ignorant of the use of oil painting, they mixed that colour with the wax, &c. which they intended for each particular part of the ship, and put it on in the manner above described.

"In the pictures painted for these experiments, and now laid before your lordship and the society, I hope neither the design of the landscape, nor the execution of it, will be so much taken into consideration as the varnish (which was the thing wanted in this inquiry): and I think that will evince, that the encaustic painting with burnt wax is fully restored by these experiments; and tho' not a new invention, yet having been lost for so many ages, and now applied further, and to other purposes, than it was by Vitruvius (who confined it to vermilion only), may also amount to a new discovery, the use of which may be a means of preserving many curious drawings to (r) posterity: for this kind of painting may be on paper, cloth, or any other substance that will admit a ground to be laid on it. The process is very simple, and is not attended with the disagreeable smell unavoidable in oil-painting, nor with some inconveniences inseparable from that art; and as there is no substance we know, more durable than wax, it hath the greatest probability of being lasting."