town of Germany in the circle of Westphalia, the diocese of Cologne, and the duchy of Berg; subject to the elector Palatine. The fortifications are demolished. It is seated on the Rhine, in E. Long. 6° 49'. N. Lat. 51° 16'.

Keith (James), field-marshal in the Prussian service, was the younger son of William Keith, earl-marshal of Scotland; and was born in 1696. He was designed by his friends for the law; but his inclination led to arms, and the first occasion of drawing his sword was rather an unhappy one. When he was 18 years old, the rebellion broke out in Scotland; and, through the intrigues of his mother, he joined James's party: he was wounded at the battle of Sheriffmuir, and made his escape to France. Here he applied himself to military studies; and going to Madrid, he by the interest of the duke of Liria obtained a commission in the Irish brigades, then commanded by the duke of Ormond. He afterwards attended the duke of Liria when he went ambassador to Kellington Muscovy; and, being by him recommended to the czarina, was promoted to the rank of lieutenant-general, and invested with the order of the black eagle. He distinguished himself by his valour and conduct in the Russian service, and had no inconsiderable share in the revolution that raised Elizabeth the daughter of Peter the Great to the throne: he also served in several embassies; but finding the honours of that country but a splendid kind of slavery, he left that court, and entered the Prussian service. The king of Prussia made him field-marshal of the Prussian armies, and governor of Berlin; and distinguished him so far by his confidence, as to travel in disguise with him over a great part of Germany, Poland, and Hungary. In battalions, he made him his chief counsellor; in his diversions, his chief companion. The king was much pleased with an amusement which the marshal invented in imitation of the game of chess. The marshal ordered several thousand small statues of men in armour to be cast by a founder; these he would set opposite to each other, and range them in battalia, in the same manner as if he had been drawing up an army; he would bring out a party from the wings or centre, and show the advantage or disadvantage resulting from the different draughts which he made. In this manner the king and the marshal often amused themselves, and at the same time improved their military knowledge. This brave and experienced general, after many important services in the late wars of that illustrious monarch, was killed in the unfortunate affair of Hohakerchen, in the year 1758.