(magister), in general, is a title of authority, and applied to persons in various characters. It is also used as a compellation of respect.

Master of Arts, the first degree taken up in all foreign universities, but the second in those of England; candidates not being admitted to it in that country till they have studied in the university seven years.

Master of a Ship of War, an officer appointed by the commissioners of the navy to take charge of the navigating and conducting a ship from port to port, under the direction of the captain. The management and disposition of the sails, the working of the ship into her station in the order of battle, and the direction of her movements in the time of action and in the other circumstances of danger, are also more particularly under his inspection. It is likewise his duty to examine the provisions, and accordingly to admit none into the ship but such as are found, sweet, and wholesome. He is moreover charged with the stowage, or disposition of these materials in the ship's hold; and to enable him the better to perform these services, he is allowed several assistants, who are properly termed mates and quarter masters. See these articles.

Master of a Merchant-Ship, the commanding officer, who is appointed by the merchants to manage the navigation and every thing relating to her cargo, voyage, sailors, &c.

Master-Attendant, an officer in the royal dockyards, appointed to halten and assist at the fitting out or dismantling, removing or securing vessels of war, &c. at the port where he resides. He is particularly to observe that his majesty's ships are securely moored; and for this purpose he is expected frequently to review the moorings which are sunk in the harbour, and observe that they are kept in proper repair to be always ready when occasion requires. It is also his duty to visit all the ships in ordinary, and see that they are frequently cleaned and kept in order; and to attend at the general mutters in the dockyards, taking care that all the officers, artificers, and labourers, registered in the navy-books, are present at their duty.

Master at Arms, an officer appointed to teach the officers and crew of a ship of war the exercise of small arms; to confine and plant sentinels over the prisoners, and superintend whatever relates to them during their confinement. He is also to observe, that the fire and lights be all extinguished as soon as the evening gun is fired, except those which are permitted by proper authority or under the inspection of sentinels. It is also his duty to attend the gangway when any boats arrive aboard, and search them carefully, together with their rowers, that no spirituous liquors may be conveyed into the ship, unless by permission of the commanding-officer. In these several duties he is assisted with proper attendants, called his corporals; who also relieve the sentinels, and one another, at certain periods.

Master of the Horse, a great officer of the crown, who orders all matters relating to the king's stables, races, breed of horses; and commands the equerries and all the other officers and tradesmen employed in the king's stables. His coaches, horses, and attendants, are the king's, and bear the king's arms and livery.

Master of the Revels, an officer who orders all things relating to the performance of plays, masks, balls, &c. at court.

Master of the Rolls, a patent-officer for life, who has the custody of the rolls of parliament and patents which pass the great seal, and of the records of chancery, as also commissions, deeds, recognizances; which, being made of rolls of parchment, gave rise to the name.

In absence of the chamberlain, he sits as judge in the court of chancery; at other times he hears causes in the rolls chapel, and makes orders; but all hearings before him are appealable to the chancellor.

Master of the Wardrobe, an officer under the lord-chamberlain, who has the care of the royal robes, as well as the wearing apparel, collar, george, and garter, &c. He has also the charge of all former kings and queens' robes remaining in the tower, all hangings, bedding, &c. for the king's house, the charge and delivery of velvet and scarlet allowed for liveries. He has under him a clerk of the robes, wardrobe-keeper, a yeoman, &c.

Master and Servant; a relation founded in convenience, whereby a man is directed to call in the assistance of others, where his own skill and labour will not be sufficient to answer the cares incumbent upon him. For the several sorts of servants, and how that character is created or destroyed, see the article Servant. In the present article we shall consider, first, the effect of this relation with regard to the parties themselves; and secondly, its effects with regard to others.

1. The manner in which this relation affects either the master or servant. And, first, by hiring and service for a year, or apprenticeship under indentures, a person gains a settlement in that parish wherein he last served 40 days. In the next place, persons serving seven years as apprentices to any trade have an exclusive right to exercise that trade in any part of England. This law, with regard to the exclusive part of it, has by turns been looked upon as a hard law, or as a beneficial one, according to the prevailing humour of the times: which has occasioned a great variety of resolutions in the courts of law concerning it; and attempts have been frequently made for its repeal, tho' hitherto without success. At common law every man might use what trade he pleased; but this statute restrains that liberty to such as have served as apprentices: the adversaries to which provision say, that all restrictions (which tend to introduce monopolies) are pernicious to trade; the advocates for it allege, that unskilfulness in trades is equally detrimental to the public, as monopolies. This reason indeed only extends to such trades, in the exercise whereof skill is required; but another of their arguments goes much farther; viz. that apprenticeships are useful to the commonwealth, by employing of youth, and learning them to be early industrious; but that no one would be induced to undergo a seven years servitude, if others, tho' equally skilful, were allowed the same advantages without having undergone the same discipline: and in this there seems to be much reason. However, the resolutions of the courts have in general rather confined than extended the restriction. No trades are held to be within the statute, but such as were in being at the making of it: for trading in a country village, apprenticeships are not requisite, and following the trade seven years is sufficient without any binding; for the statute only says, the person must serve as an apprentice, and does not require an actual apprenticeship to have existed.

A master may by law correct his apprentice for negligence or other misbehaviour, so it be done with moderation: though, if the master or master's wife beats any other servant of full age, it is good cause of departure. But if any servant, workman, or labourer, assaults his master or dame, he shall suffer one year's imprisonment, and other open corporal punishment, not extending to life or limb.

By service all servants and labourers, except apprentices, become entitled to their wages: according to agreement, if menial servants; or according to the appointment of the sheriff or sessions, if labourers or servants in husbandry: for the statutes for regulation of wages extend to such servants only; it being impossible for any magistrate to be a judge of the employment of menial servants, or of course to affect their wages.

2. Let us now see how strangers may be affected by this relation of master and servant; or how a master may behave towards others on behalf of his servant, and what a servant may do on behalf of his master.

And, first, the master may maintain, that is, abet and assist, his servant in any action at law against a stranger: whereas, in general, it is an offence against public justice to encourage suits and animosities, by helping to bear the expense of them, and is called in law maintenance. A master also may bring an action against any man for beating or maiming his servant; but in such case he must assign, as a special reason for doing so, his own damage by the loss of his service; and this loss must be proved upon the trial. A master likewise may justify an assault in defence of his servant, and a servant in defence of his master: the master, because he has an interest in his servant, not to be deprived of his service; the servant, because it is part of his duty, for which he receives his wages, to stand by and defend his master. Also if any person do hire or retain my servant, being in my service, for which the servant departeth from me and goeth to serve the other, I may have an action for damages against both the new master, and the servant, or either of them: but if the new master did not know that he is my servant, no action lies; unless he afterwards refuse to restore him upon information and demand. The reason and foundation upon which all this doctrine is built, seem to be the property that every man has in the service of his domestics; acquired by the contract of hiring, and purchased by giving them wages.

As for those things which a servant may do on behalf of his master, they seem all to proceed upon this principle, that the master is answerable for the act of his servant, if done by his command, either expressly given or implied: nam qui facit per alium, facit per se. Therefore, if the servant commit a trespass by the command or encouragement of his master, the master shall be guilty of it: not that the servant is excused, for he is only to obey his master in matters that are honest and lawful. If an innkeeper's servants rob his guests, the master is bound to restitution; for as there is a confidence reposed in him, that he will take care to provide honest servants, his negligence is a kind of implied consent to the robbery; nam, qui non prohibet, cum prohibere posset, iubet. So likewise if the drawer at a tavern sells a man bad wine, whereby his health is injured, he may bring an action against the master; for although the master did not expressly order the servant to sell it to that person in particular, yet his permitting him to draw and sell it at all is impliedly a general command.

In the same manner, whatever a servant is permitted to do in the usual course of his business, is equivalent to a general command. If I pay money to a banker's servant, the banker is answerable for it: if I pay it to a clergyman's or a physician's servant, whose usual business it is not to receive money for his master, and he imbezzles it, I must pay it over again. If a steward lets a lease of a farm, without the owner's knowledge, the owner must stand to the bargain; for this is the steward's business. A wife, a friend, a relation, that use to transact business for a man, are quasi hoc his servants; and the principal must answer for their conduct: for the law implies, that they act under a general command; and without such a doctrine as this no mutual intercourse between man and man could subsist with any tolerable convenience. If I usually deal with a tradesman by myself, or constantly pay him ready money, I am not answerable for what my for- Mastich, a kind of resin exuding from the *Lavandula* tree; and brought from Chio, in small yellowish transparent grains or tears, of an agreeable smell, especially when heated or set on fire. This resin is recommended in old coughs, dysenteries, hemoptoïes, weaknesses of the stomach, and in general in all debilities and laxity of the fibres. Geoffroy directs an aqueous decoction of it to be used for these purposes; but water extracts little or nothing from this resin. Rectified spirit almost entirely dissolves it, and the solution is very warm and pungent. Mastich is to be chosen in drops, clear, well-scented, and brittle.

We meet with a kind of cement sometimes kept in the shops under the name of mastich. It is composed of this gum, and several other ingredients, and is formed into cakes for use. This is intended for the service of lapidaries, to fill up cracks in stones, &c., but is by no means to be used for any medicinal purposes.

**Mastigadour**, or *slabbering-bit*, in the manege, a snaffle of iron, all smooth, and of a piece, guarded with paternosters, and composed of three halves of great rings, made into demi-ovals, of unequal heights; the lesser being inclosed within the greater, which ought to be about half a foot high.

**Masulapatam**, a populous town of Asia in the East Indies, and on the coast of Coromandel, in the dominions of the Great Mogul. It carried on a great trade, and most nations in Europe had factories here; but the English have now left it; and even the Dutch themselves have not above a dozen people here to carry on the chintz trade. The inhabitants are Gentoos, who will not feed on anything that has life; and they had a famous manufacture of chintz, which is greatly decayed since the English left off buying. The Great Mogul has a custom-house here; and the adjacent countries abound in corn, tobacco, and timber for building. It is seated on the west side of the Bay of Bengal, 200 miles north of fort St George. W. Long. 81° 25'. N. Lat. 16° 30'.

**Mataca**, or Mantaca, a commodious bay in America, on the north coast of the island of Cuba. Here the galleons usually come to take in fresh water in their return to Spain. It is 35 miles from the Havana. W. Long. 85° 6'. N. Lat. 25° 0'.

**Mataman**, a country of Africa, bounded by Benguela on the north, by Monomotapa on the east, by Cafraria on the south, and by the Atlantic Ocean on the west. There is no town in it, and the inhabitants live in miserable huts, it being a desert country, and but little visited by the Europeans.

**Matan**, or Mactan, an island of Asia in the East-Indian sea, and one of the Philippines. The inhabitants have thrown off the yoke of Spain; and it was here that Magellan was killed in April 1521.

**Cape Matapan**, the most southern promontory of the Morea, between the gulph of Coran and that of Colo-China.

**Mataram**, a large town of Asia, formerly the capital of an empire of that name in the island of Java. It is strong by situation, and is seated in a very fertile, pleasant, and populous country, surrounded with mountains. E. Long. 111° 25'. S. Lat. 7° 55'.

**Mataro**, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, remarkable