(anc. geogr.), a celebrated, powerful, and affluent city of Lesbos; nor was it less famous for the study of philosophy and eloquence. It suffered much in the Peloponnesian war from the Athenians; and in the Mithridatic war from the Romans, being taken and destroyed: but it soon rose again, having recovered its ancient liberty, by the favour of Pompey, (Velleius, Plutarch). It remained a free city and in power 1500 years. The country of Pittacus, one of the seven wise men of Greece; of Alcaeus, and of Sappho. Mytilenei, or Mytilenenses, the people; who at stated times celebrated poetical contests, (Plutarch). Cicero calls it a city ennobled by nature and situation, especially by the beauty of its edifices, and by its plains, which are pleasant and fertile. It is sometimes by the poets joined with Rhodes, (Horace, Martial). Mityleneus, the epithet, (Lucan). It now gives name to the whole island, and this as early as the days of Euflatus; and is itself called Caffro.