(James, duke of), son to Charles II. by Mrs Lucy Walters, was born at Rotterdam in 1649. Upon the Restoration, he was called over to England, where the king received him with all imaginable joy, created him earl of Orkney (which was changed into that of Monmouth), and he took his seat in the house of peers in the ensuing session of parliament. He married Anne, the heiress of Francis earl of Buccleugh; and hence it came to pass that he had also the title of Buccleugh, and took the surname of Scot, according to the custom of Scotland. In 1668 his father made him captain of his life-guard of horse; and in 1672 he attended the French king in the Netherlands, and gave proofs of bravery and conduct. In 1673 the king of France made him lieutenant-general of his army, with which he came before Maastricht, and behaved himself with incredible gallantry, being the first who entered it himself. He returned to England, was received with all possible respect, and was elected chancellor of the university of Cambridge. After this he went to assist the prince of Orange to raise the siege of Mons, and did not a little contribute towards it. He returned to England; and was sent, in quality of his father's general, to quell an insurrection in Scotland, which he effected; but soon after he fell into disgrace; for, being a Protestant, he was deluded into ambitious schemes, upon the hopes of the exclusion of the duke of York: he conspired against his father and the duke; and when the latter came to the throne by the title of James II., he openly appeared in arms, encouraged by the Protestant army; but coming to a decisive battle before he had sufficient forces to oppose the royal army, he was defeated, taken soon after concealed in a ditch, tried for high-treason, condemned, and beheaded in 1685, aged 36. See BRITAIN, no 242, 249—265.

capital of the county of Monmouthshire in England. It has its name from its situation at the conflux of the Monow, or Mynwy, and Wye. Here was a castle in William the Conqueror's time, which Henry III. took from John baron of Monmouth. It afterwards came to the house of Lancaster, who bestowed many privileges upon the town. Here Henry V. surnamed of Monmouth, was born. The famous historian Geoffrey was also born at this place. Formerly it gave the title of earl to the family of Carey, and of duke to king Charles the second's eldest natural son; but now of earl to the Mordaunts, who are also earls of Peterborough. It is a populous and well-built place, and carries on a considerable trade with Bristol by means of the Wye. W. Long. 2. 30. N. Lat. 51. 47.