a large town of Tuscany in Italy, situated on the river Arno, 52 miles from Florence. It was a famous republic, till subdued, first by the duke of Milan, and then by the Florentines in the year 1406. Before it lost its freedom, it is said to have contained near 150,000 inhabitants, but now it has not above 16,000 or 17,000. Its territory is very fruitful; abounding in corn, wine, and fruit, and fine cattle. The houses are well built, and the streets even, broad, and well paved; but in many places over-run with grass. The university is well endowed, and has able professors, but is not in a very flourishing condition. The exchange is a stately structure, but little frequented. The great duke's galleys are built, and commonly stationed here. This city is also the principal residence of the order of St Stephen, and the see of an archbishop. The cathedral, a large Gothic pile, contains a great number of excellent paintings and other curiosities. The echo of the Baptistery is said to exceed that near Milan, though the repetitions are not quite so distinct. Hard by the cathedral is the city burying ground, called Il Campo Santo; and in that the famous leaning tower, the inclination of which is so great, that a plumb-line let down from the top touches the ground at the distance of near 15 feet from the bottom. In the church della Spina, they pretend to have one of the thorns of the crown that was placed on our Saviour's head. The city for its defence has a moat, walls, a castle, fort, and citadel; the last of which is a modern work. The Arno is of a considerable breadth here, and has three bridges over it, one of them of marble: two leagues below the town, it falls into the sea. The phyle garden is very spacious, contains a great number of plants, and is decorated with water-works: over the door leading into it are these words, Hic Argus sed non Briareus est; i.e. Employ the eye of Argus, but not the hands of Briareus. The air is said to be unwholesome here in summer, on account of the neighbouring marshes. Many buffaloes are bred in the neighbouring country, and their flesh commonly eaten. A canal runs from this city to Leghorn; and between it and Lucca are hot baths.