(from the Greek, σχοινος, a rope; and βάτος, I walk), a name which the Greeks gave to their rope-dancers: by the Romans called funambuli. See ROPE-DANCER and FUNAMBULUS. The scholastici were slaves whose masters made money of them, by entertaining the people with their feats of activity.—Mercurialis de arte gymnastica, lib. III. gives us five figures of scholastici engraven after ancient stones.

**Scholastic**, something belonging to the schools. See School.

**Scholastic Divinity**, is that part or species of divinity which clears and discusses questions by reason and arguments; in which sense it stands, in some measure, opposed to **positive divinity**, which is founded on the authority of fathers, councils, &c. The school-divinity is now fallen into the last contempt; and is scarce regarded anywhere but in some of the universities, where they are still by their charters obliged to teach it.

**Scholiast**, or Commentator, a grammarian who writes scholia, that is, notes, glosses, &c. upon ancient authors who have written in the learned languages. See the next article.

**Scholium**, a note, annotation, or remark, occasionally made on some passage, proposition, or the like. This term is much used in geometry and other parts of mathematics, where, after demonstrating a proposition, it is customary to point out how it might be done some other way, or to give some advice or precaution in order to prevent mistakes, or add some particular use or application thereof.

**Schomberg** (Frederic Arnaud de), of an illustrious German family: He served first under Frederic-Henry, prince of Orange; then under Louis XIV. who made him marshal of France, though a Protestant. France lost him by the revocation of the edict of Nantes in 1685, when he retired to Portugal. His merit raised him to the rank of duke and grandee of that kingdom. At the revolution, he came to England with king William; and, for his signal services at that era, he was made an English duke, and knight of the garter; the parliament also voted him 100,000l. In 1689, he was made commander in chief of the king's forces in Ireland; and in 1690, he was shot at the battle of the Boyne, by the French refugees of his own army, by a fatal mistake, in the 82nd year of his age.

**School**, a public place, wherein the languages, humanities, or other arts, are taught. Thus we say, a grammar school, a writing school, a school of natural philosophy, &c.—The word is formed from the Latin, *schola*, which, according to Du Cange, signifies discipline and correction; he adds, that it was anciently used, in the general, for all places where several persons met together, either to study, to converse, or do any other matter. Accordingly, there were schola palatinae, being the several polls wherein the emperor's guards were placed; schola scutariorum, schola gentilium, &c. At length the term passed also to civil magistrates; and accordingly in the code, we meet with schola chartulariorum, schola agentium, &c.; and even to ecclesiastics, as schola cantorum, schola sacerdotum, &c.

**Schrevelius** (Cornelius), a laborious Dutch critic and writer, who has given the public some editions of the ancient authors more elegant than correct; his Greek Lexicon is esteemed the best of all his works. He died in 1667.

**Schultens** (Albert), professor of Hebrew and of the Eastern languages at Leyden, and one of the most learned men of the 18th century, was born at Groningen, where he studied till the year 1706, and from thence continued his studies at Leyden and Utrecht. Schultens at length applied himself to the study of Arabic books, both printed and in manuscript; in which he made great progress. A short time after, he became minister of Wassenar; and, two years after, professor of the Eastern tongues at Franeker. At length he was invited to Leyden, where he taught Hebrew and the Eastern languages with extraordinary reputation till his death, which happened in 1750. He wrote many learned works; the principal of which are, 1. A Commentary on Job, 2 vols 4to. 2. A Commentary on the Proverbs. 3. Vetus & regia via Hebraizandia. 4. Animadversiones philologicae & critica ad varia loca Veteris Testamenti. 6. An excellent Hebrew grammar, &c. Schultens discovered in all his works sound criticism, and much learning and erudition. He maintained against Gouffet and Drusius, that in order to have a perfect knowledge of Hebrew, it is necessary to join with it, not only the Chaldee and Syriac, but more particularly the Arabic.

**Schurman** (Anna Maria), a most extraordinary German lady. Her natural genius discovered itself at six years of age, when she cut all sorts of figures in paper with her scissors, without a pattern. At eight, she learned, in a few days, to draw flowers in a very agreeable manner. At ten, she took but three hours to learn embroidery. Afterwards she was taught music, vocal and instrumental; painting, sculpture, and engraving; in all of which she succeeded admirably. She excelled in miniature-painting, and in cutting portraits upon glass with a diamond. Hebrew, Greek, and Latin, were so familiar to her, that the most learned men were astonished at it. She spoke French, Italian, and English, fluently. Her hand-writing, in almost all languages, was so imitable, that the curious preferred specimens of it in their cabinets. At length, all this extent of learning and uncommon penetration could not protect her from falling into the errors of Labadie, the famous French enthusiast, who had been banished France for his extravagant tenets and conduct. To this man she entirely attached herself, and accompanied him wherever he went; and even attended him in his last illness, at Altena in Holstein. Her works, consisting of De vita humana termino, and Dissertatio de ingenii multibris ad deliriunm et meliores literar aptitudine, and her Letters to her learned correspondents, were printed at Leyden in 1648; but enlarged in the edition of Utrecht, 1562, in 12mo, under the following title: A. M. Schurman Opuscula Hebraea, Graeca, Latina, Gallica, Prosaica et Metrica. She published likewise at Altena, in Latin, A Defence of her attachment to Labadie, while she was with him in 1673; not worth reading. She was born at Cologne in 1607, but resided chiefly in Holland, and died in Friesland in 1678.

**Schwartz** (Christopher), an eminent history-painter, born at Ingolstadt in 1550, who was distinguished by the appellation of the German Raphael. He learned the first principles of the art in his own country, but finished his studies at Venice; when he not only made the works of Titian his models, but had Schwartenburg had the advantage of receiving some personal instructions from that illustrious master. His performances were soon in the highest esteem, as his manner of painting was very different from what the Germans had been accustomed to before that time; he was, therefore, invited by the elector of Bavaria to his court, and appointed his principal painter. He died in 1594; and his most capital works, as well in fresco as in oil, are in the palace at Munich, and in the churches and convents.