or Dog, in zoology, a genus of quadrupeds, belonging to the order of ferae. The characters of the dog are these: he has five fore-teeth in the upper jaw, those in the sides being longer than the intermediate ones, which are lobated; in the under jaw there are likewise five fore-teeth, those on the sides being lobated. He has six grinders in the upper, and seven in the lower jaw. The teeth called dog-teeth are four, one on each side, both in the lower and upper jaw; they are sharp-pointed, bent a little inward, and stand at a distance from any of the rest.

There are 14 species of this genus, viz.

I. The Familiaris, or Domestic Dog, is distinguished Domestic from the other species by having his tail bent to the left side; which mark is so singular, that perhaps the tail of no other quadruped is bent in this manner. Of this species there are a great number of varieties. Linnaeus enumerates 11, and Buffon gives figures of no less than 27. The maltese is about the size of a wolf, and CXX. with the sides of the lips hanging down, and a full robust body. The large Danish dog differs only from the former in being fuller in the body, and generally of a larger size. The greyhound is likewise the same with the maltese; but its make is more slender and delicate. Indeed the difference betwixt these three dogs, although perfectly distinguishable at first sight, is not greater than that betwixt a Dutchman, a Frenchman, and an Italian. The shepherd's dog, the wolf dog, and what is commonly called the Siberian dog, to which may be joined the Lapland dog, the Canada dog, and, in general, all those which have straight ears and a pointed snout, are all one kind, differing only in thickness, the roughness or smoothness of their skin, the length of their legs and tails. The hound or bengle, the terrier, the braque or harrier, and the spaniel, may be considered as the same kind: they have the same form and the same instincts; and differ only in the length of their legs, and size of their ears, which in each of them are long, soft, and pendulous. The bull-dog, the small Danish dog, the Turkish dog, and the Iceland dog, may likewise be considered as the same kind, all the varieties in their appearance taking their rise merely from climate. For instance, the Turkish dog, which has no hair, is nothing else but the small Danish dog transported to a warm climate, which makes the hair fall off. A dog of any kind loses its hair in very warm climates. But this is not the only change which arises from difference of climate. In some countries, the voice is changed; ged; in others, dogs become altogether silent. In some climates they lose the faculty of barking, and howl like wolves, or yelp like foxes. Warm climates even change their form and instincts: they turn ill-shaped, and their ears become straight and pointed. It is only in temperate climes that dogs preserve their natural courage, ardour, and sagacity.

Dr Caius has left, among several other tracts relating to natural history, one written expressly on the species of British dogs; besides a description of the variety of dogs then existing in this country, he has added a systematic table of them, which we shall here infer, and explain by a brief account of each kind.

**Synopsis of British Dogs.**

I. The most generous kinds.

- Hounds. - Terrier - Harrier - Blood-hound

- Gaze-hound - Gie-hound - Leviner, or Lyemmer - Tumbler

- Spaniel - Setter - Water-spaniel, or finder

- Spaniel gentle, or comforter

II. Farm Dogs.

- Shepherd’s dog - Maltiff, or tan dog

III. Monstrous Dogs.

- Wappe - Turnspit - Dancer

1. a. The first variety is the terrarius or terrier, which takes its name from its subterraneous employ; being a small kind of hound used to force the fox or other beasts of prey out of their holes; and, in former times, rabbits out of their burrows into nets.

b. The levinarius, or harrier, is a species well known at present: it derives its name from its use, that of hunting the hare; but under this head may be placed the fox hound, which is only a stronger and fleeter variety, applied to a different chace.

c. The sanguinarius, blood-hound, or fleut-bounde of the Scots, was a dog of great use, as already noticed under the article Blood-Hound.

The next subdivision of this species of dogs comprehends those that hunt by the eye; and whose success depends either upon the quickness of their sight, their swiftness, or their subtlety.

d. The aquarius, or gaze-hound, was the first: it chased indifferently the fox, hare, or buck. It would select from the herd the fastest and fairest deer; pursue it by the eye; and, if lost for a time, recover it again by its singular distinguishing faculty; nay, should the beast rejoin the herd, this dog would fix unequally on the same. This species is now lost, or at least unknown to us.

e. The next kind is the leporarius, or gre-hound. Dr Caius informs us, that it takes its name gradus fit inter canes, “the first in rank among dogs,” that it was formerly esteemed so, appears from the forest-laws of king Canute, who enacted that no one under the degree of a gentleman should presume to keep a gre-hound; and still more strongly from an old Welsh saying which signifies, that “you may know a gentleman by his hawk, his horse, and his gre-hound.”

The variety called the Highland gre-bound, and now become very scarce, is of very great size, strong, deep-chested, and covered with long rough hair. This kind was much esteemed in former days, and used in great numbers by the powerful chieftains in their magnificent hunting-matches. It had as sagacious nostrils as the blood-hound, and was as fierce.

f. The third species is the levinarius, or lorarius; the leviner or lyemmer: the first name is derived from the lightness of the kind; the other from the old word lyemme, a thong; this species being used to be led in a thong, and slipped at the game. Our author says that this dog was a kind that hunted both by scent and sight; and in the form of its body observed a medium between the hound and the gre-hound. This probably is the kind now known among us by the name of the Irish gre-bound, a dog now extremely scarce in that kingdom, the late king of Poland having procured from them as many as possible. They were of the kind called by Buffon le grand Danois, and probably imported there by the Danes who long possessed that kingdom. Their use seems originally to have been for the chase of wolves with which Ireland swarmed till the latter end of the last century. As soon as these animals were extirpated, the numbers of the dogs decreased; for, from that period, they were kept only for state.

g. The vertagus, or tumbler, is a fourth species; which took its prey by mere subtlety, depending neither on the sagacity of its nose, nor its swiftness; if it came into a warren, it neither barked, nor ran on the rabbits; but by a seeming neglect of them, or attention to something else, deceived the object till it got within reach, so as to take it by a sudden spring. This dog was less than the hound, more scrappy, had pricked up ears, and by Dr Caius’s description seems to answer to the modern lurcher.

The third subdivision of the more generous dogs comprehends those which were used in fowling.

h. First, the Hispaniolus, or spaniel; from the name, it may be supposed that we were indebted to Spain for this breed. There were two varieties of this kind: the first used to spring the game, which are the same with our starters. The other variety was used only for the net, and was called index or the fetter; a kind well known at present. This kingdom has been long remarkable for producing dogs of this sort, particular care having been taken to preserve the breed in the utmost purity. They are still distinguished by the name of English Spaniels; so that, notwithstanding the derivation of the name, it is probable they are natives of Great Britain.

i. The aquaticus, or finder, was another species used in fowling; was the same with our water-spaniel; and was used to find or recover the game that was shot.

k. The Melites, or fotor, the spaniel gentle or comforter of Dr Caius (the modern lap-dog), was the last of this division. The Maltese little dogs were as much esteemed by the fine ladies of past times as those of Bologna are among the modern. Old Hollinghead is ridiculously severe on the fair of his days for their excessive executive passion for these little animals; which is sufficient to prove that it was, in his time*, a novelty.

2. The second grand division of dogs comprehends the ruffius, or those that were used in the country:

a. The first species is the pastoralis, or shepherd's dog; which is the same that is used at present, either in guarding our flocks, or in driving herds of cattle. This kind is so well trained for these purposes as to attend to every part of the herd, be it ever so large; confine them to the road; and force in every straggler, without doing it the least injury.

b. The next is the villanus, or canarius; the mastiff or ban dog; a species of great size and strength, and a very loud barker. Caius tells us that three of these were reckoned a match for a bear; and four for a lion: but from an experiment made in the Tower of London, that noble quadruped was found an unequal match to only three. Two of the dogs were disabled in the combat, but the third forced the lion to seek for safety by flight. The English bull-dog seems to belong to this species; and probably is the dog our author mentions under the title of lanarius. Great Britain was so noted for its mastiffs, that the Roman emperors appointed an officer in this island under the name of procurator synegii, whose sole business was to breed, and transmit from hence to the amphitheatre, such as would prove equal to the combats of the place. Gratus speaks in high terms of the excellency of the British dog.

Atque ipsius libet penetrare Britannos? O quanta est merces, et quantum impendia supra! Si non ad speciem, mensuatroque decoros Proviens: hic una est catulis jactura Britannis. At magnum cum venat opus, promendaque virtus, Et vocat extrema praepos disjunctum Mavorti, Non tunc egregios tantum admirere Moloflos.

If Britain's distant coast we dare explore, How much beyond the coast the valued store? If shape and beauty not alone we prize, Which nature to the British hound denies: But when the mighty toil the huntsman warms, And all the soul is rouz'd by fierce alarms, When Mars calls furious to th' enfangu'd field, Even bold Moloflos then to these must yield.

Strabo tells us that the mastiffs of Britain were trained to war, and were used by the Gauls in their battles; and it is certain a well trained mastiff might be of use in distressing such half-armed and irregular combatants as the adversaries of the Gauls seem generally to have been before the Romans conquered them.

3. The last division is that of the degeneres, or curs.

a. The first of these was the wagge, a name derived from its note; its only use was to alarm the family by barking, if any person approached the house.

b. Of this class was the versator, or turn-spit; and tally the ludarius or dancing-dog; or such as was taught variety of tricks, and carried about by idle people as a show. These degeneres were of no certain shape, being mongrels or mixtures of all kinds of dogs.

M. de Buffon has given a genealogical table of all the known dogs, in which he makes the chien de berger, or shepherd's dog, the origin of all, because it is naturally the most sensible. This table or tree is intended not only to exhibit the different kinds of dogs, but to give an idea of their varieties as arising from a degeneration in particular climates, and from a commixture of the different races. It is constructed in the form See Plate of a geographical chart, preserving as much as possible the position of the different climates to which each variety naturally belongs. The shepherd's dog, as already mentioned, is the root of the tree. This dog, when transported into Lapland, or other very cold climates, assumes an ugly appearance, and shrinks into a smaller size; but, in Russia, Iceland, and Siberia, where the climate is less rigorous, and the people a little more advanced in civilization, he seems to be better accomplished. These changes are occasioned solely by the influence of those climates, which produce no great alteration in the figure of this dog; for, in each of these climates, his ears are erect, his hair thick and long, his aspect wild, and he barks less frequently, and in a different manner, than in more favourable climates, where he acquires a finer polish. The Iceland dog is the only one that has not his ears entirely erect; for their extremities are a little inclined; and Iceland, of all the northern regions, has been longest inhabited by half civilized men.

The same shepherd's dog, when brought into temperate climates, and among a people perfectly civilized, as Britain, France, Germany, would, by the mere influence of the climate, lose his savage aspect, his erect ears, his rude, thick, long hair, and assume the figure of a bull dog, the hound, and the Irish gre-hound. The bull-dog and Irish greyhound have their ears still partly erect, and very much resemble, both in their manners and languid temper, the dog from which they derive their origin. The hound is farther removed from the shepherd's dog; for his ears are long and entirely pendulous. The gentleness, docility, and even the timidity of the hound, are proofs of his great degeneration, or rather of the great perfection he has acquired by the long and careful education bestowed on him by man.

The hound, the harrier, and the terrier, constitute but one race; for, it has been remarked, that in the same litter, hounds, harriers, and terriers, have been brought forth, though the female hound had been covered by only one of these three dogs. I have joined the common harrier to the Dalmatian dog, or harrier of Bengal, because they differ only in having more or fewer spots on their coat. I have also linked the turnspit, or terrier with crooked legs, with the common terrier; because the defect in the legs of the former has originally proceeded from a disease similar to the rickets, with which some individuals had been affected, and transmitted the deformity to their descendants.

The hound, when transported into Spain and Barbary, where all animals have fine, long, bushy hair, would be converted into the spaniel and water-dog. The great and small spaniel, which differ only in size, when brought into Britain, have changed their white colour into black, and become, by the influence of climate, the great and little King Charles's dog: To these may be joined the pyrane, which is only a King Charles's dog, black like the others, but marked with red on the four legs, and a spot of the same colour above each eye, and on the muzzle.

The Irish gre-hound, transported to the north, is become the great Danish dog; and, when carried to the south, was converted into the common gre-hound. The largest greyhounds come from the Levant, those of a smaller size from Italy; and those Italian greyhounds, carried into Britain, have been still farther diminished.

The great Danish dog, transported into Ireland, the Ukraine, Tartary, Epirus, and Albania, has been changed into the Irish greyhound, which is the largest of all dogs.

The bull-dog, transported from Britain to Denmark, is become the little Danish dog; and the latter, brought into warm climates, has been converted into the Turkish dog. All these races, with their varieties, have been produced by the influence of climate, joined to the effects of shelter, food, and education. The other dogs are not pure races, but have proceeded from commixtures of those already described. I have marked, in the table, by dotted lines, the double origin of these mongrels.

The greyhound and Irish greyhound have produced the mongrel greyhound, called also the greyhound with wolf's hair. The muzzle of this mongrel is less pointed than that of the true greyhound, which is very rare in France.

The great Danish dog and the large spaniel have produced the Calabrian dog, which is a beautiful animal, with long bushy hair, and larger than the Irish greyhound.

The spaniel and terrier have produced the dog called burgos.

From the spaniel and little Danish dog has proceeded the lion-dog, which is now very rare.

The dogs with long, fine, crisp hair, called the bouffe dogs, and which are larger than the water-dog, proceed from the spaniel and water-dog.

The little water-dog comes from the water-dog and small spaniel.

From the bull-dog and Irish greyhound proceeds a mongrel called the mastiff, which is larger than the bull-dog, and resembles the latter more than the Irish greyhound.

The pug-dog proceeds from the bull-dog and small Danish dog.

All these dogs are simple mongrels, and are produced by the commixture of two pure races. But there are other dogs, called double mongrels, because they proceed from the junction of a pure race with a mongrel. The bastard pug-dog is a double mongrel from a mixture of the pug-dog with the little Danish dog. The Alicant dog is also a double mongrel, proceeding from the pug-dog and small spaniel. The Maltese, or lap-dog, is a double mongrel, produced between the small spaniel and little water-dog.

Lastly, there are dogs which may be called triple mongrels, because they are produced by two mixed races. Of this kind are the Artois and Illois dogs, which are produced by the pug-dog and the bastard pug-dog; to which may be added the dogs called fleer-dogs, which resemble no particular kind, because they proceed from races which have previously been several times mixed.

The following is a systematic catalogue of all the known dogs, as arranged by Mr Pennant in his History of Quadrupeds:

1. Shepherd's dog (Canis domesticus, Lin. Le Chien de Berger, Buff.) so called, because it becomes without discipline almost instantly the guardian of the flocks, keeps them within bounds, reduces the stragglers to their proper limits, and defends them from the attacks of the wolves. We have this variety in England; but it is small and weak. It is the pastoralis of Caius above mentioned. Those of France and the Alps are very large and strong; sharp-nosed; erect and sharp eared; very hairy, especially about the neck; and have their tails turned up or curled; and by accident their faces often show the marks of their combats with the wolf.

Its varieties or nearest allies are: a, Pomeranian dog; b, Siberian dog. The other varieties in the inland parts of the empire and Siberia noticed by Buffon, are chiefly from the shepherd's dog; and there is a high-limbed taper-bodied kind, the common dog of the Cathmuc and independent Tartars, excellent for the chace and all uses.

2. The hound, or dog with long, smooth, and pendulous ears. This is the same with the blood-hound in Caius's Table, (le Chien courant, Buff. Canis sagax, Lin.). It is the head of the other kinds with smooth and hanging ears: a, Harrier; b, Dalmatian, vulgarly the Danifh, a beautiful spotted dog; c, Turnspit; d, Water-dog, great and small.

From this stock branches out another race with pendent ears, covered with long hairs, and less in size, which form,

3. The Spaniel; (Canis avicularius, Lin.) Those of this kind vary in size from the setting dog to the springing spaniels, and some of the little lap-dogs; as, a, King Charles's. Charles II. never went out except attended by numbers of this kind. b, Le pyrame of Buffon. For this sort, though common in Britain, there is no English name. It is black, marked on the legs with red, and having a spot of the same colour above each eye. c, The Shock-dog.

4. Dogs with short pendent ears, and long legs and bodies; as, a, Irish greyhound; (le Matin, Buff.); a variety once very frequent in Ireland, and used in the chase of the wolf; now very scarce. Probably the same with the leviner in Caius's table, described above.

b, Common greyhound, described above under Caius's table; (le Lewrier et Schreber, Buff. Canis graius, Lin.) Its varieties are, 1. Italian greyhound, small and smooth; 2. Oriental greyhound, tall, slender, with very pendulous ears, and very long hairs on the tail hanging down a great length.

c, Danish dog, of a stronger make than a greyhound; the largest of dogs; (le Grand Danois, Buff.) Mr Pennant thinks it probable, that of this kind were the dogs of Epirus, mentioned by Aristotle, lib. iii. c. 21; or those of Albania, the modern Schirwan or East Georgia, so beautifully described by Pliny, lib. viii. c. 40. Perhaps to this breed may be referred the vast dogs of Thibet, said by Marco Paolo to be as big as asses, and used in that country to take wild beasts, and especially the wild oxen called Beyamini.

d, Mastiff, (le Dogue de forte race, Buff. Canis molossus, Lin.): Very strong and thick made; the head large; the lips great, and hanging down on each side; a fine and noble countenance; grows to a great size: A British kind. See above under Dr Caius's table.

5. Dogs with short pendent ears, short compact bodies, bodies, short noses, and generally short legs.

a. Bulldog (le Dogue, Buff.), with a short nose, and under jaw longer than the upper; a cruel and very fierce kind, often biting before it barks; peculiar to England; the breed scarcer than it has been since the barbarous custom of bull-baiting has declined.

b. Pug-dog, (le Doguin, Buff.): A small species; an innocent resemblance of the last.

c. Balaard pug, (le Roguet, Buff.)

d. Naked, (le chien Ture, Buff.): A degenerate species with naked bodies; having lost their hair by the heat of climate.

Dogs are found in the Society islands, New Zealand, and the Low islands; there are also a few in New Holland. Of these are two varieties:

a. Resembling the sharp-nosed pricked-ear shepherd's cur. Those of New Zealand are of the largest sort. In the Society islands they are the common food, and are fattened with vegetables, which the natives cram down their throats as we serve turkeys when they will voluntarily eat no more. They are killed by strangling, and the extravasated blood is preserved in cocoa-nut shells, and baked for the table. They grow very fat, and are allowed, even by Europeans who have got over their prejudices, to be very sweet and palatable. But the taste for the flesh of these animals was not confined to the islanders of the Pacific ocean. The ancients reckoned a young and fat dog excellent food, especially if it had been castrated: Hippocrates placed it on a footing with mutton and pork; and in another place says, that the flesh of a grown dog is wholesome and strengthening, of puppies relaxing. The Romans admired fucking puppies: they sacrificed them also to their divinities, and thought them a supper in which the gods themselves delighted.

b. The barber, whose hair being long and silky, is greatly valued by the New Zealanders for trimming their ornamental dress. This variety is not eaten. The islanders never use their dogs for any purposes but what we mention; and take such care of them as not to suffer them even to wet their feet. They are excessively stupid, have a very bad nose for finding, and seldom or never bark, only now and then howl. The New Zealanders feed their dogs entirely with fish.

The Marquesas, Friendly Islands, New Hebrides, New Caledonia, and Easter Isle, have not yet received those animals.

Having thus traced the varieties of the Dog, and noticed the peculiarities of each, we shall now give its general natural history.

From the structure of the teeth, it might be concluded a priori that the dog is a carnivorous animal. He does not, however, eat indiscriminately every kind of animal substance. There are some birds, as the cygnus arcticus, which the water-dog will lay hold of with keenness, but will not bring out of the water, because its smell is exceedingly offensive to him. He will not eat the bones of a goose, crow, or hawk: but he devours even the putrid flesh of most other animals. He is possessed of such strong digestive powers, as to draw nourishment from the hardest bones. When flesh cannot be procured, he will eat fish, fruits, succulent herbs, and bread of all kinds. When oppressed with sickness, to which he is very subject, especially in the beginning of summer, and before ill weather, in order to procure a pike, he eats the leaves of the quicken-grafs, the bearded wheat-grafs, or the rough cock's-foot graps, which gives him immediate relief. When he feasts a piece of flesh, as conscious of the immorality of the action, he runs off with his tail hanging and bent in betwixt his feet.

His drink is water, which he takes in small quantities at a time, by licking with his tongue. He is in some measure obliged to lick in this manner, otherwise his nose would be immersed in the water.

His excrements are generally hard fecalbs, which, especially after eating bones, are white, and go by the name of album græcum among physicians. This album græcum was for a long time in great repute as a septic; but it is now entirely disregarded. He does not throw out his excrements promiscuously upon every thing that happens to be in the way, but upon stones, trunks of trees, or barren places. This is a wise institution of nature; for the excrements of a dog destroy almost every vegetable or animal substance. They are of such a putrid nature, that if a man's shoe touches them when recently expelled, that particular part will rot in a few days. He observes the same method in making his urine, which he throws out at a tide. It is remarkable, that a dog will not pass a stone or a wall against which any other dog has pissed, without following his example, although a hundred should occur in a few minutes, in so much that it is astonishing how such a quantity can be secreted in so short a time.

The dog is an animal not only of quick motion, but remarkable for travelling very long journeys. He can easily keep up with his master, either on foot or horseback, for a whole day. When fatigued, he does not sweat, but lolls out his tongue. Every kind of dog can swim; but the water-dog excels in that article.

The dog runs round when about to lie down, in order to discover the most proper situation. He lies generally on his breast, with his head turned to one side, and sometimes with his head above his two fore-feet. He flees little, and even that does not seem to be very quiet; for he often starts, and seems to hear with more acuteness in sleep than when awake. They have a tremulous motion in sleep, frequently move their legs, and bark, which is an indication of dreaming.

Dogs are possessed of the sensation of smelling in a high degree. They can trace their master by the smell of his feet in a church, or in the streets of a populous city. This sensation is not equally strong in every kind. The hound can trace game, or his master's steps, 24 hours afterwards. He barks furiously the nearer he approaches the fowls, unless he be beat and trained to silence.

The dog eats enviously, with oblique eyes; is an enemy to beggars; bites at a stone flung at it; is fond of licking wounds; howls at certain notes in music, and often urines on hearing them.

With regard to the propagation of dogs, the females admit the males before they are 12 months old. They remain in season 10, 12, or even 15 days, during which time they will admit a variety of males. They come into season generally twice in the year, and more frequently in the cold than in the hot months. The male discovers the condition of the female by the smell; but she seldom admits him the first six or seven days. One coitus coitus will make her conceive a great number of young; but, when not restrained, she will admit several dogs every day: she seems to have no choice or predilection, except in favour of large dogs: from this circumstance it sometimes happens, that a small female, who has admitted a maitiff, perishes in bringing forth her young. During the time of copulation, these animals cannot separate themselves, but remain united so long as the erection subsists. This is owing to the structure of the parts. The dog has not only a bone in his penis, but in the middle of the corpus cavernosum there is a large hollow, which is blown up in the time of erection to a considerable bulk. The female, on the other hand, has a larger clitoris than perhaps any other animal: besides, a large firm protuberance rises in the time of copulation, and remains perhaps longer than that of the male, and prevents him from retiring till it subsides: accordingly, after the act of copulation is over, the male turns about in order to rest himself on his legs, and remains in that position till the parts turn flaccid. The female goes with young about nine weeks. They generally bring forth from six to twelve puppies. Those of a small size bring forth five, four, and sometimes but two. They continue to copulate and bring forth during life, which lasts generally about 14 or 15 years. The whelps are commonly blind, and cannot open their eyes till the 10th or 12th day: the males are like the dogs, the females like the bitch. In the fourth month, they lose some of their teeth, which are soon succeeded by others.

The dog has such a strong resemblance to the wolf and the fox, that he is commonly supposed to be the production of one or other of these animals tamed and civilized. Buffon informs us, that he kept a young dog and a young wolf together till they were three years of age, without their discovering the least inclination to copulate. He made the same experiment upon a dog and a fox; but their antipathy was rather increased when the female was in season. From these experiments he concludes, that dogs, wolves, and foxes, are perfectly distinct genera of animals. There has, however, been lately an instance to the contrary: Mr Brooke, animal-merchant in Holborn, turned a wolf to a Pomeranian bitch in heat; the congress was immediate, and as usual between dog and bitch: she produced ten puppies. Mr Pennant saw one of them at Gordon's Castle, that had very much the resemblance of a wolf, and also much of its nature; being flipped at a weak deer, it instantly caught at the animal's throat and killed it. "I could not learn (says Mr Pennant) whether this mongrel continued its species; but another of the same kind did, and stocked the neighbourhood of Fochabers, in the county of Moray (where it was kept), with a multitude of curs of a most wolfish aspect.—There was lately living a mongrel offspring of this kind. It greatly resembled its wolf parent. It was first the property of Sir Wolstein Dixey; afterwards of Sir Willughby Afton. During day it was very tame; but at night sometimes relapsed into ferocity. It never barked, but rather howled; when it came into fields where sheep were it would feign lameness, but if no one was present would instantly attack them. It had been seen in copulation with a bitch, which afterwards purred: the breed was imagined to resemble in many respects the supposed fire. It died between the age of five and six.—The bitch will also breed with the fox. The woodman of the manor of Mongewell, in Oxfordshire, has a bitch, which constantly follows him, the offspring of a tame dog-fox by a shepherd's cur; and she again has had puppies by a dog. Since there are such authentic proofs of the further continuance of the breed, we may surely add the wolf and fox to the other supposed stocks of these faithful domestics."

With regard to the natural disposition of the dog: in a savage state, he is fierce, cruel, and voracious; but, when civilized and accustomed to live with men, he is possessed of every amiable quality. He seems to have no other desire than to please and protect his master. He is gentle, obedient, submissive, and faithful. These dispositions, joined to his almost unbounded sagacity, justly claim the esteem of mankind. Accordingly no animal is so much caressed or respected: he is so ductile, and so much formed to please, that he affumes the very air and temper of the family in which he resides.

An animal endowed with such uncommon qualities must answer many useful purposes. His fidelity and vigilance are daily employed to protect our persons, our flocks, or our goods. The acuteness of his smell gains him employment in hunting: he is frequently employed as a turnspit: at Bruffels and in Holland he is trained to draw little carts to the herb-market; and in the northern regions draws a fledge with his master in it, or loaded with provisions. The Kamchatkans, Equimauxs, and Greenlanders, strangers to the softer virtues, treat these poor animals with great neglect. The former, during summer, the season in which they are useless, turn them loose to provide for themselves; and recall them in October into their usual confinement and labour: from that time till spring they are fed with fish-bones and opuna, i.e. putrid fish preserved in pits, and served up to them mixed with hot water. Those used for draught are castrated; and four, yoked to the carriage, will draw five pounds, or a hundred and ninety English pounds, besides the driver; and thus loaded, will travel 30 versts, or 20 miles a-day; or if unloaded, on hardened snow, on sliders of bone, a hundred and fifty versts, or a hundred English miles.

It is pretty certain, Mr Pennant observes, that the Kamchatkan dogs are of wolfish descent; for wolves abound in that country, in all parts of Siberia, and even under the arctic circle. If their master is hung out of his fledge, they want the affectionate fidelity of the European kind, and leave him to follow, never stopping till the fledge is overturned, or else stopped by some impediment. The great traveller of the 13th century, Marco Polo, had knowledge of this species of conveyance from the merchants who went far north to trade for the precious furs. He describes the fleges; adds, that they were drawn by six great dogs; and that they changed them and the fleges on the road, as we do at present in going post. The Kamchatkans make use of the skins of dogs for clothing, and the long hair for ornament: some nations are fond of them as a food; and reckon a fat dog a great delicacy. Both the Asiatic and American savages use these animals in sacrifices to their gods, to bespeak favour or avert evil. When the Koreki dread any infection, they kill a dog, wind the intestines round two poles, and pass between them. The Greenlanders are not better masters. They leave their dogs to feed on muskles or berries; unless in a great capture of seals, when they treat them with the blood and garbage. These people also sometimes eat their dogs; use the skins for coverlets, for clothing, or to border and frame their habits; and their belt thread is made of the guts. These northern dogs in general are large; and in the frigid parts at least have the appearance of wolves: are usually white, with a black face; sometimes varied with black and white, sometimes all white; rarely brown or all black; have sharp noses, thick hair, and short ears; and seldom bark, but set up a sort of growl or savage howl. They sleep abroad; and make a lodge in the snow, lying with only their noses out. They swim most excellently; and will hunt in packs the ptarmigan, arctic fox, polar bear, and seals lying on the ice. The natives sometimes use them in the chase of the bear. They are excessively fierce; and, like wolves, instantly fly on the few domestic animals introduced into Greenland. They will fight among themselves even to death. Canine madness is unknown in Greenland. Being to the natives in the place of horses, the Greenlanders fasten to their sledges from four to ten; and thus make their visits in savage state, or bring home the animals they have killed. Egede says that they will travel over the ice 15 German miles in a day, or 60 English, with sledges loaded with their masters and five or six large seals.

Those of the neighbouring island of Iceland have a great resemblance to them. As to those of Newfoundland, it is not certain that there is any distinct breed: most of them are curs, with a cross of the mastiff: some will, and others will not, take the water, absolutely refusing to go in. The country was found uninhabited, which makes it more probable that they were introduced by the Europeans; who use them, as the factory does in Hudson's bay, to draw firing from the woods to the forts. The savages who trade to Hudson's bay make use of the wolfish kind to draw their furs.

It is singular, that the race of European dogs show as strong an antipathy to this American species as they do to the wolf itself. They never meet with them, but they show all possible signs of dislike, and will fall on and worry them; while the wolfish breed, with every mark of timidity, puts its tail between its legs, and runs from the rage of the others. This aversion to the wolf is natural to all genuine dogs; for it is well known that a whelp, which has never seen a wolf, will at first fight tremble, and run to its master for protection: an old dog will instantly attack it. Yet these animals may be made to breed with one another as above shown; and the following abstract of a letter from Dr Pallas to Mr Pennant, dated October 5th 1781, affords a further confirmation of the fact.

"I have seen at Moscow about twenty spurious animals from dogs and black wolves. They are for the most part like wolves, except that some carry their tails higher, and have a kind of hoarse barking. They multiply among themselves: and some of the whelps are greyish, rusty, or even of the whitish hue of the arctic wolves; and one of those I saw, in shape, tail, and hair, and even in barking, so like a cur, that was it not for his head and ears, his ill-natured look, and fearfulness at the approach of man, I should hardly have believed that it was of the same breed."

The dog is liable to many diseases, as the scab, madness, &c. and he seldom wants the taenia or tape-worm in his guts, especially if he drinks dirty water.

II. The second species of this genus is the Lupus, The Wolf or Wolf. He has a long head, pointed nose, ears erect and sharp, long legs well clothed with hair; tail bushy and bending down, with the tip black; head and neck ash-coloured; body generally pale brown tinged with yellow; sometimes found white, and sometimes entirely black. The wolf is larger and fiercer than a dog. His eyes sparkle, and there is a great degree of fury and wildness in his looks. He draws up his claws when he walks, to prevent his tread from being heard. His neck is short, but admits of very quick motion to either side. His teeth are large and sharp; and his bite is terrible, as his strength is great. The wolf, cruel, but cowardly and suspicious, flies from man; and seldom ventures out of the woods, except preyed by hunger: but when this becomes extreme, he braves danger, and will attack men, horses, dogs, and cattle of all kinds; even the graves of the dead are not proof against his rapacity. These circumstances are finely described, in the following lines:

By wintry famine tous'd, Cruel as death, and hungry as the grave! Burning for blood! bony, and gaunt, and grim! Assembling wolves in raging troops descend; And, pouring o'er the country, bear along, Keen as the north-wind sweeps the glowy snow. All is their prize. They falten on the feed, Puts him to earth, and pierce his mighty heart. Nor can the bull his awful front defend, Or shake the murthering savages away. Rapacious at the mother's throat they fly, And tear the screaming infant from her breast. The god-like face of man avails him nought. Even beauty, force divine! at whose bright glance The generous lion stands in soften'd gaze, Here bleeds, a hapless undiltingruit'd prey. But if, appris'd of the severe attack, The country be shut up, lur'd by the scent, On church-yards drear (inhuman to relate!) The disappointed prowlers fall, and dig The shrouded body from the grave: o'er which, Mix'd with foul shades and frighted ghosts, they howl.

THOMSON'S WINTER.

The wolf, unlike the dog, is an enemy to all society, and keeps no company even with those of his own species. When several wolves appear together, it is not a society of peace, but of war; it is attended with tumult and dreadful prowlings, and indicates an attack upon some large animal, as a stag, an ox, or a formidable mastiff. This military expedition is no sooner finished, than they separate, and each returns in silence to his solitude. There is even little intercourse between the males and females: They feel the mutual attractions of love but once a-year, and never remain long together. The females come in season in winter: many males follow the same female; and this association is more bloody than the former; for they growl, chafe, fight, and tear one another, and often sacrifice him. him that is preferred by the female. The female commonly flies a long time, fatigues her admirers, and retires, while they sleep, with the most alert or most favourite male.

The season of love continues only twelve or fifteen days; it commences with the oldest females; the young ones are not so early disposed. The males have no marked period, but are equally ready at all times. They go from female to female, according as they are in a condition to receive them. They begin with the old females about the end of December, and finish with the young ones in the month of February or beginning of March. The time of gestation is about three months and a half; and young whelps are found from the end of April to the month of July. The wolves copulate like the dogs, and have an osseous penis, surrounded with a ring, which swells and hinders them from separating. When the females are about to bring forth, they search for a concealed place in the immo recedees of the forest. After fixing on the spot, they make it smooth and plain for a considerable space, by cutting and tearing up with their teeth all the brambles and brush-wood. They then bring great quantities of moss, and prepare a commodious bed for their young, which are generally five or six, though sometimes they bring forth seven, eight, and even nine, but never less than three. They come into the world blind, like the dogs; the mother suckles them some weeks, and soon learns them to eat flesh, which she prepares for them by tearing it into small pieces. Some time after she brings them field-mice, young hares, partridges, and living fowls. The young wolves begin by playing with these animals, and at last worry them; then the mother pulls off the feathers, tears them in pieces, and gives a part to each of her young. They never leave their den till the end of six weeks or two months. They then follow their mother, who leads them to drink in the hollow trunk of a tree, or in some neighbouring pool. She conducts them back to the den, or, when any danger is apprehended, obliges them to conceal themselves elsewhere. Though, like other females, the she-wolf is naturally more timid than the male; yet when her young are attacked, she defends them with intrepidity; she loses all sense of danger, and becomes perfectly furious. She never leaves them till their education is finished, till they are so strong as to need no assistance or protection, and have acquired talents fit for rapine, which generally happens in ten or twelve months after their first teeth (which commonly fall out in the first month) are replaced.

Wolves acquire their full growth at the end of two or three years, and live 15 or 20 years. When old, they turn whitish, and their teeth are much worn. When full, or fatigued, they sleep, but more during the day than the night, and it is always a kind of flight slumber. They drink often; and, in the time of drought, when there is no water in the hollows, or in the trunks of old trees, they repair, several times in a day, to the brooks or rivulets. Though extremely voracious, if supplied with water, they can pass four or five days without meat.

The wolf has great strength, especially in the anterior parts of the body, i.e., the muscles of the neck and jaws. He carries a sheep in his mouth, and, at the same time, outruns the shepherds; so that he can only be stopped or deprived of his prey by dogs. His bite is cruel, and always more obdurate in proportion to the smallness of the resistance; for when an animal can defend itself, he is cautious and circumspect. He never fights but from necessity, and not from motives of courage. When wounded with a ball, he cries; and yet, when dispatching him with bludgeons, he complains not. When he falls into a snare, he is so overcome with terror, that he may be either killed or taken alive without resistance; he allows himself to be chained, muzzled, and led where you please, without exhibiting the least symptom of resentment or discontent.

The senses of the wolf are excellent, but particularly his sense of smelling, which often extends farther than his eye. The odour of carrion strikes him at the distance of more than a league. He likewise scents live animals very far, and hunts them a long time by following their track. When he issues from the wood, he never loses the wind. He stops upon the borders of the forest, smells on all sides, and receives the emanations of living or dead animals brought to him from a distance by the wind. Though he prefers living to dead animals; yet he devours the most putrid carcases. He is fond of human flesh; and, if stronger, he would perhaps eat no other. Wolves have been known to follow armies, to come in troops to the field of battle, where bodies are carelessly interred, to tear them up, and to devour them with an insatiable avidity. And, when once accustomed to human flesh, these wolves ever after attack men, prefer the shepherd to the flock, devour women, and carry off children. Wolves of this vicious disposition are called Loups garous by the French peasants, who suppose them to be possessed with some evil spirits; and of this nature were the werewolf of the old Saxons.

The wolf inhabits the continents of Europe, Asia, Africa, and America; Kamtschatka, and even as high as the arctic circle. The wolves of North America are the smallest; and, when reclaimed, are the dogs of the natives; the wolves of Senegal the largest and fiercest; they prey in company with the lion. Those of the Cape are grey striped with black; others are black.—They are found in Africa as low as the Cape; and are believed to inhabit New Holland, animals resembling them having been seen there by the late circumnavigators. Dampier's people also saw some half-starved animals in the same country, which they supposed to be wolves. In the east, and particularly in Persia, wolves are exhibited as spectacles to the people. When young, they are learned to dance, or rather to perform a kind of wrestling with a number of men. Chardin tells us, that a wolf, well educated in dancing, is sold at 500 French crowns. This fact proves, that these animals, by time and restraint, are susceptible of some kind of education. M. Buffon brought up several of them: "When young, or during their first year (he informs us), they are very docile, and even careful; and, if well fed, neither disturb the poultry nor any other animal; but, at the age of 18 months or two years, their natural ferocity appears, and they must be chained, to prevent them from running off and doing mischief. I brought up one till the age of 18 or 19 months, in a court along with fowls, none of which he ever attacked; but, for his first essay, he killed the whole in one night, with- out eating any of them. Another, having broken his chain, run off, after killing a dog with whom he had lived in great familiarity."

Whole countries are sometimes obliged to arm, in order to destroy the wolves. Princes have particular equipages for this species of hunting, which is both useful and necessary. Hunters distinguish wolves into young, old, and very old. They know them by the tracks of their feet. The older the wolf, his feet is the larger. The she-wolf's feet are longer and more slender; her heel is also smaller, and her toes thinner. A good blood-hound is necessary for hunting the wolf; and, when he falls into the scent, he must be coaxed and encouraged; for all dogs have an aversion from the wolf, and proceed with coldness in the chase. When the wolf is raised, the greyhounds are let loose in pairs, and one is kept for dislodging him, if he gets under cover; the other dogs are led before as a reserve. The first pair are let loose after the wolf, and are supported by a man on horseback; then the second pair are let loose at the distance of seven or eight hundred paces; and, lastly, the third pair, when the other dogs begin to join and to tease the wolf. The whole together soon reduce him to the last extremity; and the hunters complete the business by stabbing him with a dagger. The dogs have such a reluctance to the wolf's flesh, that it must be prepared and seasoned before they will eat it. The wolf may also be hunted with beagles or hounds; but as he darts always straight forward, and runs for a whole day without stopping, the chase is irksome, unless the beagles be supported by greyhounds, to tease him, and give the hounds time to come up.

Wolves are now so rare in the populated parts of America, that the inhabitants leave their sheep the whole night unguarded: yet the governments of Pennsylvania and New Jersey did some years ago allow a reward of twenty shillings, and the last even thirty shillings, for the killing of every wolf. Tradition informed them what a scourge those animals had been to the colonies; so they wisely determined to prevent the like evil. In their infant state, wolves came down in multitudes from the mountains, often attracted by the smell of the corpses of hundreds of Indians who died of the small-pox, brought among them by the Europeans; but the animals did not confine their insults to the dead, but even devoured in their huts the sick and dying savages.

Besides being hunted, wolves are destroyed by pitfalls, traps, or poison. A peasant in France who kills a wolf, carries its head from village to village, and collects some small reward from the inhabitants: the Kirghis-Cossacks take the wolves by the help of a large hawk called berkut, which is trained for the diversion, and will fasten on them and tear out their eyes. Britain, a few centuries ago, was much infested by them. It was, as appears by Hollingshed, very noxious to the flocks in Scotland in 1577; nor was it entirely exterminated till about 1680, when the last wolf fell by the hand of the famous Sir Ewen Cameron. We may therefore with confidence assert the non-existence of these animals, notwithstanding M. de Buffon maintains that the English pretend to the contrary. It has been a received opinion, that the other parts of these kingdoms were in early times delivered from this pest by the care of king Edgar. In England he attempted to effect it, by commutating the punishments of certain crimes into the acceptance of a certain number of wolves' tongues from each criminal; and in Wales by converting the tax of gold and silver into an annual tax of 300 wolves' heads. But, notwithstanding these his endeavours, and the assertions of some authors, his scheme proved abortive. We find, that some centuries after the reign of that Saxon monarch, these animals were again increased to such a degree as to become again the object of royal attention: accordingly Edward I. issued out his royal mandate to Peter Corbet to superintend and assist in the destruction of them in the several counties of Gloucester, Worcester, Hereford, Salop, and Stafford; and in the adjacent county of Derby (as Cambden, p. 902, informs us), certain persons at Wormhill held their lands by the duty of hunting and taking the wolves that infested the country, whence they were styled wolf-burnt. To look back into the Saxon times, we find, that in Athelstan's reign wolves abounded in Yorkshire, that a retreat was built at Flixton in that county, "to defend passengers from the wolves, that they should not be devoured by them:" and such ravages did those animals make during winter, particularly in January, when the cold was severest, that the Saxons distinguished that month by the name of the wolf-month. They also called an outlaw wolf's-head, as being out of the protection of the law, proscribed, and as liable to be killed as that destructive beast. Ireland was infested by wolves for many centuries after their extinction in England; for there are accounts of some being found there as late as the year 1710, the last presentment for killing of wolves being made in the county of Cork about that time.

In many parts of Sweden the number of wolves has been considerably diminished by placing poisoned carcasses in their way: but in other places they are found in great multitudes. Hunger sometimes compels them to eat lichens: these vegetables were found in the body of one killed by a soldier; but it was so weak, that it could scarcely move. It probably had fed on the lichen vulpinus, which is a known poison to these animals. Madness, in certain years, is apt to seize the wolf. The consequences are often very melancholy. Mad wolves will bite hogs and dogs, and the last again the human species. In a single parish 14 persons were victims to this dreadful malady. The symptoms are the same with those attendant on the bite of a mad dog. Fury sparkles in their eyes; a glutinous saliva dries from their mouths; they carry their tails low, and bite indifferently men and beasts. It is remarkable that this disease happens in the depth of winter, so can never be attributed to the rage of the dog-days. Often, towards spring, wolves get upon the ice of the sea, to prey on the young seals, which they catch asleep; but this repast often proves fatal to them; for the ice, detached from the shore, carries them to a great distance from land, before they are sensible of it. In some years a large district is by this means delivered from these pernicious beasts; which are heard howling in a most dreadful manner, far in the sea. When wolves come to make their attack on cattle, they never fail attempting to frighten away the men by their cries; but the sound of the horn makes them fly like lightning.

There is nothing valuable in the wolf but his skin, while which makes a warm durable fur. His flesh is so bad, that it is rejected with abhorrence by all other quadrupeds; and no animal but a wolf will voluntarily eat a wolf. The fineness of his breath is exceedingly offensive. As, to appease hunger, he swallows indiscriminately every thing he can find, corrupted flesh, bones, hair, skins half tanned and covered with lime, he vomits frequently, and empties himself oftener than he fills. In fine, the wolf is consummately disagreeable; his aspect is base and savage, his voice dreadful, his odour insupportable, his disposition perverse, his manners ferocious; odious and destructive when living, and, when dead, he is perfectly useless.

III. The Hyæna has a straight jointed tail, with the hair of its neck erect, small naked ears, and four toes on each foot. It inhabits Asiatic Turkey, Syria, Persia, and Barbary. Like the jackal, it violates the repertories of the dead, and greedily devours the putrid contents of the grave; like it, preys on the herds and flocks; yet, for want of other food, will eat the roots of plants, and the tender shoots of the palms: but, contrary to the nature of the former, it is an unlocatable animal; is solitary, and inhabits the chasms of the rocks. The superstitious Arabs, when they kill one, carefully bury the head, lest it should be employed for magical purposes; as the neck was of old by the Thessalian forefathers.

Vifera non lyncis, non dira nodus hyænae.

Lucan, vi. 672.

The ancients were wild in their opinion of the hyæna; they believed that its neck consisted of one bone without any joint; that it changed its sex; imitated the human voice; had the power of charming the shepherds, and, as it were, riveting them to the place they stood on: no wonder that an ignorant Arab should attribute supernatural powers to its remains. They are cruel, fierce, and untameable animals, of a most malevolent aspect; have a sort of obstinate courage, which will make them face stronger quadrupeds than themselves. Kämpfer relates, that he saw one which had put two lions to flight, regarding them with the utmost coolness. Their voice is hoarse, a disagreeable mixture of growling and roaring.

Mr Pennant describes a variety of this species, undistinguished by former naturalists, which he calls the spotted hyæna. It has a large and flat head; some long hairs above each eye; very long whiskers on each side of the nose; a short black mane; hair on the body short and smooth; ears short and a little pointed, their outside black, inside cinereous; face and upper part of the head black; body and limbs reddish brown, marked with distinct black round spots; the hind legs with black transverse bars; the tail short, black, and full of hair. It inhabits Guinea, Ethiopia, and the Cape: lives in holes in the earth, or cliffs of the rocks; preys by night; howls horribly; breaks into the folds, and kills two or three sheep; devours as much as it can, and carries away one for a future repast; will attack mankind, scrape open graves, and devour the dead. Bofman has given this creature the name of jackal; by which Buffon being misled, makes it synonymous with the common jackal. This hyæna is called the tiger-wolf by the colonists at the Cape, where it is a very common and formidable beast of prey. Of this animal, formerly but imperfectly known, the following account is given by Dr Sparmann in his voyage to the Cape.

"The night, or the dusk of the evening only, is the time in which these animals seek their prey, after which they are used to roam about both separately and in flocks. But one of the most unfortunate properties of this creature is, that it cannot keep its own counsel. The language of it cannot easily be taken down upon paper; however, with a view to make this species of wolf better known than it has been hitherto, I shall observe, that it is by means of a sound something like the following, aauae, and sometimes ooo, yelled out with a tone of despair (at the interval of some minutes between each howl), that nature obliges this, the most voracious animal in all Africa, to discover itself, just as it does the most venomous of all the American serpents, by the rattle in its tail, itself, to warn every one to avoid its mortal bite. This same rattlesnake would seem, in consequence of thus betraying its own designs, and of its great inactivity (to be as it were nature's step-child), if, according to many credible accounts, it had not the wondrous property of charming its prey by fixing its eye upon it. The like is affirmed also of the tiger-wolf. This creature, it is true, is obliged to give information against itself; but, on the other hand, is actually possessed of the peculiar gift of being enabled, in some measure, to imitate the cries of other animals; by which means this arch-deceiver is sometimes lucky enough to beguile and attract calves, foals, lambs, and other animals. Near some of the larger farms, where there is a great deal of cattle, this ravenous beast is to be found almost every night; and at the same time frequently from one hour to another betraying itself by its howlings, gives the dogs the alarm. The peasants assured me, that the cunning of the wolves was so great (adding, that the trick had now and then even succeeded with some of them), that a party of them, half flying and half defending themselves, would decoy the whole pack of dogs to follow them to the distance of a gun-shot or two from the farm, with a view to give an opportunity to the rest of the wolves to come out from their ambuscade, and, without meeting with the least resistance, carry off booty sufficient for themselves and their fugitive brethren. As the tiger-wolf, though a much larger and stronger animal, does not venture, without being driven to the utmost necessity, to measure its strength with the common dog, this is certainly an evident proof of its cowardice. Neither does this same voracious beast dare openly to attack oxen, cows, horses, or any of the larger animals, while they make the least appearance as if they would defend themselves, or even as long as they do not betray any signs of fear. On the other hand, it has art enough to rush in upon them suddenly and unexpectedly, at the same time setting up a horrid and strange cry, so as to set them running in consequence of the fright, that it may afterwards keep close to their heels with safety, till it has an opportunity with one bite or stroke to rip up the belly of its prey (even though it should be so large an animal as a draught-ox), or else give it some dangerous bite, and so at one single bout make itself master of its antagonist. On this account the peasants are obliged to drive their cattle home every evening before it is dark, excepting the more considerable droves of draught-oxen, which they let roam about day and night to seek their food unattended, by reason that they are used both to the country and the artifices of the wolves, and can therefore the easier depend upon and defend each other.

"Travellers, on the other hand, who are obliged to keep on in their journey, frequently suffer great losses by turning their cattle out at night; especially of the young ones, which are easiest feared. The Hottentots informed me that it was still within the memory of man, that the tiger-wolf was bold enough to steal upon them and molest them in their huts, particularly by carrying off their children. This, however, is now no longer the case; a circumstance, perhaps, proceeding from the introduction of fire-arms into the country, a circumstance which, in these latter times, has caused this, as well as other wild beasts, to stand in greater awe of man than it did formerly. I have heard the following story of the tiger-wolf mentioned, as being related in a certain treatise on the Cape, of which I now cannot exactly remember the title. 'The tale is laughable enough, though perhaps not quite so probable. At a feast near the Cape one night, a trumpeter who had got his fill was carried out of doors, in order that he might cool himself, and get sober again. The scent of him soon drew thither a tiger-wolf, which threw him on his back, and dragged him along with him as a corpse, and consequently a fair prize, up towards Table-mountain. During this, however, our drunken musician waked, enough in his senses to know the danger of his situation, and to sound the alarm with his trumpet, which he carried fastened to his side. The wild beast, as may easily be supposed, was not left frightened in his turn.' Any other besides a trumpeter would, in such circumstances, have undoubtedly been no better than wolf's meat.

"In the mean while it is certain, that these wolves are to be found almost every dark night about the flambles at the Cape, where they devour the offals of bones, skin, &c. which are thrown out there in great quantities, and drag away with them what they cannot eat. The inhabitants repay these good offices of the hyena with a free and unlimited privilege of access and respects. The dogs too hereabouts, perfectly accustomed to their company, are said never to throw any impediment in their way; so that the beast, entertained and fed in the very heart of the town, has been seldom known to do any mischief there. It is likewise a well-known fact, that these wolves, in different parts of Africa, exhibit different degrees of courage; this, however, may perhaps proceed from their being of different species in different parts.

"Yet in this very greediness of the hyena, and its disposition to consume every thing it can get at, the provident economy of nature is abundantly evinced. The flowery fields at the Cape would certainly soon become hideous and disfigured with carcases and skeletons, the relics of the great quantity of game of all sorts which grow and die there in succession, were not the tiger-wolf manifestly subservient to nature in the regulation of her police, by clearing her theatre from them; nay, I had almost said the wolf alone: for lions and tigers, for example, never eat bones, and are not very fond of carcases. These are serviceable in another way. They make the other animals vigilant and attentive to the functions for which nature has designed them; and besides answering several other intentions of providence, they serve, in conjunction with mankind, to keep in a just equilibrium the increase of the animal kingdom; so that it may not exceed the supplies afforded it by the vegetable part of the creation, and by this means prevent the necessary renewal of the latter by seeds, &c. and thus, by defolating it and laying it waste, in the end impoverish and destroy themselves, and die most wretched victims to want and hunger; so that, notwithstanding the immense quantities of game existing in this country, there are very seldom found any bones in the haunts they have left, and never after the tiger, lion, jackal, wild cat, and wild dog. These latter animals, that they may not encumber and litter the ground which nature has ordained them to clear, never go out of their dens and caverns when they find themselves sick and disabled; but there, oppressed with hunger and disease, await the transitory moment, when they must pay obedience to nature's last law."

IV. The Mexicanus has a smooth crooked tail. The Mexicanus is a native of Mexico, and is called the mountain-cat by Seba. It agrees with the European wolf in its manners; attacks cattle, and sometimes men.

V. The Vulpes, or Fox, has a straight tail, white at the point. His body is yellowish, or rather straw-coloured; his ears are small and erect; his lips are whitish, and his forefeet black. From the base of the tail a strong scent is emitted, which to some people is very fragrant, and to others extremely disagreeable. The fox is a native of almost every quarter of the globe, and is of such a wild and savage nature that it is impossible fully to tame him. He is esteemed to be the most sagacious and the most crafty of all beasts of prey. The former quality he shows in his method of providing himself with an asylum, where he retires from preying dangers, where he dwells, and where he brings up his young; and his craftiness is chiefly discovered by the schemes he falls upon in order to catch lambs, geese, hens, and all kinds of small birds. The fox fixes his abode on the border of the wood, in the neighbourhood of cottages: he listens to the crowing of the cocks and the cries of the poultry. He scents them at a distance; he chooses his time with judgment; he conceals his road as well as his design; he slips forward with caution, sometimes even trailing his body, and seldom makes a fruitless expedition. If he can leap the wall, or get in underneath, he ravages the court-yard, puts all to death, and then retires softly with his prey, which he either hides under the herbage, or carries off to his kennel. He returns in a few minutes for another, which he carries off, or conceals in the same manner, but in a different place. In this way he proceeds till the progress of the sun, or some movements perceived in the house, advertises him that it is time to fulfill his operations, and to retire to his den. He plays the same game with the catchers of thrushes, wood-cocks, &c. He visits the nets and bird-lime very early in the morning, carries off successively the birds which are entangled, and lays them in different places, especially near the sides of high-ways, in the furrows, under the herbage or brushwood, where they sometimes lie. lie two or three days; but he knows perfectly where to find them when he is in need. He hunts the young hares in the plains, seizes old ones in their seats, never misses those which are wounded, digs out the rabbits in the warrens, discovers the nests of partridges and quails, seizes the mothers on the eggs, and destroys a vast quantity of game. The fox is exceedingly voracious; besides flesh of all kinds, he eats, with equal avidity, eggs, milk, cheese, fruits, and particularly grapes. When the young hares and partridges fail him, he makes war against rats, field-mice, serpents, lizards, toads, &c. Of these he destroys vast numbers; and this is the only service he does to mankind. He is so fond of honey, that he attacks the wild bees, wasps, and hornets. They at first put him to flight by a thousand stings; but he retires only for the purpose of rolling himself on the ground to crush them; and he returns so often to the charge, that he obliges them to abandon the hive, which he soon uncovers, and devours both the honey and wax. In a word, he eats fishes, lobsters, grasshoppers, &c.

The fox is not easily, and never fully tamed: he languishes when deprived of liberty; and, if kept too long in a domestic state, he dies of chagrin. Foxes produce but once a year; and the litter commonly consist of four or five, seldom six, and never less than three. When the female is full, she retires, and seldom goes out of her hole, where she prepares a bed for her young. She comes in season in the winter; and young foxes are found in the month of April. When she perceives that her retreat is discovered, and that her young have been disturbed, she carries them off one by one, and goes in search of another habitation. The young are brought forth blind; like the dogs, they grow 18 months, or two years, and live 13 or 14 years.—The fox, as well as the generous wolf, will produce with the dog-kind, as noticed above.

The senses of the fox are equally good as those of the wolf; his sentiment is more delicate; and the organs of his voice are more pliant and perfect. The wolf sends forth only frightful howlings; but the fox barks, yelps, and utters a mournful cry like that of the peacock. He varies his tones according to the different sentiments with which he is affected: he has an accent peculiar to the chase, the tone of desire, of complaint, and of sorrow. He has another cry expressive of acute pain, which he utters only when he is shot, or has some of his members broken; for he never complains of any other wound, and, like the wolf, allows himself to be killed with a bludgeon without complaining; but he always defends himself to the last with great courage and bravery. His bite is obstinate and dangerous; and the several blows will hardly make him quit his hold. His yelping is a species of barking, and consists of a quick succession of similar tones; at the end of which he generally raises his voice similar to the cry of the peacock. In winter, and particularly during frost and snow, he yelps perpetually; but, in summer, he is almost entirely silent, and, during this season, he casts his hair. He sleeps sound, and may be easily approached without wakening: he sleeps in a round form, like the dog; but, when he only repose himself, he extends his hind legs, and lies on his belly. It is in this situation that he spies the birds along the hedges, and meditates schemes for their surprise. The fox flies when he hears the explosion of a gun, or smells gunpowder. He is exceedingly fond of grapes, and does much mischief in vineyards. Various methods are daily employed to destroy foxes: they are hunted with dogs; iron traps are frequently set at their holes; and their holes are sometimes smoked to make them run out, that they may the more readily fall into the snares, or be killed by dogs or fire-arms.

The chase of the fox requires less apparatus, and is more amusing, than that of the wolf. To the latter every dog has great reluctance: but all dogs hunt the fox spontaneously and with pleasure; for, though his odour be strong, they often prefer him to the stag or the hare. He may be hunted with terriers, hounds, &c. Whenever he finds himself pursued, he runs to his hole; the terriers with crooked legs, or turnips, go in with most ease. This mode answers very well when we want to carry off a whole litter of foxes, both mother and young. While the mother defends herself against the terriers, the hunters remove the earth above, and either kill or seize her alive. But, as the holes are often under rocks, the roots of trees, or sunk too deep in the ground, this method is frequently unsuccessful. The most certain and most common method of hunting foxes, is to begin with shutting up their holes, to place a man with a gun near the entrance, and then to search about with the dogs. When they fall in with him, he immediately makes for his hole; but, when he comes up to it, he is met with a discharge from the gun. If he escapes the shot, he runs with full speed, takes a large circuit, and returns again to the hole, where he is fired upon a second time; but, finding the entrance shut, he now endeavours to escape by darting straight forward, with the design of never revisiting his former habitation. He is then pursued by the hounds, whom he seldom fails to fatigue, because he purposely passes through the thickest parts of the forest or places of the most difficult access, where the dogs are hardly able to follow him; and, when he takes to the plains, he runs straight out, without stopping or doubling.

Of all animals the fox has the most significant eye, by which it expresses every passion of love, fear, hatred, &c. It is remarkably playful; but, like all savage creatures half reclaimed, will on the least offence bite those it is most familiar with. It is a great admirer of its bushy tail, with which it frequently amuses and exercises itself, by running in circles to catch it: and, in cold weather, wraps it round its nose. The smell of this animal is in general very strong, but that of the urine is remarkably fetid. This seems so offensive even to itself, that it will take the trouble of digging a hole in the ground, stretching its body at full length over it; and there, after depositing its water, cover it over with the earth, as the cat does its dung. The smell is so obnoxious, that it has often proved the means of the fox's escape from the dogs; who have so strong an aversion at the filthy effluvia, as to avoid encountering the animal it came from. It is said that the fox makes use of its urine as an expedient to force the cleanly badger from its habitation: whether that is the means, is rather doubtful; but that the fox makes use of the badger's hole is certain: not through want of ability to form its own retreat, but to save itself some trouble; for after the expulsion pulsion of the first inhabitant, the fox improves as well as enlarges it considerably, adding several chambers, and providently making several entrances to secure a retreat from every quarter. In warm weather, it will quit its habitation for the sake of basking in the sun, or to enjoy the free air; but then it rarely lies exposed, but chooses some thick brake, that it may rest secure from surprize. Crows, magpies, and other birds, who consider the fox as their common enemy, will often, by their notes of anger, point out its retreat.—The skin of this animal is furnished with a warm soft fur, which in many parts of Europe is used to make muffs and to line clothes. Vast numbers are taken in Le Valais, and the Alpine parts of Switzerland. At Lausanne there are furriers who are in possession of between 2000 and 3000 skins, all taken in one winter.

Of the fox there are several varieties, derived from colour; as,

1. The field-fox, or *alopex* of Linnaeus, who makes it a distinct species; but it is every way the same with the common fox, except in the point of the tail, which is black.

2. The cross-fox, with a black mark passing transversely from shoulder to shoulder, with another along the back to the tail. It inhabits the coldest parts of Europe, Asia, and North-America; a valuable fur, thicker and softer than the common sort; great numbers of the skins are imported from Canada.

3. The black fox is the most cunning of any, and its skin the most valuable; a lining of it is, in Russia, esteemed preferable to the finest fables: a single skin will sell for 400 rubles. It inhabits the northern parts of Asia and North-America. The last is inferior in goodness.

4. The brant fox, as described by Gesner and Linnaeus, is of a fiery redness; and called by the first *brand-fuchs*, by the last *brandraef*: it is scarce half the size of the common fox: the nose is black, and much sharper; the space round the ears ferruginous; the forehead, back, shoulders, thighs, and sides black mixed with red, ash-colour, and black; the belly yellowish; the tail black above, red beneath, and cinereous on its side. It is a native of Pennsylvania.

5. The cortac-fox, with upright ears, soft downy hair; tail bushy; colour in summer pale tawny; in winter grey: the base and tip of the tail black; a small kind. It inhabits the deserts beyond the Yaik: lives in holes: howls and barks: is caught by the Kirgis Caffacks with falcons and greyhounds; 40 or 50,000 are annually taken, and sold to the Russians, at the rate of 40 kopeiks, or 20 pence, each: the former use their skins instead of money: great numbers are sent into Turkey.

6. There are three varieties of foxes found in the mountainous parts of Britain, which differ a little in form, but not in colour, from each other. They are distinguished in Wales by many different names. The *milgi*, or *gre-bound-fox*, is the largest, tallest, and boldest; and will attack a grown sheep or wedder: the *maffiff-fox* is less, but more strongly built: the *corgi*, or *cur-fox* is the least; lurks about hedges, out-houses, &c., and is the most pernicious of the three to the feathered tribe. The first of these varieties has a white ring or tip to the tail; the last a black. When hunted, they never run directly forward, but make a great many doublings and turnings; and when in danger of being taken, they emit such a smell from their posteriors that the hunters can hardly endure it.

VI. The *Lagopus*, or arctic fox, with a sharp nose; the arctic short rounded ears, almost hid in the fur; long and Fox, soft hair, somewhat woolly; short legs; toes covered on all parts, like that of a common hare, with fur; tail shorter and more bushy than that of the common fox, of a bluish grey or ash colour, sometimes white: the young of the grey are black before they come to maturity: the hair much longer in winter than summer, as is usual with animals of cold climates. It inhabits the countries bordering on the Frozen Sea; Khamchatka, the isles between it and America, and the opposite parts of America discovered in captain Bering's expedition, 1741; is again found in Greenland, Iceland, Spitzbergen, Nova Zembla, and Lapland. It burrows underground, forms holes many feet in length, and strews the bottom with moss. In Greenland and Spitzbergen it lives in the cliffs of rocks, not being able to burrow, by reason of the frost: two or three pair inhabit the same hole. They are in heat about Lady-day; and during that time, they continue in the open air, but afterwards take to their holes. They go with young nine weeks: like dogs, they continue united in copulation: they bark like that animal, for which reason the Russians call them *pezhi*, or dogs. They have all the cunning of the common fox; prey on goslings, ducks, and other water-fowl, before they can fly; on grouse of the country, on hares, and the eggs of birds; and in Greenland (through necessity) on berries, shell-fish, or anything the sea flings up. But their principal food in the north of Asia and in Lapland is the lemming, or Lapland marmot: those of the countries last mentioned are very migratory, pursuing the lemming which is a wandering animal: sometimes these foxes will desert the country for three or four years, probably in pursuit of their prey; for it is well known that the migrations of the lemming are very inconstant, appearing in some countries only once in several years. The people of Jenecia suspect they go to the banks of the Oby. Their chief rendezvous is on the banks of the Frozen Sea, and the rivers that flow into it, where they are found in great troops. The Greenlanders take them either in pitfalls dug in the snow, and baited with the capelin fish; or in snares made with whalebone, laid over a hole made in the snow, firewood over at bottom with the same kind of fish; or in traps made like little huts, with flat stones, with a broad one by way of door, which falls down (by means of a string baited on the inside with a piece of flesh) whenever the fox enters and pulls at it. The Greenlanders preserve the skins for traffic; and in cases of necessity eat the flesh. They also make buttons of the skins; and split the tendons, and make use of them instead of thread. The blue furs are much more esteemed than the white.

VII. The *Indica*, or antarctic fox (the *coyot* of Fernandez, the *loup-renard* of Bougainville), has short fur, pointed ears; irides hazel; head and body cinereous brown; hair more woolly than that of the common fox, resembling much that of the arctic; legs dished with rust-colour; tail dusky, tipped with white; shorter and more bushy than that of the common fox, to which it is about one-third superior in size. It has much the habit of the wolf, in ears, tail, and strength of limbs. The French therefore call it *loup-renard*, or wolf-fox. It may be a wolf degenerated by climate. The largest are those of Senegal; the next are the European; those of North America are still smaller. The Mexican wolves, which Mr Pennant apprehends to be this species, are again less; and this, which inhabits the Falkland isles, near the extremity of South America, is dwindled to the size described. This is the only land animal of those distant isles; it has a fetid smell, and barks like a dog. It lives near the shores; kennels like a fox; and forms regular paths from bay to bay, probably for the convenience of surprizing the water-fowl, on which it lives. It is at times very meagre, from want of prey; and is extremely tame. The islands were probably stocked with these animals by means of masses of ice broken from the continent, and carried by the currents.

VIII. The Grey-fox of Catesby, &c., has a sharp nose; sharp, long, upright ears; legs long; colour grey, except a little redness about the ears.—It inhabits Carolina, and the warmer parts of North America; it differs from the arctic fox in form, and the nature of its dwelling; agrees with the common fox in the first, varies from it in the last: it never burrows, but lives in hollow trees; it gives no diversion to the sportsman; for after a mile's chase, it takes to its retreat; it has no strong smell; it feeds on poultry, birds, &c. These foxes are easily made tame; their skins, when in season, made use of for muffs.

IX. The Silver Fox of Louisiana. It resembles the common fox in form, but has a most beautiful coat. The short hairs are of a deep brown; and over them spring long silvery hairs, which give the animal a very elegant appearance. They live in forests abounding in game, and never attempt the poultry which run at large. The woody eminences in Louisiana are everywhere pierced with their holes.

X. The Barbary Fox, (*le Chacal*, Buff.), or jackal-adive, has a long and slender nose, sharp upright ears, long buffy tail: colour, a very pale brown; space above and below the eyes, black; from behind each ear, there is a black line, which soon divides into two, which extend to the lower part of the neck; and the tail is surrounded with three broad rings. This species is of the size of the common fox, but the limbs are shorter, and the nose is more slender.—M. de Buffon informs us, that Mr Bruce told him this animal was common in Barbary, where it was called *thalet*. But Mr Pennant observes, that Mr Bruce should have given it a more distinguishing name; for *thalet*, or *taulet*, is no more than the Arabic name for the common fox, which is also frequent in that country.

XI. The Auribus, Schakal, or Jackal, as described by Mr Pennant, has yellowish brown irises; ears erect, formed like those of a fox, but shorter and less pointed; hairy and white within; brown without, tinged with dusky; head shorter than that of a fox, and nose blunter; lips black, and somewhat loose; neck and body very much resembling those of that animal, but the body more compressed; the legs have the same resemblance, but are longer; tail thickset in the middle, tapering to the point; five toes on the fore feet; the inner toe very short, and placed high; four toes on the hind feet; all are covered with hair even to the claws. The hairs are much fluffier than those of a fox, but scarcely so stiff as those of a wolf; short about the nose; on the back, three inches long; on the belly shorter. Those at the end of the tail four inches long. Colour of the upper part of the body a dirty tawny; on the back, mixed with black; lower part of the body of a yellowish white; tail tipped with black; the rest of the same colour with the back; the legs of an unmixed tawny brown; the fore legs marked (but not always) with a black spot on the knees; but on no part are those vivid colours which could merit the title of golden, bestowed on it by Kämpfer.—The length of this animal from the nose to the root of the tail is little more than twenty-nine inches English; the tail, to the ends of the hairs, ten three quarters; the tip reaching to the top of the hind legs; the height, from the space between the shoulders to the ground, rather more than eighteen inches and a half; the hind parts a little higher.—This species inhabits all the hot and temperate parts of Asia, India, Persia, Arabia, Great Tartary, and about Mount Caucasus, Syria, and the Holy Land. It is found in most parts of Africa, from Barbary to the Cape of Good Hope.

Professor Gueldenlaedt*, the able describer of this long-loft animal, remarks, that the caecum entirely agrees in form with that of a dog, and differs from that of the wolf and fox. And Mr Pennant observes, that there is the same agreement in the teeth with those of a dog; and the same variation in them from those of the two other animals. These circumstances strengthen the opinion entertained by some writers, that the dogs of the old world did derive their origin from one or other of them. The jackals have indeed so much the nature of dogs, as to give reasonable cause to imagine that they are at least the chief stock from which is sprung the various races of those domestic animals. When taken young, they grow instantly tame; attach themselves to mankind; wag their tails; love to be stroked; distinguish their masters from others; will come on being called by the name given to them; will leap on the table, being encouraged to it; they drink, lapping; and make water sideways, with their leg held up. Their dung is hard: *odorat annum alium*, *coepula junctus*. When they see dogs, instead of flying, they seek them, and play with them. They will eat bread eagerly; notwithstanding they are in a wild state carnivorous. They have a great resemblance to some of the Calmuc dogs, which perhaps were but a few descendents removed from the wild kinds. Our dogs are probably derived from those reclaimed in the first ages of the world; altered by numberless accidents into the many varieties which now appear among us.

The wild schakals go in packs of 40, 50, and even two hundred, and hunt like hounds in full cry from evening to morning. They destroy flocks and poultry, but in a less degree than the wolf or fox: ravage the streets of villages and gardens near towns, and will even destroy children, if left unprotected. They will enter stables and outhouses, and devour skins, or any thing made of that material. They will familiarly enter a tent, and steal whatsoever they can find from the sleeping traveller. In default of living prey, they will feed on roots and fruits; and even on the most infected carrion: they will greedily disinter the dead, and devour the putrid carcases; for which reason, in many countries the graves are made of a great depth. They at- tend caravans, and follow armies, in hopes that death will provide them a banquet.

Their voice naturally is a howl. Barking, Mr Pennant observes, is latently inherent; and in their state of nature seldom exerted; but its different modifications are adventitious, and expressive of the new passions and affections gained by a domestic state. Their howlings and clamours in the night are dreadful, and so loud that people can scarcely hear one another speak. Dellen says, their voice is like the cries of a great many children of different ages mixed together: when one begins to howl, the whole pack join in the cry. Kämpfer says, that every now and then a sort of bark is intermixed; which confirms what is above asserted by Mr Pennant. Dellen agrees in the account of their being tamed, and entertained as domestic animals. During day they are silent. They dig burrows in the earth, in which they lie all day, and come out at night to range for prey: they hunt by the nose, and are very quick of scent. The females breed only once a year; and go with young only four weeks; they bring from six to eight at a time. Both Mr Gueldenstaedt and Mr Bell contradict the opinion of their being very fierce animals.

This animal is vulgarly called the Lion's Provider, from an opinion that it rouses the prey for that bad-nosed quadruped. The fact is, every creature in the forest is set in motion by the fearful cries of the jackals; the lion, and other beasts of rapine, by a sort of instinct, attend to the chace, and seize such timid animals as betake themselves to flight at the noise of this nightly pack. The jackal is described by Oppian, under the name of Λυκός ἐνδεβός, or yellow wolf; who mentions its horrible howl. It may, as M. de Buffon conjectures, be the Ὀξεῖος of Aristotle, who mentions it with the wolf, and says that it has the same internal structure as the wolf, which is common with congenorous animals. The Thoes of Pliny may also be a variety of the same animal; for his account of it agrees with the modern history of the schakal, except in the last article: "Thoes, Luporum id genus est procerius longitudine, brevitate crurum diffimile, velox faltu, venatus vivens, innocuum homini;" lib. viii. c. 34.

XII. The Mesomelas, or Capefch of Schreber, the tenlie or kentle of the Hottentots, has erect yellowish brown ears, mixed with a few scattered black hairs: the head is of a yellowish brown, mixed with black and white, growing darker towards the hind part: the sides are of a light brown, varied with dusky hairs: the body and also the back part of the legs are of a yellowish brown, lightest on the body; the throat, breast, and belly white. On the neck, shoulders, and back, is a bed of black; broad on the shoulders, and growing narrower to the tail: when the hairs are smooth, the part on the neck seems barred with white; that on the shoulders with white conoid marks, one within the other, the end pointing to the back: when the hairs are ruffled, these marks vanish, or grow less distinct, and a hoaryness appears in their stead. The tail is bushy, of a yellowish brown; marked on the upper part with a longitudinal stripe of black, and towards the end encircled with two rings of black, and is tipped with white. In length, the animal is two feet three quarters, to the origin of the tail: the tail is one foot. This species inhabits the countries about the Cape of Good Hope, and probably is found as high as the line.

XIII. The Thoes has a smooth crooked tail; the upper part of its body is grey, and its belly white. It is about the size of a large cat; and, according to Linnaeus, is found at Surinam; it is mentioned by no other naturalist.

XIV. The Zerda. This animal has a very pointed visage; large bright black eyes; very large ears, of a bright rosy-colour, internally lined with long hairs; the orifice so small as not to be visible, probably covered with a valve or membrane: the legs and feet are like those of a dog; the tail is taper; colour between a straw and pale brown. Length from nose to tail, ten inches; ears, three inches and a half long; tail, five; height, not five. It inhabits the vast desert of Saara, which extends beyond mount Atlas: it burrows in the sandy ground, which shows the necessity of the valves to the ears; and is so excessively swift, that it is very rarely taken alive. It feeds on insects, especially locusts: sits on its rump: is very vigilant: barks like a dog, but much shriller, and that chiefly in the night: never is observed to be sporting. We are indebted to Mr Eric Skioldebrandt, the late Swedish consul at Algiers, for our knowledge of this singular animal. He never could procure but one alive, which escaped before he examined its teeth: the genus is very uncertain: the form of its head and legs, and some of its manners, determined Mr Pennant to rank it in this genus. That which was in possession of Mr Skioldebrandt fed freely from the hand, and would eat bread or boiled meat. Buffon has given a figure of this animal; but from the authority of Mr Bruce ascribes it to a different place, and different manners. He says that it is found to the south of the Palus Tritonides, in Libya; that it has something of the nature of the hare, and something of the squirrel; and that it lives on the palm-trees, and feeds on the fruits.

Canis Major, the great dog in astronomy, a constellation of the southern hemisphere, below Orion's feet, though somewhat to the westward of him; whose stars Ptolemy makes 29; Tycho observed only 15; Hevelius 21; in the Britannic catalogue they are 31.

Canis Minor, the little dog, in astronomy, a constellation of the northern hemisphere; called also by the Greeks, Procyon, and by the Latins Antecanis and Canicula. The stars in the constellation canis minor, are in Ptolemy's catalogue 2; in Tycho's, 5; in Hevelius's, 13; and in the British catalogue, 14.

Canisius (Henry), a native of Nimeguen, and one of the most learned men of his time, was professor of canon law at Ingolstadt; and wrote a great number of books; the principal of which are, 1. Summa Juris Canonici. 2. Antique lectiones, a very valuable work. He died in 1609.

Canitz (the baron of), a German poet and statesman, was of an ancient and illustrious family in Brandenburg, and born at Berlin in 1564, five months after his father's death. After his early studies, he travelled to France, Italy, Holland, and England; and upon his return to his country, was charged with important negociations by Frederic II. Frederic III. employed him also. Canitz united the statesman with the poet; and was conversant in many languages, dead No 63.