in Jewish antiquity. Ezekiel mentions chadchad among the several merchandizes which were brought to Tyre. The old interpreters, not very well knowing the meaning of this term, continued it in their translation. St Jerom acknowledges that he could not discover the interpretation of it. The Chaldee interprets it pearls; others think that the onyx, ruby, carbuncle, crystal, or diamond is meant by it.

CHÆRONEA, (anc. geog.), the last town, or rather the last village, of Boeotia, towards Phocis; the birthplace of Plutarch: famous for the fatal defeat of the confederate Greeks by Philip of Macedon. This place was considered by Philip as well-adapted to the operations of the Macedonian phalanx; and the ground for his encampment, and afterwards the field of battle, were chosen with equal sagacity: having in view on one side a temple of Hercules, whom the Macedonians regarded as the author of their royal house, and the Charonesa high protector of their fortune; and on the other the banks of the Thermopylae, a small river flowing into the Cephissus, announced by the oracles of Greece as the destined scene of desolation and woe to their unhappy country. The generals of the confederate Greeks had been much less careful to avail themselves of the powerful sanctions of superstition. Unrestrained by inauspicious sacrifices, the Athenians had left their city at the exhortation of Demosthenes, to wait no other omen but the cause of their country. Regardless of oracles, they afterwards advanced to the ill-fated Thermopylae, accompanied by the Thebans, and the scanty reinforcements raised by the islands and states of Peloponnese which had joined their alliance. Their army amounted to 30,000 men, animated by the noblest cause for which men can fight, but commanded by the Athenians Lycurgus and Charax; the first but little, and the second unfavourably, known; and by Theagenes the Theban, a person strongly suspected of treachery: all three creatures of cabal and tools of faction, slaves of interest or voluptuousness, whose characters (especially as they had been appointed to command the only states whose shame, rather than virtue, yet opposed the public enemy) are alone sufficient to prove that Greece was ripe for ruin.

When the day approached for abolishing the tottering independence of those turbulent republics, which their own internal vices, and the arms and intrigues of Philip, had been gradually undermining for 22 years, both armies formed in battle array before the rising of the sun. The right wing of the Macedonians was headed by Philip, who judged proper to oppose in person the dangerous fury of the Athenians. His son Alexander, only 19 years of age, but surrounded by experienced officers, commanded the left wing, which faced the Sacred Band of the Thebans. The auxiliaries of either army were posted in the centre. In the beginning of the action, the Athenians charged with impetuosity, and repelled the opposing divisions of the enemy; but the youthful ardour of Alexander obliged the Thebans to retire, the Sacred Band being cut down to a man. The activity of the young prince completed their disorder, and pursued the scattered multitude with his Thessalian cavalry.

Meantime the Athenian generals, too much elated by their first advantage, lost the opportunity to improve it; for having repelled the centre and right wing of the Macedonians, except the phalanx, which was composed of chosen men, and immediately commanded by the king, they, instead of attempting to break this formidable body by attacking it in flank, pressed forward against the fugitives, the insolent Lycurgus exclaiming in vain triumph, "Pursue, my brave countrymen! let us drive the cowards to Macedon." Philip observed this rash folly with contempt; and laying to those around him, "Our enemies know not how to conquer," commanded his phalanx, by a rapid evolution, to gain an adjacent eminence, from which they poured down, firm and collected, on the advancing Athenians, whose confidence of success had rendered them totally insensible to danger. But the irresistible shock of the Macedonian spear converted their fury into despair. Above a thousand fell, two thousand were taken prisoners. the rest escaped by a precipitate and shameful flight. Of the Thebans more were killed than taken. Few of the confederates perished, as they had little share in the action, and as Philip, perceiving his victory to be complete, gave orders to spare the vanquished, with a clemency unusual in that age, and not less honourable to his understanding than his heart; since his humanity thus subdued the minds, and gained the affections, of his conquered enemies.

According to the Grecian custom, the battle was followed by an entertainment, at which the king presiding in person, received the congratulations of his friends, and the humble supplications of the Athenian deputies, who craved the bodies of their slain. Their request, which served as an acknowledgment of their defeat, was readily granted; but before they availed themselves of the permission to carry off their dead, Philip, who with his natural intemperance had protracted the entertainment till morning, issued forth with his licentious companions to visit the field of battle; their heads crowned with festive garlands, their minds intoxicated with the insolence of wine and victory; yet the sight of the slaughtered Thebans, which first presented itself to their eyes, and particularly the sacred band of friends and lovers, who lay covered with honourable wounds on the spot where they had been drawn up to fight, brought back these insolent spectators to the sentiments of reason and humanity. Philip beheld the awful scene with a mixture of admiration and pity; and, after an affecting silence, denounced a solemn curse against those who basely suspected the friendship of such brave men to be tainted with criminal and infamous passions.

But this serious temper of mind did not last long; for having proceeded to that quarter of the field where the Athenians had fought and fallen, the king abandoned himself to all the levity and littleness of the most petulant joy. Instead of being impressed with a deep sense of his recent danger, and with dutiful gratitude to Heaven for the happiness of his escape and the importance of his victory, Philip only compared the boastful pretensions with the mean performances of his Athenian enemies; and, struck by this contrast, rehearsed, with the insolent mockery of a buffoon, the pompous declaration of war lately drawn up by the ardent patriotism and too sanguine hopes of Demosthenes. It was on this occasion that the orator Demades at once rebuked the folly, and flattered the ambition, of Philip, by asking him, Why he assumed the character of Thersites when fortune assigned him the part of Agamemnon?

Whatever might be the effect of this sharp reprimand, it is certain that the king of Macedon indulged not, on any future occasion, a vain triumph over vanquished. When advised by his generals to advance into Attica, and to render himself master of Athens, he only replied, "Have I done so much for glory, and shall I destroy the theatre of that glory?" His subsequent conduct corresponded with the moderation of this sentiment. He restored without ransom the Athenian prisoners; who, at departing, having demanded their baggage, were also gratified in this particular; the king pleasantly observing, that the Athenians seemed to think he had not conquered them in earnest. Soon afterwards he dispatched his son Alexander, and Antipater, the most trusted of his ministers, to offer them peace on such favourable terms as they had little reason to expect. They were required to send deputies to the Isthmus of Corinth, where, to adjust their respective contingents of troops for the Persian expedition, Philip purposed assembling early in the spring a general convention of all the Grecian states: they were ordered to surrender the isle of Samos, which actually formed the principal station of their fleet, and the main bulwark and defence of all their maritime or insular possessions; but they were allowed to enjoy, unmolested, the Attic territory, with their hereditary form of government.

**CHÆROPHYLLUM, Chervil:** A genus of the dignia order, belonging to the pentandra clas of plants; and in the natural method ranking under the 45th order, Umbellatae. The involucrum is reflexed-concave; the petals inflexed-cordate; the fruit oblong and smooth. There are seven species, two of which, called cow-weed and wild chervil, are weeds common in many places of Britain. The roots of the first have been found poisonous when used as parsnips; the rundles afford an indifferent yellow dye; the leaves and stalks a beautiful green. Its presence indicates a fertile and grateful soil. It ought to be rooted out from all pastures early in the spring, as no animal but the ass will eat it. It is one of the most early plants in shooting, so that by the beginning of April the leaves are near two feet high. The leaves are recommended by Geoffroy as aperient and diuretic, and at the same time grateful to the palate and stomach. He even affirms, that dropsies which do not yield to this medicine can scarcely be cured by any other. He directs the juice to be given in the dose of three or four ounces every fourth hour, and continued for some time either alone, or in conjunction with nitre and syrup of the five opening roots.—The other species of chervophyllum are not possessed of any remarkable property.

**CHÆTODON,** in ichthyology, a genus of fishes belonging to the order of thoraci. The teeth are very numerous, thick, falcate, and flexible; the rays of the gills are six. The back-fin and the fin at the anus are fleshy and squamous. There are 23 species, distinguished from each other principally by the figure of the tail, and the number of spines in the back-fin. The most remarkable is the rostratus, or shooting-fish, having a hollow, cylindrical beak. It is a native of the East Indies, where it frequents the sides of the sea and rivers in search of food, from its singular manner of obtaining which it receives its name. When it spies a fly sitting on the plants that grow in shallow water, it swims on to the distance of four, five, or six feet; and then, with a surprising dexterity, it ejects out of its tubular mouth a single drop of water, which never fails striking the fly into the water, where it soon becomes its prey.

**CHAFF,** in husbandry, the husks of the corn, separated by screening or winnowing it. It signifies also the rind of corn, and straw cut small for the use of cattle.

**CHAFF-Cutter,** a machine for making chaff to feed horses.—The advantages of an easy and expeditious method of cutting straw into chaff by an engine which could be used by common labourers have been long long acknowledged, and various attempts have been made to bring such an engine to perfection. But the objections to most of them have been their complicated structure, their great price, and the noise they make in working; all which inconveniences seem to have been lately removed by an invention of Mr James Pike watchmaker of Newton Abbot in Devonshire. Of his engine, which is of a simple and cheap construction, the following description, and figure referred to, are extracted from the Transactions of the Society of Arts for 1787.

The engine is fixed on a wood frame, which is supported with four legs, and on this frame is a box for containing the straw, four feet six inches long, and about ten inches broad; at one end is fixed across the box two rollers inlaid with iron, in a diagonal line about an eighth of an inch above the surface; on the ends of these rollers are fixed two strong brass wheels, which take one into the other. On one of these wheels is a conical wheel, whose teeth take in a worm on a large arbour; on the end of this arbour is fixed a wooden wheel, two feet five inches diameter and three inches thick; on the inside-part of this wheel is fixed a knife, and every revolution of the wheel the knife passes before the end of the box and cuts the chaff, which is brought forward between the rollers, which are about two inches and a half in diameter; the straw is brought on by the worm taking one tooth of the wheel every round of the knife; the straw being so hard pressed between the rollers, the knife cuts off the chaff with great ease, that twenty-two bushels can be cut within the hour, and makes no more noise than is caused by the knife passing through the chaff.

A is the box into which the straw is put. B, the upper roller, with its diagonal projecting ribs of iron, the whole moving by the revolution of the brass wheel C on the axis of which it is fixed. D, a brass wheel, having upon it a face wheel, whose teeth take into the endless screw on the arbor E, while the teeth on the edge of this wheel enter between those on the edge of the wheel C. On the axis of the wheel D is a roller, with iron ribs similar to B, but hid within the box. E, the arbor, one of the ends of which being made square and passing through a mortise in the centre of the wooden wheel F, is fastened by a strong screw and nut; the other end of this arbor moves round in a hole within the wooden block G. H, the knife, made fast by screws to the wooden wheel F, and kept at the distance of nearly three quarters of an inch from it by means of a strip of wood of that thickness, of the form of the blade, and reaching to within an inch of the edge. I, the handle mortised into the outside of the wooden wheel F.