elected emperor of Germany in 1084. He was obliged to take the field against most of the German dukes who had revolted from him; and he put Ernest duke of Swabia under the ban of the empire. This being one of the earliest instances of such a proscription, the formula is inserted here for its singularity. "We declare thy wife a widow, thy children orphans; and we send thee, in the name of the devil, to the four corners of the world." It was in the reign of this prince that the German fiefs became hereditary. He died in 1039.