under the western empire, a grave-digger. In the first ages of the church there were clerks destined for this employment. In the year 357, Constantine made a law in favour of the priests copiatae, i.e. of those who had the care of interments; whereby he exempts them from the lustral contribution which all other traders paid. It was under him also that they first began to be called copiatae, q.d. clerks destined for bodily labour, from κόπος, or κόπω, κόπωσιν, κόπωσα, κόπωσαν, "I cut, beat," &c. Before that time they were called decani and leictarii; perhaps because they were divided by decades or tens, each whereof had a bier or litter for the carriage of the dead bodies. Their place among the clerks was the next in order before the chantors.