or Frame, an ancient coin, either of gold or silver, struck and current in France. The value of the gold franc was something more than that of the gold crown; the silver franc was a third of the gold one; this coin has been long out of use, tho' the term is still retained as the name of a money of account; in which sense it is equivalent to the livre, or 20 sols. Frank, or Franc, meaning literally free from charges and impositions, or exempt from public taxes, has various significations in the ancient English customs.
Frank Almoigne, (libera eleemosyna), or "free alms;" a tenure of a spiritual nature, whereby a religious corporation, aggregate or sole, holdeth lands of the donor to them and their successors for ever. The service which they were bound to render for these lands was not certainly defined; but only in general to pray for the souls of the donor and his heirs, dead or alive; and therefore they did no fealty (which is incident to all other services but this), because this divine service was of a higher and more exalted nature. This is the tenure by which almost all the ancient monasteries and religious houses held their lands; and by which the parochial clergy, and very many ecclesiastical and eleemosynary foundations, hold them at this day; the nature of the service being upon the reformation altered, and made conformable to the purer doctrines of the church of England. It was an old Saxon tenure; and continued under the Norman revolution, through the great respect that was shown to religion and religious men in ancient times. This is also the reason that tenants in frankalmoigne were discharged of all other services except the trinoda necessitas, of repairing the highways, building castles, and repelling invasions; just as the druids, among the ancient Britons, had omnium rerum immunitatem. And even at present, this is a tenure of a very different nature from all others; being not in the least feudal, but merely spiritual. For, if the service be neglected, the law gives no remedy by distress, or otherwise, to the lord of whom the lands are helden; but merely a complaint to the ordinary or visitor to correct it.
Frank-Chace is defined to be a liberty of free chace, whereby persons that have lands within the compass of the same, are prohibited to cut down any wood, &c., out of the view of the forester.
Frank-Fee, signifies the same thing as holding lands and tenements in fee-simple; that is, to any person and his heirs, and not by such service as is required by ancient demesne, but is pleaded at common law. See Fee.
Frank-Law, a word applied to the free and common law of the land; or the benefit a person has by it.
He that for any offence loseth this frank-law, incurs these inconveniences, viz. He may not be permitted to serve on juries, nor used as an evidence to the truth; and if he has any thing to do in the king's court, he must not approach it in person, but appoint his attorney; his lands, goods, and chattels, shall be seized into the king's hands; and his lands be extre- ted, his trees rooted up, and his body committed to custody.
Frank-Marriage, in law, is where tenements are given by one man to another, together with a wife, who is the daughter or cousin to the donor, to hold in frank-marriage. By such gift, though nothing but the word frank-marriage is expressed, the donees shall have the tenements to them, and the heirs of their two bodies begotten; that is, they are tenants in special tail. For this one word, frankmarriage, denotes, ex vi termini, not only an inheritance, like the word frankalmoigne, but likewise limits that inheritance; supply-
ing, not only words of descent, but of procreation also. Such donees in frank-marriage are liable to no service but fealty; for a rent reserved therein is void until the fourth degree of consanguinity be past between the issues of the donor and donee.
Frank-Pledge, in law, signifies a pledge or surety for the behaviour of freemen.
According to the ancient custom of England, for the preservation of the public peace, every free-born man, at the age of fourteen, except religious persons, clerks, knights, and their eldest sons, was obliged to give security for his truth and behaviour towards the king and his subjects, or else be imprisoned. Accordingly, a certain number of neighbours became interchangeably bound for each other, to see each person of their pledge forthcoming at all times, or to answer for the offence of any one gone away; so that whenever any person offended, it was presently inquired in what pledge he was, and there the persons bound either produced the offender in 31 days, or made satisfaction for his offence.
Frank-Tenement. See Tenure.
Franked letters. The privilege of letters coming free of postage to and from members of parliament was claimed by the house of commons in 1660, when the first legal settlement of the present post-office was made; but afterwards dropped, upon a private assurance from the crown, that this privilege should be allowed the members. And accordingly a warrant was constantly issued to the postmaster-general, directing the allowance thereof to the extent of two ounces in weight; till at length it was expressly confirmed by 4 Geo. III. c. 24, which adds many new regulations, rendered necessary by the great abuses crept into the practice of franking; whereby the annual amount of franked letters had increased from L. 23,600 in the year 1715, to L. 179,700 in the year 1763. Further regulations have since taken place; in particular, franks must be dated (the month written at length), and put into the office the same day; notwithstanding which, the revenue still loses by this privilege above L.80,000 per annum.
Franken (Franciscus), commonly called Old Frank, a famous Flemish painter, supposed to have been born about the year 1544; but tho' his works are well known, very few of the circumstances of his life have been transmitted to posterity. This master painted historical subjects from the Old and New Testaments; and was remarkable for introducing a great number of figures into his compositions, which he had the address to group very distinctly. Vandyck often commended his works, and thought them worthy of a place in any collection.
Franken (Franciscus), distinguished by the name of Young Frank, was the son of the former, born in the year 1580. He was instructed by his father; whose style he adopted so closely, that their works are frequently mistaken. When he found himself sufficiently skilled at home, he travelled into Italy for improvement in colouring; and, on his return, his works were much coveted. The most capital performance of this painter are, a scriptural performance in the church of Notre-dame at Antwerp; and an excellent picture, in a small size, of Solomon's idolatry. Young Frank died in 1642.