among grammarians, a division of nouns, or names, to distinguish the two sexes.

This was the original intention of gender: but afterwards wards other words, which had no proper relation either to the one sex or the other, had genders assigned them, rather out of caprice than reason; which is at length established by custom. Hence genders vary according to the languages, or even according to the words introduced from one language into another. Thus, *arbor* in Latin is feminine, but *arbre* in French is masculine; and *dens* in Latin is masculine, but *dent* in French is feminine.

The oriental languages frequently neglect the use of genders, and the Persian language has none at all.

The Latins, Greeks, &c., generally content themselves to express the different genders by different terminations; as *bonus equus*, "a good horse"; *bona equa*, "a good mare," &c. But in English we frequently go farther, and express the difference of sex by different words: as boar, sow; boy, girl; buck, doe; bull, cow; cock, hen; dog, bitch, &c.—We have only about 24 feminines, distinguished from the males, by the variation of the termination of the male into *es*; of which number are abbot, abbess; count, countess; actor, actress; heir, heiress; prince, princess, &c., which is all that our language knows of anything like genders.

The Greek and Latin, besides the masculine and feminine, have the neuter, common, and the doubtful gender; and likewise the epicene, or promiscuous, which under one single gender and termination includes both the kinds.

**Gendre** (Louis le), an esteemed historian, born at Roan. He became canon of Notre Dame at Paris, subchanter of the same church, and abbot of Notre Dame at Claire Fontaine in the diocese of Chartres. He wrote a great number of works; the principal of which are: 1. The Manners and Customs of the French, in the different times of that monarchy. 2. An History of France, in three volumes folio, and in seven volumes duodecimo. 3. The Life of Cardinal d'Amboise. He died in 1733, aged 78.

**Gendre** (Gilbert Charles le), marquis of St. Aubin, counsellor in the parliament of Paris, and afterwards matter of requets in the king's household. He wrote several works; but is chiefly distinguished by his *Traité de l'opinion*, 9 vols. 12mo; a curious performance, proving, by historic examples, the empire of opinion over the works of art and science. He died at Paris in 1746, aged 59.

**Genealogy**, an enumeration of a series of ancestors; or a summary account of the relations and alliances of a person or family, both in the direct and collateral line.

The word is Greek, *γεναλογία*; which is formed of *γένος*, "race or lineage," and *λόγος*, "discourse."

In divers chapters and military orders, it is required that the candidates produce their genealogy, to show that they are noble by so many decents.

**Genealogica Arbor**, or *Tree of Consanguinity*, signifies a genealogy or lineage drawn out under the figure of a tree, with its root, stock, branches, &c. The genealogical degrees are usually represented in circles, ranged over, under, and aside each other. This the Greeks called *stemmata*, a word signifying crown, garland, or the like. See the articles *Consanguinity* and *Descent*, and the plates there referred to.

**Genep**, a strong town of Germany, in the circle of Westphalia, subject to the king of Prussia. E. Long. 4° 29', N. Lat. 51° 42'.

**General**, an appellation given to whatever belongs to a whole genus.

**General Assembly**. See Assembly.

**General Charge**, in law. See Charge to enter Heir.

**General Terms**, among logicians, those which are made the signs of general ideas. See Logic and Metaphysics.

**General Warrant**. See Warrant.

**General of an Army**, in the art of War, he who commands in chief. See the article War, where his office and duties are particularly explained.

**General of the Artillery**. See Ordnance.

**General of Horse**, and **General of Foot**, are posts next under the general of the army, and these have upon all occasions an absolute authority over all the horse and foot in the army.

**Adjutant-General**, one who attends the general, assists in council, and carries the general's orders to the army. He distributes the daily orders to the majors of brigade. He is likewise charged with the general detail of the duty of the army. The majors of brigade send every morning to the adjutant-general an exact return, by battalion and company, of the men of his brigade. In a day of battle the adjutant-general sees the infantry drawn up; after which, he places himself by the general, to receive any orders which may regard the corps of which he has the detail. In a siege, he orders the number of workmen demanded, and signs the warrant for their payment. He receives the guards of the trenches at their rendezvous, and examines their condition; he gives and signs all orders for parties. He has an orderly sergeant from each brigade of infantry in the line, to carry such orders as he may have occasion to lend from the general.

**Lieutenant-General**, is the next in command after the general; and provided he should die or be killed, the order is, that the oldest lieutenant-general shall take the command. This office is the first military dignity after that of a general. One part of their function is, to assist the general with their counsel; they ought therefore, if possible, to possess the same qualities with the general himself; and the more, as they often command armies in chief.

The number of lieutenant-generals have been multiplied of late in Europe, in proportion as the armies have become numerous. They serve either in the field, or in sieges, according to the dates of their commissions. In battle, the oldest commands the right wing of the army, the second the left wing, the third the centre; the fourth the right wing of the second line, the fifth the left wing, the sixth the centre; and so on. In sieges, the lieutenant-generals always command the right of the principal attack, and order what they judge proper for the advancement of the siege during the 24 hours they are in the trenches; except the attacks, which they are not to make without an order from the general in chief.

**Lieutenant-General of the Ordnance**. See Ordnance.

**Lieutenant-General of Artillery**, is, or ought to be, a very great mathematician, and an able engineer; to know all the powers of artillery; to understand the attack and defense of fortified places, in all its different rent branches; how to dispose of the artillery in the day of battle to the best advantage; to conduct its march and retreat; as also to be well acquainted with all the numerous apparatus belonging to the train, and to the laboratory, &c.

Major-General, the next officer to the lieutenant-general. His chief business is to receive orders from the general, or in his absence from the lieutenant-general of the day; which he is to distribute to the brigade-majors, with whom he is to regulate the guards, convoys, detachments, &c. On him the whole fatigue and detail of duty of the army roll. It is the major-general of the day who is charged with the encampment of the army, who places himself at the head of it when they march, who marks out the ground of the camp to the quarter master-general, and who places the new guards for the safety of the camp.

The day the army is to march, he dictates to the field-officers the order of the march, which he has received from the general, and on other days gives them the parole.

In a fixed camp he is charged with the foraging, with reconnoitring the ground for it, and posting the efforts, &c.

In sieges, if there are two separate attacks, the second belongs to him; but if there is but one, he takes, either from the right or left of the attack, that which the lieutenant-general has not chosen.

When the army is under arms, he assists the lieutenant-general, whose orders he executes.

If the army marches to an engagement, his post is at the head of the guards of the army, until they are near enough to the enemy to rejoin their different corps; after which he retires to his own proper post; for the major-generals are disposed on the order of battle as the lieutenant-generals are; to whom, however, they are subordinate, for the command of their divisions. The major-general has one aid-de-camp, paid for executing his orders.