lso to bring away the lochia.

**Hæmanthus**, the blood-flower: A genus of the monogynia order, belonging to the hexandria clasps of plants; and in the natural method ranking under the ninth order, *Spathaceae*. The involucremum is hexaphyllus and multiflorous; the corolla sexpartite superior; the berry trilocular.

Species: 1. The coccineus, with plain tongue-shaped leaves, rises about a foot high, with a stalk supporting a cluster of bright red tubulous flowers. It hath a large bulbous root, from which in the autumn comes out two broad flat leaves of a fleshy consistence, shaped like a tongue, which turn backward on each side, and spread on the ground, so that they have a strange appearance all the winter. In the spring these decay; so that from May to the beginning of August they are destitute of leaves. The flowers are produced in the autumn just before the leaves come out. 2. The carinatus, with keel-shaped leaves, has a taller stalk and paler flowers than the former; its leaves are not flat, but hollowed like the keel of a boat. 3. The puniceus, with large spear-shaped waved leaves, grows about a foot high, and hath flowers of a yellowish red colour. These are succeeded by berries, which are of a beautiful red colour when ripe.

Culture. All these plants are natives of the Cape of Good Hope, and do not propagate very fast in Europe, their roots seldom putting forth many off-sorts. The best method of managing them is to have a bed of good earth in a bricked pit, where they may be covered with glass, and in hard frosts with mats and straw. The earth in the frame should be two feet deep, and the frame should rise two feet above the surface, to allow height for the flower-stems to grow. The roots should be planted nine or ten inches asunder; and in winter, if they are protected from frost, and not suffered to have too much wet, but in mild weather exposed to the air, they will flower every year, and the flowers will be much stronger than with any other management. The third sort requires to be constantly kept in a dry stove.

**Hæmatites**, or blood-stone, a hard mineral substance, red, black, or purple, but the powder of which is always red. It is found in masses sometimes spherical, semi-spherical, pyramidal, or cellular, that is like a honeycomb. It contains a large quantity of iron. Forty pounds of this metal have been extracted from a quintal of stone; but the iron is of such a bad quality, that this ore is not commonly melted. The great hardness of hæmatites renders it fit for burnishing and polishing metals.

**Hæmatopuss**, the sea-pye, in ornithology, a genus belonging to the order of grallæ. The beak is compressed, with an equal wedge-shaped point; the nostrils are linear; and the feet have three toes without nails. There is but one species, viz. the ostralegus, or oyster-catcher, a native of Europe and America. It feeds upon shell-fish near the sea-shore, particularly oysters, and limpets. On observing an oyster which gapes wide enough for the insertion of its bill, it thrusts it in, and takes out the inhabitant; it will also force the limpets from their adhesion to the rocks with sufficient ease. In turn it feeds on marine insects and worms. With us these birds are often seen in considerable flocks in winter: in the summer they are met with only in pairs, though chiefly in the neighbourhood of the sea or salt rivers. The female lays four or five eggs, on the bare ground, on the shore, above high-water mark: they are of a greenish grey, blotched with black. The young are said to be hatched in about three weeks. These birds are pretty wild when in flocks; yet are easily brought up tame, if taken young.

**Hæmatoxylum**, logwood, or Campeachy Wood: A genus of the monogynia order, belonging to the decandria clasps of plants; and in the natural method ranking under the 33d order, *Lomentaceæ*. The calyx is quinquemarite; the petals five; the capsule lanceolate; unilocular, and bivalved; the valves navicular or keeled like a boat.

Of this genus there is only one species, viz. the campechianum, which grows naturally in the bay of Campeachy at Honduras, and other parts of the Spanish West Indies, where it rises from 16 to 24 feet high. The stems are generally crooked, and very deformed; and seldom thicker than a man's thigh. The branches, which come out on each side, are crooked, irregular, and armed with strong thorns, garnished with winged leaves, composed of three pair of obscure lobes indented at the top. The flowers come in a racemus from the wings of the leaves, standing erect, and are of a pale yellowish colour, with a purple empalement. They are succeeded by flat oblong pods, each containing two or three kidney-seeds.—Dr Wright informs us, that this tree was introduced into Jamaica from Honduras in 1715; and is at this time too common, as it has overrun large tracts of land, and is very difficult to root out. It makes a beautiful and strong fence against cattle. If pruned from the lower branches, it grows to a sizeable tree, and, when old, the wood is as good as that from Honduras. The trees are cut up into billets or junks, the bark and white sap of which are chipped off, and the red part, or heart, is sent to England for sale.

Logwood is used in great quantities for dyeing purple, but especially black colours. All the colours, however, which can be prepared from it, are of a fading nature, and cannot by any art be made equally durable with those prepared from some other materials. Of all the colours prepared from logwood, the black is the most durable. Dr Lewis recommends it as an ingredient in making ink. "In dyeing cloth (says he), vitriol and galls, in whatever proportions they are used, produce only browns of different shades: I have often been surprized that with these capital materials of the black dye I never could obtain any true blackness in white cloth, and attributed the failure to some unheeded mismanagement in the process, till I found it to be a known fact among the dyers. Logwood is the material which adds blackness to the vitriol and gall-brown; and this black dye, though not of the most durable kind, is the most common. On blue cloth a good black may be dyed by vitriol and galls alone; but even here, an addition of logwood contributes not a little to improve the colour."—Mr Delaval, however, in his Essay on Colours, informs us, that with an infusion of galls and iron-filings, he not only made an exceeding... exceeding black and durable ink, but also dyed linen cloth of a very deep black. See Colour Making, n° 12, 13, 14; Dyeing, n° 17; and Ink. Logwood is also found to have a considerable astringent virtue as a medicine, and an extract of it is sometimes given with great succels in diarrhoeas.

Hæmoptysis, Hæmoptysis, or Hemoptoe; a spitting of blood. See (Index subjoined to) Medicine.

Hæmorrhagy, (compounded of ἀἷμα "blood," and ἐκβάλλω "I burst forth.") in medicine, a flux of blood at any part of the body; arising either from a rupture of the vessels, as when they are too full or too much pressed; or from an erosion of the same, as when the blood is too sharp and corrosive.—The hæmorrhagy, properly speaking, as understood by the Greeks, was only a flux of blood at the nose; but the moderns extend the name to any kind of flux of blood, whether by the nose, mouth, lungs, stomach, intestines, fundament, matrix, or whatever part. See Medicine and Surgery.

Hæmorrhoidal, an appellation given by anatomists to the arteries and veins going to the intestine rectum.

Hæmorrhoids, or Fles, an hemorrhage or issue of blood from the hemorrhoidal vessels. See (Index subjoined to) Medicine.

Hæmus, (anc. geog.), a vast ridge, running from Illyricum towards the Euxine, (Pliny); so high as to afford a prospect both of the Euxine and Adriatic. Here, in after-ages, was constituted a province called Hemimons, or Hemimontus.

Hæretico comburendo, a writ which anciently lay against a heretic, who, having once been convicted of hereby by his bishop, and having abjured it, afterwards falling into it again, or into some other, is thereupon committed to the secular power. This writ is thought by some to be as ancient as the common law itself; however, the conviction of hereby by the common law was not in any petty ecclesiastical court, but before the archbishop himself in a provincial synod, and the delinquent was delivered up to the king to do with him as he pleased: so that the crown had a control over the spiritual power. But by 2 Hen. IV. cap. 15, the diocesan alone, without the intervention of a synod, might convict of heretical tenets; and unless the convict abjured his opinions, or if after abjuration he relapsed, the sheriff was bound ex officio, if required by the bishop, to commit the unhappy victim to the flames, without waiting for the consent of the crown. This writ remained in force, and was actually executed on two Anabaptists in the seventh of Elizabeth, and on two Arians in the ninth of James I.—Sir Edward Coke was of opinion, that this writ did not lie in his time; but it is now formally taken away by statute 29 Car. II. cap. 9. But this statute does not extend to take away or abridge the jurisdiction of Protestant archbishops or bishops, or any other judges of any ecclesiastical courts, in cases of atheism, blasphemy, heresy, or schism, and other damnable doctrines and opinions; but they may prove and punish the same according to his majesty's ecclesiastical laws, by excommunication, deprivation, degradation, and other ecclesiastical censures, not extending to death, in such fort and no

other, as they might have done before the making of Haerlem this act. Sec. 2. See Heresy.

Haerlem. See Harlem.

Hag, in zoology. See Myxine.descendants of Ishmael. They are called also Ishmaelites and Saracens; and lastly, by the general name of Arabians.

As to the Hagarens, they dwelt in Arabia the Happy, according to Pliny. Strabo joins them with the Nabathians, and Chaldeans, whose habitation was rather in Arabia Deferta. Others think their capital was Petra, otherwise Agra, and consequently they should be placed in Arabia Petraea. The author of the lxxxiii. Psalm, ver. 6, joins them with the Moabites; and in the Chronicles it is said (1 Chr. v. 10.), that the sons of Reuben, in the time of Saul, made war against the Hagarens, and became masters of their country eastward of the mountains of Gilead. This therefore was the true and ancient country of the Hagarens. When Trajan came into Arabia, he besieged the capital of the Hagarens, but could not take it. The sons of Hagar valued themselves of old upon their wisdom, as appears by Baruch iii. 23.