an extensive province of Poland. By the natives it is called *Lettwa*, and has Great Poland and Russia on the west; part of Muscovy on the east; Livonia, the Baltic Sea, and part of Muscovy, on the north; Red Russia, Volhnia, and Padalia, on the south; and the Ukraine on the south-east. Its length is said to be about 360, and its breadth 340 miles; but it is much indented both ways. Lithuania was anciently over-run with woods; and there are still many forests in it, which yield a great deal of honey, wax, pitch, tar, and timber; and abound with wild boars, buffaloes, elks, wild horses, wild asses, uri, and woodcocks. The lakes are also numerous, and well-flowered with fish; but the air, by reason of these forests and lakes, is said to be thick and foggy. The country produces a great deal of buck-wheat and other corn, the pastures are luxuriant, and the flocks and herds numerous; so that, notwithstanding agriculture is much neglected, provisions are exceeding cheap, but money so scarce, that 10 per cent. is the common interest. The principal nobility have large estates, and live in great pomp and splendor, generally retaining some hundreds of those that are poor, in quality of domestics. The established religion is Popery; but Lutherans, Calvinists, Jews, Turks, Greeks, and Socinians, are very numerous. Lithuania was governed by its own dukes till it was united to Poland, towards the end of the 14th century, when the great Duke Jagello married Hedwig, the dowager of Louis king of Poland and Hungary. It had even dukes after that, but they were subordinate to the king; and at this day, tho' one diet serves for both countries, yet each has its peculiar laws, customs, dialect, and privileges. In a diet held at Lablin in 1569, it was more closely united to Poland than it had been before; and it was enacted, that both countries, for the future, should form but one state under the same prince. As to their courts of justice, the tenth part of what is adjudged in all real actions goes always to the judge's box, and is immediately paid in court; and in personal actions he claims half the damages given. A nobleman is only fined for murder, as in Poland. The common people here, excepting the burghers in the royal towns, and the Germans, are slaves; and, in many places, the ignorant vulgar still retain some remains of idolatry. The poor people have only Mondays to themselves; and if their lords have occasion for them even on that day, the peasant must work for himself on Sunday. If any of them is condemned to death by his lord, he must execute himself, or suffer greater cruelty. The dialect is a language of the Slavonic; and they speak here, as in Poland, a barbarous kind of Latin. Lithuania is divided into nine palatinates. Another division is into Lithuania properly called, and Lithuanian Russia. Some also comprehend under it Samogitia and Courland, which is a fief of Poland.