in antiquity, were games instituted at Sardis to celebrate the union of Caracalla and Geta, the sons of Septimius Severus.

the capital of the state of Pennsylvania in North America, situated in W. Long. 75° 8', N. Lat. 39° 57'. It is one of the most beautiful and regular cities in the world, being of an oblong form, situated on the west bank of the river Delaware, on an extensive plain, about 118 miles (some say more) from the sea. The length of the city east and west, that is, from the Delaware to the Schuylkill, upon the original plan of Mr Penn, is 10,300 feet, and the breadth, north and south, is 4837 feet. Not two fifths of the plot covered by the city charter is yet built. The inhabitants, however, have not confined themselves within the original limits of the city, but have built north and south along the Delaware two miles in length. The longest street is Second-street, about 700 feet from Delaware river, and parallel to it. The circumference of that part of the city which is built, if we include Kennington on the north and Southwark on the south, may be about five miles. Market-street is 100 feet wide, and runs the whole length of the city from river to river. Near the middle, it is intersected at right angles by Broad-street, 113 feet wide, running nearly north and south quite across the city.

Between Delaware river and Broad-street are 14 streets, nearly equidistant, running parallel with Broad-street across the city; and between Broad-street and the Schuylkill, there are nine streets equidistant from each other. Parallel to Market-street are eight other streets, running east and west from river to river, and intersect the cross streets at right angles; all these streets are 50 feet wide, except Arch-street, which is 65 feet wide. All the streets which run north and south, except Broad-street mentioned above, are 50 feet wide. There were four squares of eight acres each, one at each corner of the city, originally reserved for public and common uses. And in the centre of the city, where Broad-street and Market-street intersect each other, is a square of ten acres, reserved in like manner, to be planted with rows of trees for public walks. This city was founded in 1682 by the celebrated Philadelphia, celebrated William Penn, who in October 1701 granted a charter incorporating the town with city privileges.

In 1749 the dwelling-houses were computed, and found to be 2076; in 1790, they amounted to 5000. They are in general handsomely built of brick; and contain 40,000 inhabitants, composed of almost all nations and religions. Their places for religious worship are as follow: The Friends or Quakers have five, the Presbyterians six, the Episcopalians three, the German Lutherans two, the German Calvinists one, the Catholics three, the Swedish Lutherans one, the Moravians one, the Baptists one, the Universal Baptists one, the Methodists one, the Jews one.

The other public buildings in the city, besides the university, academies, &c. are the following, viz. a state-house and offices, a city court-house, a county court-house, a carpenter's hall, a philosophical society's hall, a dispensary, an hospital and offices, an alms-house, a house of correction, a public factory of linen, cotton, and woollen, a public observatory, three brick market houses, a fish-market, a public gaol.

The university of Philadelphia was founded during the war. Its funds were partly given by the state, and partly taken from the old college of Philadelphia. A medical school, which was founded in 1765, is attached to the university; and has professors in all the branches of medicine, who prepare the students (whose number yearly is 50 or 60) for degrees in that science. Besides the university and medical school, there is the Protestant Episcopal academy, a very flourishing institution; the academy for young ladies; another for the Friends or Quakers, and one for the Germans; besides five free schools.

In Market-street, between Front and Fourth streets, is the principal market, built of brick, and is 1500 feet in length. This market, in respect to the quantity, the variety, and neatness of the provisions, is not equalled in America, and perhaps not exceeded in the world.

The Philadelphians are not so social, nor perhaps so hospitable, as the people in Boston, Charlestown, and New York. Various causes have contributed to this difference; among which the most operative has been the prevalence of party-spirit, which has been and is carried to greater lengths in this city than in any other in America; yet no city can boast of so many useful improvements in manufactures, in the mechanical arts, in the art of healing, and particularly in the science of humanity. In short, whether we consider the convenient local situation, the size, the beauty, the variety and utility of the improvements, in mechanics, in agriculture, and manufactures, or the industry, the enterprise, the humanity, and the abilities, of the inhabitants of the city of Philadelphia, it merits to be viewed as the capital not only of the province, but of the flourishing empire of United America.

Several canals are let into the town, which add much to the beauty and convenience of the place. Its quay is 200 feet square, to which ships of 400 or 500 tons may come up, and lay their broadsides close to it; with wet and dry docks for building and repairing ships, besides magazines, warehouses, and all other conveniences for exporting and importing merchandise. Scarce anything can appear more beautiful than the city and the adjacent country, which for some miles may be compared to a fine and flourishing garden.

Though all our readers must unquestionably have heard of the malignant fever which so lately raged in Philadelphia, yet as some of them may not be so well acquainted with particulars, it will not, we trust, be thought improper if we give a short account of that dreadful malady in this place. This account we shall extract from a pamphlet written by Matthew Carey, which had run through no less than three editions before the end of the last year.

Of this fever, then, it is observed, that, generally speaking, the mortality was not so great among women as among men, but that corpulent, high-fed, and drunken men, common prostitutes, and such of the poor as had been debilitated through the want of sufficient nourishment, and lived in dirty and confined habitations, became an easy prey to it; whilst those who resided in the suburbs, enjoying the benefit of country air, were little affected by it. A singular fact is, that the French residing in Philadelphia were in a remarkable degree exempt from it; a circumstance which cannot be accounted for. The report which prevailed here of the Africans having wholly escaped the disease, proves to be not altogether true, several of them having been seized. The fever, however, was found to yield more readily to medicine in them than in white persons.

We find the following account of the nature and symptoms of the disease, as described by Dr Currie, in the third edition of the pamphlet already mentioned.

"The symptoms which characterized the first stage of the fever were, in the greatest number of cases, after a chilly fit of some duration, a quick tense pulse; hot skin; pain in the head, back, and limbs; flushed countenance; inflamed eye, moist tongue; oppression and sense of soreness at the stomach, especially upon pressure; frequent sick qualms, and retchings to vomit, without discharging any thing, except the contents last taken into the stomach; coliciveness, &c. And when stools were procured, the first generally showed a defect of bile, or an obstruction to its entrance into the intestines. But brisk purges generally altered this appearance.

"These symptoms generally continued with more or less violence from one to three, four, or even five days; and then gradually abating, left the patient free from every complaint, except general debility. On the febrile symptoms suddenly subsiding, they were immediately succeeded by a yellow tinge in the opaque cornea, or whites of the eyes; an increased oppression at the precordia, a constant puking of every thing taken into the stomach, with much straining, accompanied with a hoarse hollow noise.

"If these symptoms were not soon relieved, a vomiting of matter resembling coffee-grounds in colour and consistence, commonly called the black vomit, sometimes accompanied with or succeeded by hemorrhages from the nose, fauces, gums, and other parts of the body; a yellowish purple colour, and putrefactive appearance of the whole body, hiccup, agitations, deep and distressful sighing, comatose delirium, and finally death, are the consequence. When the disease proved fatal, it was generally between the fifth and eighth days.

"This was the most usual progress of this formidable..." midable disease through its several stages. There were, however, very considerable variations in the symptoms as well as in the duration of its different stages, according to the constitution and temperament of the patient, the state of the weather, the manner of treatment, &c.

"In some cases, signs of putrefaction appeared at the beginning or before the end of the third day. In these, the black vomiting, which was generally a mortal symptom, and universal yellowness, appeared early. In these cases, also, a low delirium, and great prostration of strength, were constant symptoms, and coma came on very speedily.

"In some, the symptoms inclined more to the nervous than the inflammatory type. In these, the jaundice colour of the eye and skin, and the black vomiting, were more rare. But in the majority of cases, particularly after the nights became feebly cooler, all the symptoms indicated violent irritation and inflammatory diathesis. In these cases, the skin was always dry, and the remissions very obscure.

"The febrile symptoms, however, as has been already observed, either gave way on the third, fourth, or fifth day, and then the patient recovered; or they were soon after succeeded by a different but much more dangerous train of symptoms, by debility, low pulse, cold skin (which assumed a tawny colour, mixed with purple), black vomiting, hemorrhages, hiccup, anxiety, restlessness, coma, &c. Many who survived the eighth day, though apparently out of danger, died suddenly in consequence of an hemorrhage."

Purging the patient with calomel and jalap appears to have proved the most successful treatment; and the repeated use of the lancet, in cases where no symptoms of putridity existed. Dr Griffiths, who had been seized with the disease, "was bled seven times in five days, and attributes his recovery principally to that operation." Dr Meece also, "in five days, lost 72 ounces of blood, by which he was recovered when at the lowest stage of the disorder." It was generally remarked that an obstinate coughiveness took place at the commencement of the disease; and when this was removed, by purgatives, within the first twelve hours, the patient seldom failed to do well.

The work concludes with a list of the committee for the relief of the sick, of which our author was a member: also the names of a large number of the inhabitants who were cut off, a series of meteorological tables, and a general account of burials during the prevalence of this fatal complaint. From the latter we extract the following account:

| Month | Burials | |-------------|---------| | August | 325 | | September | 1442 | | October | 1993 | | November | 118 | | Jews, returned in grofs | 3 | | Baptists, do. | 60 | | Methodists, do. | 32 | | Free Quakers, do. | 39 | | German part of St Mary's congregation | 30 |

Total 4042

It is not difficult to conceive the general distress which such an evil must have occasioned to persons of every rank and description. Some of the most striking instances our author has related in very affecting terms; but no picture of human calamity perhaps ever exceeded the following: "A servant girl belonging to a family in this city, in which the fever had prevailed, was apprehensive of danger, and resolved to remove to a relation's house in the country. She was, however, taken sick on the road, and returned to town, where she could find no person to receive her. One of the guardians of the poor provided a cart, and took her to the almshouse, into which she was refused admittance. She was brought back, and the guardian offered five dollars to procure her a single night's lodging, but in vain. And in fine, after every effort made to provide her shelter, she absolutely expired in the cart."

We cannot dismiss the present article, though it has already extended to a sufficient length, without giving our readers an account of a very extraordinary people who live within 50 miles of Philadelphia; where there is a little town or colony, particularly remarkable on account of its origin and the manners of the people by whom it is inhabited. It was founded by a German, who, weary of the world, returned into the country that he might be more at liberty to give himself up to contemplation. Curiosity brought several of his countrymen to visit his retreat; and by degrees his pious, simple, and peaceable manners, induced them to settle near him; when they all formed a little colony, which they called Euphrates, in allusion to the Hebrews, who used to sing psalms on the borders of that river.

This little town forms a triangle, the outsides of which are bordered with mulberry and apple-trees planted with great regularity; and its inhabitants, we know not for what reason, are called Dumplers. In the middle of the town is a very large orchard, and between the orchard and those ranges of trees are houses built of wood, three stories high, where every Dummer is left to enjoy the pleasures of his meditation without disturbance. These contemplative men do not amount to above 500; and the extent of their territory is about 250 acres, bounded by a river, a piece of stagnated water, and a mountain covered with trees.

The men and women live in separate quarters of the town, and never see each other but at places of worship; for among the Dumplers there are no assemblies of any kind but for public business. Their lives are spent in labour, prayer, and sleep. Twice every day and night they are called forth from their cells to attend divine service. Like the Methodists and Quakers, every individual among them has the right of preaching when he thinks himself inspired. The favorite subjects on which they discourse in their assemblies are humility, temperance, chastity, and the other Christian virtues. They never violate that day of repose which all orders of men, whether idle or luxurious, much delight in. They admit a hell and a paradise; but reject the eternity of future punishments. They abhor the doctrine of original sin as an impious blasphemy; and, in general, every tenet that is severe to men appears to them injurious to the Divinity. As they do not allow merit to any but voluntary works, they administer baptism only to the adult; at the same time, they think baptism so essentially necessary to salvation, that they imagine the souls of Christians Philadelphians in another world are employed in converting those who have not died under the law of the Gospel. In this ridiculous opinion we have known Christians of other denominations, and who boasted a higher antiquity, that agreed with them.

Still more disinterested than the Quakers, they never enter into any lawsuit. One may cheat, rob, and abuse them, without being exposed to any retaliation, or even to any complaint from them. On them religion has the same effect that philosophy had upon the Stoics: it makes them insensible to every kind of insult.

Nothing can be plainer than their dress. In winter it is a long white gown, from which there hangs a hood, which serves instead of a hat, a coarse shirt, thick shoes, and very wide breeches. The women are dressed very much like the men, except that they have no breeches. Their common food consists wholly of vegetables; not because it is unlawful to eat any other, but because that kind of abstinence is looked upon as more conformable to the spirit of Christianity, which has an aversion from blood.

Each individual follows with cheerfulness the branch of business allotted him; and the produce of all their labours is deposited in a common stock, for the use of the whole. This union of industry has not only established agriculture, manufactures, and all the arts necessary for the support of this little society, but hath also supplied, for the purposes of exchange, superfluities proportioned to the degree of its population.

Though the two sexes live separate at Euphrates, the Dumplers do not on that account foolishly renounce matrimony; but those who find themselves disposed to it, leave the town, and form an establishment in the country, which is supported at the public expense. They repay this by the produce of their labours, which is all thrown into the public treasury; and their children are sent to be educated in Euphrates, which they consider as their mother-country.—Without this wise privilege, the Dumplers would be no better than monks; and in process of time they would become either savages or libertines. They are at present an innocent, though perhaps deluded, race.

ancient town of Turkey in Asia, in Natolia. It is seated at the foot of mount Tmolus, by the river Cogamus, from whence there is an exceeding fine view over an extensive plain. This place was founded by Attalus Philadelphia, brother of Eumenes.

It was very liable to earthquakes, which, perhaps, arose from its vicinity to the region called Catakekanene. So severe were those earthquakes, that even the city walls were not secure; and so frequent were they, that they experienced daily concussions. The inhabitants, therefore, who were not numerous, lived in perpetual apprehension, and their constant employment was in repairs. In fact, so great were their fears, that their chief residence was in the country, the soil of which was very fertile. Such is Strabo's account of this place. In the year 1097, it was taken by assault by John Ducas the Greek general. It was without difficulty reduced also in the year 1166, under the same emperor. The Turks marched from the East with a design to plunder it and the maritime towns. The Emperor Mamul, in 1175, retired for Philadelphia protection from the Turks to this place. In 1300 it fell by lot to Karaman. In 1306 it was besieged by Alifaras, and considerably harassed; but was not taken. In 1301, this place alone refused to admit Bajazet; but it was at length forced to capitulate for want of provisions. It has been matter of surprise that this town was not totally abandoned; and yet it has survived many cities less liable to inconveniences, and is still an extensive place, tho' in its appearance it is poor and mean. Some remnants of its walls are still standing, but with large gaps. The materials of the wall are small stones strongly cemented. It is thick, lofty, and has round towers. Near this place, between the mountains, there is a spring of a purgative quality; it is much esteemed, and many people resort to it in the hot months. It tastes like ink, is clear, but tinges the earth with the colour of ochre. The famous wall which credulity has asserted to be made of human bones, stands beyond this and beyond the town. See the next article.

When Dr Chandler was there, he tells us, "The bishop of Philadelphia was absent; but the proto-papas or chief-priest, his substitute, whom we went to visit, received us at his palace, a title given to a very indifferent house or rather a cottage of clay. We found him ignorant of the Greek tongue, and were forced to discourse with him by an interpreter in the Turkish language. He had no idea that Philadelphia existed before Christianity, but told us it had become a city in consequence of the many religious foundations. The number of churches he reckoned at 24, mostly in ruins, and mere masses of wall decorated with painted saints. Only six are in a better condition, and have their priests. The episcopal church is large, and ornamented with gilding, carving, and holy portraits. The Greeks are about 300 families, and live in a friendly intercourse with the Turks, of whom they speak well. We were assured that the clergy and laity in general knew as little of Greek as the proto-papas; and yet the liturgies and offices of the church are read as elsewhere, and have undergone no alteration on that account.

"The Philadelphians are a civil people. One of the Greeks feeds us a small earthen vessel full of choice wine. Some families beneath the trees, by a rill of water, invited us to alight, and partake of their refreshments. They saluted us when we met; and the aga or governor, on hearing that we were Franks, bade us welcome by a messenger.

"Philadelphia possesses waters excellent in dying, and being situated on one of the most capital roads to Smyrna, is much frequented, especially by Armenian merchants. The Greeks still call this place by its ancient name, but the Turks call it Allahjir. The number of inhabitants are about 7000 or 8000; of whom 2000 are supposed to be Christians. It is about 40 miles E. S. E. of Smyrna. E. Long. 28° 15'. N. Lat. 38° 28'.

PHILADELPHIA-Stones, a name which some authors have given to what is otherwise called Chrylian bones, found in the walls of that city. It is a vulgar error that these walls are built of bones; and the tradition of the country is, that when the Turks took the place, they fortified it for themselves, and built their walls..." of the bones of the Christians whom they had killed there. Dr Smyth, in one of his epistles, mentions this wall as an instance of Turkish barbarity. This side opinion has gained credit merely from a loose and porous stone of the sparriy kind, found in an old aqueduct, which is still in the wall. Sir Paul Rycaut brought home pieces of these stones, which even he supposed to have been bones, but they proved on examination to be various bodies, chiefly vegetable, incrustated over and preserved in a spar of the nature of that which forms incrustations in Knareborough spring, and other places with us. These bodies are often cemented together in considerable numbers by this matter, and their true shape lost in the congeries, till a diligent and judicious eye traces them regularly.