in building, &c. a canal, or conduit, for the conveyance of water and other liquids. Pipes for water, water-engines, &c. are usually of lead, iron, earth, or wood; the latter are usually made of oak or elder. Those of iron are cast in forges; their usual length is about two feet and a half; several of these are commonly fastened together by means of four screws at each end, with leather or old hat between them, to stop the water. Those of earth are made by the potters; these are fitted into one another, one end being always made wider than the other. To join them the closer, and prevent their breaking, they are covered with tow and pitch; their length is usually about that of the iron pipes. The wooden pipes are trees bored with large iron augers, of different sizes, beginning with a leaf, and then proceeding with a larger successively; the first being pointed, the rest being formed like spoons, increasing in diameter, from one to six inches or more; they are fitted into the extremities of each other (as represented fig. 2.), and are held by the foot.

Wooen pipes are bored as follows. The machine represented fig. 1. is put in motion by the wheel A, which is moved by a current of water; upon the axle of this wheel is a cog-wheel B, which causes the lanterns C, D, to turn horizontally, whose common axis is consequently in a perpendicular direction. The lantern D turns at the same time two cog-wheels, E and F; the first, E, which is vertical, turns the auger which bores the wood; and the second, F, which is horizontal, causes the carriage bearing the piece to advance by means of the arms H, I, which takes hold of the notches in the wheel K. The first H, by means of the notches, draws the wheel towards F; and the other, I, pushes the under-post of the wheel, in an opposite direction; both which motions tend to draw the carriage towards F, and consequently cause the auger to pierce the wood. The auger being from 9 to 12 feet in length, and of a proportionable bigness, it will be necessary to have two pieces, as L, L, to support its weight, and cause it to enter the piece to be bored with the same uniformity.

For the construction of leaden pipes, see the article PLUMBING.

Air-Pipes. See Air-Pipes. Pipes of an Organ. See Organ. Bag-Pipe. See Bag-Pipe. Horn-Pipe. See Hornpipe.

Tobacco-Pipe, a machine used in the smoking of tobacco, consisting of a long tube, made of earth or clay, having at one end a little case, or furnace, called the bowl, for the reception of the tobacco, the fumes whereof are drawn by the mouth through the other end. Tobacco-pipes are made of various fashions; long, short, plain, worked, white, varnished, unvarnished, and of various colours, &c. The Turks use pipes three or four feet long, made of rushes, or of wood bored, at the end whereof they fix a kind of a pot of baked earth, which serves as a bowl, and which they take off after smoking.

Pipe also denotes a vessel or measure for wine, and things measured by wine-measure. See Barrel and Measure.

mining, is where the ore runs forwards endwise in a hole, and doth not sink downwards or in a vein.

Pipe, Pipa, in law, is a roll in the exchequer, called also the great roll. See the next article.

Pipe-Office, is an office wherein a person called the clerk of the pipe, makes out leaves of crown-lands, by warrant from the lord-treasurer, or commissioners of the treasury, or chancellor of the exchequer. The clerk of the pipe makes out also all accounts of sheriffs, &c. and gives the accountants their quietus eft. To this office are brought all accounts which pass the remembrancer's office, and remain there, that if any stated debt be due from any person, the same may be drawn down into the great roll of the pipe: upon which the comptroller issues out a writ, called the summons of the pipe, for recovery thereof; and if there be no goods or chattels, the clerk then draws down the debts to the lord treasurer's remembrancer, to write off against their lands. All tallies which vouch the payment of any sum contained in such accounts are examined and allowed by the chief secondary of the pipe. Besides the chief clerk in this office, there are eight attorneys or sworn clerks, and a comptroller.

**Pipe Fish**, in ichthyology. See Synognathus.

**Sea-Pipes**, in zoology, are univalve shells, of an oblong figure, terminating in a point, sometimes a little bending, and sometimes straight. Sea ears, figures of which we have given along with the sea pipes, are also univalve flat shells, resembling in shape the ear of a man. In sea ears it is not uncommon to find small pearls, the seeds of which are often found in the middle of their cavities, which are of the finest nacre or mother-of-pearl colour. There are ridges on both sides; those without form a kind of volute or spire, terminating in an eye. In these shells there is a row of round holes, six of which generally go quite through.

There is a shell of this kind, which is longer in proportion to its width, and much less common, for it is never found in our seas. There is yet another, very fine and thin, of a dirty grey colour, neither nacreous nor perforated as the others are; the inner rim is spiral, and at some distance from the outer.

The sea-pipes are distinguished from sea-worms by having their pipes single; whereas the others form an assemblage of pipes joined together. The sea worms, from the number and junction of their parts, are multivalves. The shells of pipes called dentales and antales are distinguished from each other only by their size, the antales being much the least. The sea pencil, or watering spout, is the most remarkable shell of this tribe, and must be considered as having a specific character either by its form, which is straight, or the singularity of its superior extremity, which is perforated like the spout of a watering pot.

In Plate CCCXCII. the shell, fig. 1, pierced with many holes, is found with its natural covering in our seas. It is finely nacreous within, and in the middle of its hollow or cavity contains many small pearls. Fig. 2, is placed on its upper side to show its spots, which are red upon a ground of purest white; the ridges are prominent; the rim and the eye are irregular and notched. Fig. 3, the singularity of this shell consists in its being neither nacreous nor perforate, and in turning very much up near the eye of its spire or contour. Fig. 4, is a pencil or watering spout; at the head is a kind of ruff, and within it is formed like the end of a watering spout, perforated with many holes, which, when the fish is alive, are filled with very fine threads, like the hairs of a painter's pencil. Fig. 6, are called dentals from their resemblance of elephants' teeth; the point or apex is white, and the other extremity green. They are both ribbed and nacreous, and are distinguished from each other only by some differences which appear on the uppermost. Fig. 7, are two small shells of the dental figure, called for distinction antales. They are perfectly smooth; one is white, and the other reddish.