geometry, denotes the squaring, or reducing a figure to a square. Thus, the finding of a square, which shall contain just as much surface or area as a circle, an ellipse, a triangle, &c. is the quadrature of a circle, ellipse, &c. The quadrature, especially among the ancient mathematicians, was a great postulation. The quadrature of rectilineal figures is easily found, for it is merely the finding their areas or surfaces i.e. their squares; for the squares of equal areas are easily found by only extracting the roots of the areas thus found. See Geometry, Part II. chap. 3. The quadrature of curvilinear spaces is of more difficult investigation; and in this respect extremely little was done by the ancients, except the finding the quadrature of the parabola by Archimedes. In 1657, Sir Paul Neil, Lord Brouncker, and Sir Christopher Wren, geometrically demonstrated the equality of some curvilinear spaces to rectilinear spaces; and soon after the like was proved both at home and abroad of other curves, and it was afterwards brought under an analytical calculus; the first specimen of which was given to the public in 1688 by Mercator, in a demonstration of Lord Brouncker's quadrature of the hyperbola, by Dr Wallis's reduction of a fraction into an infinite series by division. Sir Isaac Newton, however, had before discovered a method of attaining the quantity of all quadruple curves analytically by his fluxions before 1668. It is disputed between Sir Christopher Wren and Mr Huygens which of them first discovered the quadrature of any determinate cycloidal space. Mr Leibnitz afterwards found that of another space; and in 1699 Bernoulli discovered the quadrature of an infinity of cycloidal spaces both segments and sectors, &c. See Geometry, Part II. chap. 3. prop. 33.; and Fluxions, p. 314.

astronomy, that aspect of the moon when she is 90° distant from the sun; or when she is in a middle point of her orbit, between the points of conjunction and opposition, namely, in the first and third quarters. See Astronomy, p. 320, &c.