an ancient and considerable town of Italy, in the kingdom of Naples, and in the farther Calabria, with an archbishop's see, and a woollen manufactory. It is seated in a delightful country, which produces plenty of oranges, and all their kindred fruits. The olives are exquisite, and high-flavoured. The town, however, can boast of neither beautiful buildings nor strong fortifications. Of its edifices the Gothic cathedral is the only striking one, but it affords nothing curious in architecture. The citadel is far from formidable, according to the present system of tactics; nor could the city walls make a long resistance against any enemy but Barbary corsairs; and even these have not always been able to repel, for in 1543 it was laid in ashes by Barbarossa. Maffapha sacked it fifteen years after, and the defoliation was renewed in 1593 by another set of Turks. Its exposed situation, on the very threshold of Italy, and fronting Sicily, has from the earliest period rendered it liable to attacks and devastation. The Chalcedonians fixed upon it, or, according to the usual Greek phrase, founded it, and called the colony Reginum, from a word that means a break or crack, alluding to its position on the point where Sicily broke off from the continent. Anaxilus opprest its liberties. Dionysius the Elder took it, and put many of the principal citizens to death, in revenge for their having refused his alliance. The Campanian legion, sent to protect the Reginians, turned its sword against them, massacred many inhabitants, and tyrannized over the remainder, till the Roman senate thought proper to punish these traitors with exemplary severity, though at the same time it entered into league with the revolted garrison of Messina. This union with a set of villains, guilty of the same crime, proved that no love of justice, but political reasons alone, drew down its vengeance on the Campanians.—It is about 12 miles S.E. of Messina, and 190 S. by E. of Naples. E. Long. 16°. N. Lat. 38°. 4'.

an ancient, handsome, and strong town of Italy, in the duchy of Modena, with a strong citadel, and a bishop's see. It has been ruined several times by the Goths, and other nations. In the cathedral are paintings by the greatest masters; and in the square is the statue of Brennus, chief of the Gauls. The inhabitants are about 22,000, who carry on a great trade in silk. It was taken by prince Eugene in 1706, and by the king of Sardinia in 1742. It is seated in a fertile country to the south of the Apennines, and to the north of a spacious plain, 15 miles north-west of Modena, and 80 south-east of Milan. E. Long. 11°. 5'. N. Lat. 44°. 43'.'—The duchy of this name is bounded on the west by that of Modena, and produces a great deal of silk, and belongs to the duke of Modena, except the marquisate of St Martin, which belongs to a prince of that name.