the Monkey, a genus of quadrupeds belonging to the class of mammalia, and order of primates, in the Linnean system, but by Mr Pennant arranged under the digitated quadrupeds. According to the Linnean system, the characteristics of this genus are these: There are four close set fore-teeth on each jaw; single tusks on each side in both jaws, which are longer than the rest, and somewhat remote from them. The grinders are obtuse, and the feet are formed like hands. Mr Pennant gives the following generic description of the simia. There are four cutting teeth in each jaw, and two canine. Each of the feet are formed like hands, generally with flat nails, and, except in one instance, have four fingers and a thumb. There are eyebrows both above and below.

They are a numerous race; but almost all confined to the torrid zone. They fill the woods of Africa from Senegal to the Cape, and from thence to Ethiopia. They are found in all parts of India, and its islands; in Cochin-China, in the south of China, and in Japan; (and one is met with in Arabia); and they swarm in the forests of South America, from the isthmus of Darien as far as Paraguay. They are lively, agile, full of frolic, chatter, and grimace. From the structure of their members, they have many actions in common with the human kind. Most of them are fierce and untameable; some are of a milder nature, and will show a degree of attachment; but in general they are endowed with mischievous intellects; and are filthy, obscene, lascivious, and thieving. They inhabit the woods, and live on trees; feeding on fruits, leaves, and insects. In general, they are gregarious, going in vast companies; but the different species never mix with each other, always keeping apart and in different quarters. They leap with vast activity from tree to tree, even when when loaded with their young, which cling to them. They are the prey of leopards and others of the feline race; and of serpents, which pursue them to the summits of the trees, and swallow them entire. They are not carnivorous, but for mischief's sake will rob the nests of birds of the eggs and young. In the countries where they most abound, the sagacity of the feathered tribe is more marvelously shown in their contrivances to fix the nest beyond the reach of these invaders.

The simia being more numerous in their species than any other animals, and differing greatly in their appearances, it seemed necessary to methodize and subdivide the genus. Accordingly Mr Ray first distributed them into three classes.

Simia, Apes, such as wanted tails. Cercopithecus, Monkeys, such as had tails. Papionis, Baboons, those with short tails; to distinguish them from the common monkeys, which have very long ones.

The principal marks by which the species of this genus are distinguishable from each other, are derived, firstly, from the tail, which is either long, short, or altogether wanting, or is straight, or prehensile; secondly, from the buttocks, which are naked, and furnished with callosities, or are covered with hair; thirdly, from the nails, which are flat and rounded like those of man, or sharp pointed like the claws of beasts in general; fourthly, from the presence or absence of a beard on the chin; and, fifthly, from the cheeks being provided with, or wanting, pouches in their under parts. For greater convenience, the species of this genus, which are very numerous, are arranged under five subordinate divisions, considered as distinct genera by some authors, and not without reason. Three of these subdivisions were adopted by Linnaeus; but Dr Gmelin, following Buffon, has added other two taken from the third division of his great precursor. These subdivisions are the simia, papiones, cercopithecus, satapii, and fagoni.

I. The Simia, or Apes. They have no tails. The visage is flat; the teeth, hands, fingers, feet, toes, and nails, resemble those of man, and they walk naturally erect. This division includes the simia, or apes properly so called, which are not found in America.

1. The chimpanzee, the simia troglodytes of Linnaeus, common in the mountains of Sierra Leone, resembles man more than the orang-outang. This animal was first brought to Europe in 1738, when it was exhibited as a show in London. The following description of one that was kept some months at the colony of Sierra Leone is given by Waddron, in his Essay on Colonization. He was nearly two feet high; but the full stature is nearly five feet. He was covered with black hair, long and thick on the back, but short and thin on the breast and belly. His face was bare; his hands and his head resembled those of an old black man, except that the hair on his head was straight. He ate, drank, slept, and sat at table, like a human being. At first he crept on all fours, on the outside of his hands; but, when grown larger, he endeavoured to go erect, supporting himself by a stick. He was melancholy, but always good natured.

2. The satyrus, orang-outang, or great ape, has a flat face, and a deformed resemblance of the human; ears like those of a man; the hair on the head longer than on the body. The body and limbs are covered with reddish and shaggy hair; longest on the back, thinnest on the fore-parts. The face and paws are swarthy; the buttocks covered with hair. They inhabit the interior parts of Africa, the isles of Sumatra, Borneo, and Java. Are solitary, and live in the most deserted places. They grow to the height of six feet; have prodigious strength, and will overpower the strongest man. The old ones are shot with arrows, the young alone can be taken alive. They live entirely on fruits and nuts. They will attack and kill the negroes who wander in the woods; will drive away the elephants, and beat them with their fists or pieces of wood; and will throw stones at people that offend them. They sleep in trees; and make a fort of shelter from the inclemency of the weather. They are of a grave appearance and melancholy disposition, and even when young not inclined to frolic. They go erect, and are vastly swift and agile. These accounts are chiefly taken from Andrew Battell, an English sailor, who was taken prisoner 1589, and lived many years in the inner parts of Congo; his narrative is plain, and seems very authentic. It is preserved in Purchas's collection. Froger informs us, "that those along the banks of the river Ganges are larger and more mischievous than in any part of Africa: the negroes dread them, and cannot travel alone in the country without running the hazard of being attacked by these animals, who often present them with a stick, and force them to fight. I have heard the Portuguese say, that they have often seen them hoist up young girls, about seven or eight years old, into trees, and that they could not be wrestled from them without a great deal of difficulty. The most part of the negroes imagine them to be a foreign nation come to inhabit their country, and that they do not speak for fear of being compelled to work." When taken young, they are capable of being tamed, and taught to perform many menial offices. Francis Pyrard relates, "that in the province of Sierra Leone, there is a species so strong limbed, and so industrious, that, when properly trained and fed, they work like servants; that they generally walk on the two hind feet; that they pound any substances in a mortar; that they go to bring water from the river in small pitchers, which they carry full on their heads. But when they arrive at the door, if the pitchers are not soon taken off, they allow them to fall; and when they perceive the pitchers overturned and broken, they weep and lament." Father Jarric quoted by Nieremberg, says the same thing, nearly in the same terms. With regard to the education of these animals, the testimony of Shouten accords with that of Pyrard. "They are taken (he says) with snares, taught to walk on their hind feet, and to use their fore feet as hands in performing different operations, as rinsing glasses, carrying drink round the company, turning a spit, &c." "I saw at Java Shouten (says Guat) a very extraordinary ape. It was a female. She was very tall, and often walked erect on her hind feet. On these occasions, she concealed with her hair the parts which distinguished the sex. Except the tom, her eye-brows, there was no hair on her face, which pretty much resembled the grotesque female faces I saw among the Hottentots at the Cape. She made her bed very neatly every day, lay upon her side, and covered herself with the bed cloths. When her head ached, she bound it up with a handkerchief; and it was amusing to see her..." her thus hooded in bed. I could relate many other little articles which appeared to me extremely singular. But I admired them not so much as the multitude; because, as I knew the design of bringing her to Europe to be exhibited as a show, I was inclined to think that she had been taught many of these monkey tricks, which the people considered as being natural to the animal.—She died in our ship, about the latitude of the Cape of Good Hope. The figure of this ape had a very great resemblance to that of man, &c.” Gmelli Carreri tells us, that he saw one of these apes, which cried like an infant, walked upon its hind-feet, and carried a mat under its arm to lie down and sleep upon.

An orang-outang which Buffon saw, is described by him as mild, affectionate, and good-natured. His air was melancholy, his gait grave, his movements measured, his dispositions gentle, and very different from those of other apes. He had neither the impudence of the Barbary ape, the maliciousness of the baboon, nor the extravagance of the monkeys. “It may be alleged, (says our author), that he had the benefit of instruction; but the other apes which I shall compare with him, were educated in the same manner. Signs and words were alone sufficient to make our orang-outang act; but the baboon required a cudgel, and the other apes a whip; for none of them would obey without blows. I have seen this animal present his hand to conduct the people who came to visit him, and walk as gravely along with them as if he had formed a part of the company. I have seen him sit down at table, unfold his towel, wipe his lips, use a spoon or a fork to carry the viands to his mouth, pour his liquor into a glass, and make it touch that of the person who drank along with him. When invited to take tea, he brought a cup and a saucer, placed them on the table, put in sugar, poured out the tea, and allowed it to cool before he drank it. All these actions he performed without any other instigation than the signs or verbal orders of his master, and often of his own accord. He did no injury to any person: he even approached company with circumspection, and presented himself as if he wanted to be caressed. He was very fond of dainties, which every body gave him: And as his breast was diseased, and he was afflicted with a teasing cough, this quantity of sweetmeats undoubtedly contributed to shorten his life. He lived one summer in Paris, and died in London the following winter. He ate almost everything; but preferred ripe and dried fruits to all other kinds of food. He drank a little wine; but spontaneously left it for milk, tea, or other mild liquors.” This was only two feet four inches high, and was a young one. There is great possibility that these animals may vary in size and in colour, some being covered with black, others with reddish hairs.—They are not the satyrs of the ancients; which had tails (a), and were a species of monkey. Linnæus’s

(a) Ælian gives them tails, lib. xvi. c. 21. Pliny says they have teeth like dogs, lib. vii. c. 2. circumstances common to many monkeys. Ptolemy, lib. 7, c. 2. speaks of certain islands in the Indian ocean inhabited by people with tails like those with which satyrs are painted, whence called the isles of satyrs. Köping, a Swede, pretended to have discovered these homines caudati; that they would have trafficked with him, offering him live parrots; that afterwards they killed some of the crew that went on shore, and eat them, &c. &c. Aman. Acad. vi. 71.

homo nocturnus, an animal of this kind, is unnecessarily separated from his simia satyrus.

To enable the reader to form a judgment of this animal, which has so great a resemblance to man, it may not be unacceptable to quote from Buffon the differences and conformities which make him approach or recede from the human species. “He differs from man externally by the flatness of his nose, by the shortness of his front, and by his chin, which is not elevated at the base. His ears are proportionally too large, his eyes too near each other, and the distance between his nose and mouth is too great. These are the only differences between the face of an orang-outang and that of a man. With regard to the body and members, the thighs are proportionally too short, the arms too long, the fingers too small, the palm of the hands too long and narrow, and the feet rather resemble hands than the human foot. The male organs of generation differ not from those of man, except that the prepuce has no frenum. The female organs are extremely similar to those of a woman.

“The orang-outang differs internally from the human species in the number of ribs: man has only 12, but the orang-outang has 13. The vertebrae of the neck are also shorter, the bones of the pelvis narrow, the buttocks flatter, and the orbits of the eyes sunk deeper. He has no spinal process on the first vertebra of the neck. The kidneys are rounder than those of man, and the ureters have a different figure, as well as the bladder and gall-bladder, which are narrower and longer than in the human species. All the other parts of the body, head, and members, both external and internal, so perfectly resemble those of man, that we cannot make the comparison without being astonished that such a similarity in structure and organization should not produce the same effects. The tongue, and all the organs of speech, for example, are the same as in man; and yet the orang-outang enjoys not the faculty of speaking; the brain has the same figure and proportions; and yet he possesses not the power of thinking. Can there be a more evident proof than is exhibited in the orang-outang, that matter alone, though perfectly organized, can produce neither language nor thought, unless it be animated by a superior principle? Man and the orang-outang are the only animals who have buttocks and the calf of the legs, and who, of course, are formed for walking erect; the only animals who have a broad chest, flat shoulders, and vertebrae of the same structure; and the only animals whose brain, heart, lungs, liver, spleen, stomach, and intestines, are perfectly similar, and who have an appendix vermiformis, or blind-gut. In fine, the orang-outang has a greater resemblance to man than even to the baboons or monkeys, not only in all the parts we have mentioned, but in the largeness of the face, the figure of the cranium, of the jaws, of the teeth, and of the other bones of the head and and face; in the thickness of the fingers and thumb, the figure of the nails, and the number of vertebrae; and, lastly, in the conformity of the articulations, the magnitude and figure of the rotula, sternum, &c. Hence, as there is a greater familiarity between this animal and man, than between those creatures which resemble him most, as the Barbary ape, the baboon, and monkey, who have all been denominated by the general name of apes, the Indians are to be excused for associating him with the human species, under the denomination of orang-outang, or wild man. In fine, if there were a scale by which we could descend from human nature to that of the brutes, and if the essence of this nature consisted entirely in the form of the body, and depended on its organization, the orang-outang would approach nearer to man than any other animal. Placed in the second rank of beings, he would make the other animals feel his superiority, and oblige them to obey him. If the principle of imitation, by which he seems to mimic human actions, were a result of thought, this ape would be still farther removed from the brutes, and have a greater affinity to man. But the interval which separates them is immense. Mind, reflection, and language, depend not on figure or the organization of the body. These are endowments peculiar to man. The orang-outang, though, as we have seen, he has a body, members, senses, a brain, and a tongue, perfectly similar to those of man, neither speaks nor thinks. Though he counterfeits every human movement, he performs no action that is characteristic of man, no action that has the same principle or the same design. With regard to imitation, which appears to be the most striking character of the ape kind, and which the vulgar have attributed to him as a peculiar talent, before we decide, it is necessary to inquire whether this imitation be spontaneous or forced. Does the ape imitate us from inclination, or because, without any exertion of the will, he feels the capacity of doing it? I appeal to all those who have examined this animal without prejudice; and I am convinced that they will agree with me, that there is nothing voluntary in this imitation. The ape, having arms and hands, uses them as we do, but without thinking of us. The similarity of his members and organs necessarily produces movements, and sometimes successions of movements, which resemble ours. Being endowed with the human structure, the ape must move like man; but the same motions imply not that he acts from imitation. Two bodies which receive the same impulse, two similar pendulums or machines, will move in the same manner; but these bodies or machines can never be said to imitate each other in their motions. The ape and the human body are two machines similarly constructed, and necessarily move nearly in the same manner; but parity is not imitation. The one depends on matter, and the other on mind. Imitation presupposes the design of imitating. The ape is incapable of forming this design, which requires a train of thinking; consequently man, if he inclines, can imitate the ape; but the ape cannot even incline to imitate man.

3. Pongo, or Jocko, are considered as one species by Pennant and Gmelin. It inhabits the island of Java, and the interior parts of Guinea. Has no pouches within his cheeks, no tail, and no callosities on the buttocks; which last are plump and fleshy. All the teeth are similar to those of man. The face is flat, naked, and tawny; the ears, hands, feet, breast, and belly, are likewise naked; the hair of the head descends on both temples in the form of tresses; the hair on the back and loins is in small quantities. It is five or six feet high, and walks always erect on the two hind feet. It has not been ascertained whether the females, of this species or variety, are subject to periodical discharges; but analogy renders this almost unquestionable. This animal is, by Dr Gmelin, considered only as a variety of the orang-outang.

4. The great gibbon, long armed ape, or simia lar, Fig. 3, with a flat swarthy face surrounded with grey hairs; hair on the body black and rough; buttocks bare; nails on the hands flat; on the feet long; arms of a most disproportional length, reaching quite to the ground when the animal is erect, its natural posture; of a hideous deformity.—Inhabits India, Malacca, and the Molucca isles; a mild and gentle animal; grows to the height of four feet. The great black ape of Mangsi, a province in China, seems to be of this kind.

5. The lesser gibbon, or simia lar minor, but is much Fig. 4, less, being only about a foot and a half high; the body and face are of a brown colour, resembles the former. The simia lar argentea is probably a variety of this species.

6. The pigmy, or simia silvanus, has no tail; the Fig. 5, buttocks are naked; the head roundish, and the arms shorter than the body. It inhabits Africa; and is not uncommon in our exhibitions of animals; is very tractable and good-natured, and was most probably the pigmy of the ancients. It abounds in Ethiopia, one feet of that imaginary nation; was believed to dwell near the fountains of the Nile, whence it descended annually to make war on the cranes, i.e., to steal their eggs, which the birds may be supposed naturally to defend; whence the fiction of their combats.

7. The magot, simia inuus, or Barbary ape, has a Fig. 6, long face, not unlike that of a dog; canine teeth, long and strong; ears like the human; nails flat; buttocks bare; colour of the upper part of the body a dirty greenish brown; belly, of a dull pale yellow; grows to above the length of four feet.—They inhabit many parts of India, Arabia, and all parts of Africa except Egypt, where none of this genus are found. A few are found on the hill of Gibraltar, which breed there; probably from a pair that had escaped from the town; as they are not found in any other part of Spain.—They are very ill-natured, mischievous, and fierce; agreeing with the character of the ancient Cynocephali. They are a very common kind in exhibitions. By force of discipline they are made to play some tricks; otherwise they are more dull and sullen than the rest of this genus. They assemble in great troops in the open fields in India, and will attack women going to market, and take their provisions from them. The females carry the young in their arms, and will leap from tree to tree with them. Apes were worshipped in India, and had magnificent temples erected to them. When the Portuguese plundered one in Ceylon, they found in a little golden casket the tooth of an ape; a relic held by the natives in such veneration, that they offered 700,000 ducats to redeem it, but in vain; for it was burnt by the viceroys, to stop the progress of idolatry.

II. Papiones, or Baboons. These have short tails, a long face; a broad high muzzle; length dog-like tufts, or canine teeth; and naked callosities on the buttocks. They are only found in the old world; and are the papiones and Rhoizzophae of the ancients.

8. The maimon, simia papio nemestrina, or pig-tailed accipitrix baboon, Fig. 8. baboon, with a pointed face, which is naked, of a swarthy redness; two sharp canine teeth; ears like the human; hair on the limbs and body brown inclining to ash-colour, palest on the belly; fingers black; nails long and flat; thumbs on the hind-feet very long, connected to the nearest toe by a broad membrane; tail four inches long, slender, exactly like a pig's, and almost naked; the bare spaces on the rump red, and but small; length, from head to tail, 22 inches. Inhabits the isles of Sumatra and Japan; is very docile. In Japan it is taught several tricks, and carried about the country by mountebanks. Kempfer was informed by one of these people, that the baboon he had was 102 years old.

9. The great baboon, or simia papio sphinx, with hazel irises; ears small and naked; face canine, and very thick; middle of the face and fore-head naked; and of a bright vermilion colour; tip of the nose of the same, and ending truncated like that of a hog; sides of the nose broadly ribbed, and of a fine violet hue; the opening of the mouth very small; cheeks, throat, and goat-like beard yellow; hair on the fore-head very long, turns back, is black, and forms a kind of pointed crest. Head, arms, and legs, covered with short hair, yellow and black intermixed; the breast with long whitish yellow hairs, the shoulders with long brown hair. Nails flat; feet and hands black; tail four inches long, and very hairy; buttocks bare, red, and filthy; but the space about them is of a most elegant purple colour, which reaches to the inside of the upper part of the thighs.

This was described by Mr Pennant from a stuffed specimen in Sir Ashton Lever's museum. In August 1779, a live animal of this species was shown at Edinburgh, and in October following at Chester, where being seen by Mr Pennant, that inquisitive naturalist has described it in his History of Quadrupeds. "It differed little (he observes) in colour from the above, being in general much darker. Eyes much sunk in the head, and small. On the internal side of each ear was a white line, pointing upwards. The hair on the fore-head turned up a like a toupee. Feet black; in other respects resembled the former. In this I had an opportunity of examining the teeth. The cutting teeth were like those of the rest of the genus; but, in the upper and lower jaw, were two canine, or rather tusks, near three inches long, and exceedingly sharp and pointed. This animal was five feet high, of a most tremendous strength in all its parts; was excessively fierce, libidinous, and strong."

Mr Schreber says, that this species lives on succulent fruits, and on nuts; is very fond of eggs, and will put eight at once into its pouches, and, taking them out one by one, break them at the end, and swallow the yolk and white; rejects all flesh-meat, unless it be drefed; would drink quantities of wine or brandy; was less agile than other baboons; very cleanly; for it would immediately fling its excrements out of its hut. That which was shown at Chester was particularly fond of cheese. Its voice was a kind of roar, not unlike that of a lion, but low and somewhat inward. It went upon all fours, and never stood on its hind legs, unless forced by the keeper; but would frequently sit on its rump in a crouching manner, and drop its arms before the belly. Inhabits the hotter parts of Africa.

10. The little baboon, or simia papio apedia, has a roundish head, with a projecting muzzle, and roundish naked ears; the hair on the body is yellow, tipped with black; the face is brown, and almost naked, having only a few scattered hairs; the nails are all compressed and oblong, except on the thumbs and great toes, the nails of which resemble man; the tail is very short, being hardly an inch long; the body is about the size of a cat. It is uncertain, says Gmelin, if this animal should be considered as a distinct species, or only as a variety of the simia scirea.

11. The mantegar, or simia papio mermon, common Fig. 17, ly called the tufted ape, but it is improperly named an ape, as it has a tail. It is described in the abridgment of the Philosophical Transactions, n° 290. It had a nose and head 14 inches in length; the nose of a deep red, face-blue, both naked; black eye-brows; ears like the human; on the top of the head a long upright tuft of hair; on the chin another; two long tusks in the upper jaw; fore feet exactly resembling hands, and the nails on the fingers flat; the fore-part of the body, and the inside of the legs and arms, naked; the outside covered with mottled brown and olive hair. Length, from the nose to the rump, three feet two inches. It was very fierce and salacious; went on all fours, but would sit up on its rump, and support itself with a stick; in this attitude, it would hold a cup in its hand, and drink out of it. Its food was fruits.

12. The mandril, simia papio maimon, or ribbed nose baboon, has a short tail, and a thin beard on the chin; and the cheeks are blue and striped, and the buttocks are naked. This species of baboon is found on the Gold Coast, and in the other southern provinces of Africa, where he is called boggo by the negresses, and mandril by the Europeans. Next to the orang-outang, he is the largest of all the apes or baboons. Smith relates, that he had a present of a female mandril, which was only six months old, and that it was as large as an adult baboon. He adds, that these mandrills walk always on two feet; that they weep and groan like men; that they have a violent passion for women, which they never fail to gratify when they find a woman at a distance from relief. We have given figures both of the male and female, which may be easily distinguished by their size and appearance.

13. The wood-baboon, or simia papio sylvatica, with Fig. 18, a long dog-like face, covered with a small glossy black skin; hands and feet naked, and black like the face; hair on all parts long, elegantly mottled with black and tawny; nails white; about three feet high when erect; tail not three inches, and very hairy on the upper top. Inhabits Guinea, where it is called by the man of the wood.

14. The brown baboon, or simia papio platypygos, with pointed ears; face of a dirty white; nose large and broad; hairs round the face short and straight; colour of the upper part of the body brown; of the under, ash-colour; tail about four inches long; taper, and almost bare of hair; beneath is quite naked. The animal which Mr Pennant called the new baboon, in the first edition, seems by the tapernels of the tail, and general form, to be of this kind.

15. The hoggish baboon, or simia papio porcaria, has a short tail, and coloured buttocks; the head is like that of a hog, with a naked snout; the body is of an olive brown colour; the nails are sharp and compressed. Inhabits Africa, and is about three feet and a half high when when standing erect. This, in all probability, is the same animal with the hog-faced ape, adopted from Pennant.

III. Monkeys, Cercopithecus, have long tails, which are not prehensile; the under parts of their cheeks are furnished with pouches, in which they can keep their victuals; the partition between the nostrils is thin, and the apertures are, like those of man, placed in the under part of the nose; the buttocks are naked, and provided with callosities. These animals, which are never found native in America, are the cercopithecus, and Kōsō, of the ancients.

16. The Tartarin, dog faced baboon of Pennant, and cercopithecus hamadryas of Gmelin, with a long, thick, and strong nose, covered with a smooth red skin; ears pointed, and hid in the hair; head great, and flat; hair on the head, and fore part of the body as far as the waist, very long and shaggy; grey and olive-brindled; the sides of the head very full, the hair on the limbs and hind part of the body very short; limbs strong and thick; hands and feet bulky; the nails on the fore-feet flat; those on the hind like a dog's; buttocks very bare, and covered with a skin of a bloody colour; tail scarce the length of the body, and carried generally erect. They inhabit the hottest parts of Africa and Asia; where they keep in vast troops, and are very fierce and dangerous. They rob gardens. They will run up trees when passengers go by, shake the boughs at them with great fury, and chatter very loud. They are excessively impudent, indecent, lascivious; most detestable animals in their manners as well as appearance. They range the woods in hundreds; which obliges the owners of the coffee-plantations to be continually on their guard against their depredations. One of them was shown in London some years ago: it came from Mokha, in the province of Yemen, in Arabia Felix in the Persian gulf; and was above five feet high. It was very fierce and untameable; so strong as easily to master its keeper, a stout young man. Its inclinations to women appeared in the most violent manner. A footman, who brought a girl to see it, in order to tease the animal, killed and hurled her: the beast, enraged at being so tantalized, caught hold of a quart pewter-pot, which he threw with such force and so sure an aim, that had not the man's hat and wig softened the blow, his skull must have been fractured; but he fortunately escaped with a common broken head.

17. The white-bearded black wanderer, the simia filenus of Linnaeus, the ouanderoo of Buffon, and lion-tailed baboon of Pennant, the cercopithecus filenus albibarbatus of Gmelin, has a dog-like face, is naked, and of a dusky colour; a very large and full white or hoary beard; large canine teeth; body covered with black hair; belly of a light colour; tail terminated with a tuft of hair like that of a lion. Its bulk that of a middling sized dog. It inhabits the East Indies and the hotter parts of Africa.

18. The purple-faced monkey, or cercopithecus fleminus purpuratus, with a great triangular white beard, short and pointed at the bottom, and on each side of the ears, extending a winged fashion far beyond them; face and hands purple, body black. Inhabit Ceylon. They are very harmless; live in the woods, and feed on leaves and buds of trees; and when taken soon become tame.

19. Malbrouk, or cercopithecus faunus, has a long tail, and is bearded: the tail is bushy at the extremity. It is a native of Bengal. This species has cheek-pouches, and callosities on the buttocks; the tail is nearly as long as the body and head; and it is a mistake of Clusius that it terminates in a tuft; the face is of a cinereous grey colour, with a large muzzle, and large eyes, which have flesh-coloured eyelids, and a grey band across the forehead in the place of eye-brows; the ears are large, thin, and flesh-coloured; the upper parts of the body are of a uniform yellowish brown colour, and the lower of a yellowish grey: it walks on all fours, and is about a foot and a half from the muzzle to the extremity of the tail. The females menstruate.

20. Macaque, or cercopithecus cynomologus, the hare-lipped monkey of Pennant, has no beard; the nostrils are thick and divided; the tail is long and arched, and the buttocks are naked. He has cheek-pouches and callosities on the buttocks. His tail is from 18 to 20 inches long. His head is large, his muzzle very thick, and his face naked, livid, and wrinkled. His ears are covered with hair. His body is short and squat, and his limbs thick and short. The hair on the superior parts of his body is of a greenish ash-colour, and of a yellowish grey on the breast and belly. He has a small crest of hair on the top of the head. He walks on four and sometimes on two feet. The length of his body, comprehending that of the head, is about 18 or 20 inches.

21. The dog-headed monkey, or cercopithecus cynocephalus, has no beard, and is of a yellow colour; the muzzle is long; the tail long and straight, and the buttocks naked. It is a native of Africa.

22. The spotted monkey, or cercopithecus Diana, with a long white beard; colour of the upper parts of the body reddish, as if they had been fingered, marked with white specks; the belly and chin whitish; tail very long; is a species of a middle size. It inhabits Guinea and Congo, according to Maregrave; the Congolese call it exquimo. M. de Buffon denies it to be of that country; but from the circumstance of the curl in its tail, in Maregrave's figure, and the description of some voyagers, he supposes it to be a native of South America. Linnaeus describes his S. Diana somewhat differently: he says it is of the size of a large cat; black, spotted with white; hind part of the back ferruginous; face black; from the top of the nose is a white line passing over each eye to the ears, in an arched form; beard pointed, black above, white beneath, placed on a fatish excrescence; breast and throat white; from the rump, crofs the thighs, a white line; tail long, straight, and black; ears and feet of the same colour; canine teeth, large.

23. The green monkey, or cercopithecus sabaeus, has a black and flatish face; the side of it bounded by long white hairs, falling backwards, and almost covering the ears, which are black, and like the human: head, limbs, and whole upper part of the body and tail covered with soft hair, of a yellowish green colour at their ends, cinereous at their roots: under side of the body and tail, and inner side of the limbs, of a silvery colour; tail very long and slender. Size of a small cat. Inhabit different parts of Africa: keep in great flocks, and live in the woods: are scarce discernible when among the leaves, except by their breaking the boughs with their

VOL. XVII. Part II. Simia gambols: in which they are very agile and silent; even when shot at, do not make the least noise: but will unite in company, knit their brows, and gnash their teeth, as if they meant to attack the enemy: are very common in the Cape de Verd islands.

24. The moustache, or cercopithecus cephus, has a beard on the cheeks; the crown of the head is yellowish: the feet are black, and the tip of the tail is of an ash colour. Its tail is much longer than the body and head, being 19 or 20 inches in length. The female menstruates.

25. The mangabey, cercopithecus aethiops, or white-eyed monkey, has a long, black, naked, and dog-like face: the upper eyelids of a pure white: ears black, and like the human: no canine teeth: hairs on the sides of the face beneath the cheeks, longer than the rest: tail long: colour of the whole body tawny and black: flat nails on the thumbs and fore-fingers: blunt claws on the others: hands and feet black—Shown in London some years ago: place uncertain: that described by M. de Buffon came from Madagascar; was very good-natured; went on all-fours.

26. The egret, or cercopithecus aygula, has a long face, and an upright sharp-pointed tuft of hair on the top of the head. The hair on the forehead is black: the tuft, and the upper part of the body light-grey; the belly white: the eye-brows are large; the beard very small. Size of a small cat. They inhabit Java. They fawn on men, on their own species, and embrace each other. They play with dogs, if they have none of their own species with them. If they see a monkey of another kind, they greet him with a thousand grimaces. When a number of them sleep, they put their heads together. They make a continual noise during night.

27. The rillow, cercopithecus sinicus, or Chinese bonnet, has a long smooth nose, of a whitish colour; hair on the crown of the head long, lying flat, and parted like that of a man; colour, a pale cinereous brown, Inhabit Ceylon. They keep in great troops; and rob gardens of their fruit, and fields of their corn; to prevent which, the natives are obliged to watch the whole day: yet these animals are so bold, that, when driven from one end of the field, they will immediately enter at the other, and carry off with them as much as their mouth and arms can hold. Bolman, speaking of the thefts of the monkeys of Guinea, says, that they will take in each paw one or two stalks of millet, as many under their arms, and two or three in their mouth; and thus laden, hop away on their hind-legs: but, if pursued, they fling away all, except what is in their mouths, that it may not impede their flight. They are very nice in the choice of the millet; examine every stalk: and if they do not like it, fling it away: so that this delicacy does more harm to the fields than their thievery.

28. The tawny monkey, or cercopithecus fulvus, has long tusks in the lower jaw: the visage is long and flesh coloured, with flesh coloured ears, and a flatish nose. Inhabits India. This is a very ill natured animal, about the size of a cat; it was lately in the possession of Mr. Brook, an animal merchant and exhibitor in London: The upper parts of the body are covered with a pale tawny coloured fur, which is ash coloured at the roots; the hinder part of the back is orange coloured, the legs ash coloured, the belly white, and the tail shorter than the body.

29. King monkey, full-bottom monkey, or cercopithecus regalis, has no thumb on the hands; the head, cheeks, throat, and shoulders, are covered with long, flowing, coarse hairs. Inhabits the forests of Sierra Leonia in Guinea, where it is called bey, or king monkey. It is above three feet high when erect: The head is small, with a short, black, naked race; and the head, cheeks, throat, neck, and shoulders, are covered with long, coarse, flowing hairs, of a dirty yellowish colour, mixed with black, and resembling a full-bottomed wig; the body, arms, and legs, are covered with short hairs of a fine glossy black colour; the hands are naked, and have no thumbs; the feet have five very long slender toes, which are armed with narrow pointed claws; the tail is very long, and is covered with snow white hairs, having a tuft at the end; the body and limbs are very slender: Its skin is held in high estimation by the negroes for making pouches and gun cases.

IV. SAPAJOUS, SAPAJI, have prehensile tails, and no cheek-pouches. These animals have long tails, which, at the extremity, is generally deprived of hair on the under side, and covered with a smooth skin; this part they can fold, extend, curl up, and unfold at pleasure; by which they are enabled to hang upon branches, or to lay hold of any thing which is beyond the reach of their hands, using the extremity of the tail like a finger or hand; the partition between the nostrils is very thick, and the apertures are situated on the sides of the nose; the buttocks are clothed with hair, and have no callosities; the females of this subgenus do not menstruate; and this race of animals is only to be found in America: This subdivision of the genus is made with great propriety by Dr Gmelin, in imitation of the Count de Buffon.

30. The guariba, sapajus Beelzebub, or the preacher monkey, has black shining eyes; short round ears; and a round beard under the chin and throat. The hairs on the body are of a shining black, long, yet lie so close on each other that the animal appears quite smooth: the feet and end of the tail are brown; the tail very long, and always twisted at the end. Size of a fox. Inhabit the woods of Brazil and Guiana in vast numbers, and make a most dreadful howling. Sometimes one mounts on a higher branch, the rest seat themselves beneath: the first begins as if it was to harangue, and sets up so loud and sharp a howl as may be heard a vast way, and a person at a distance would think that a hundred joined in the cry: after a certain space, he gives a signal with his hand, when the whole assembly joins in chorus; but on another signal is silent, and the orator finishes his address (b). Their clamour is the most disagreeable and tremendous that can be conceived; owing to a hollow and hard bone placed in the throat, which

(b) A singular account, yet related by Marcgrave and several other writers. Marcgrave is a writer of the first authority, and a most able naturalist, long resident in the Brazils, and speaks from his own knowledge. which the English call the throttle-bone. These monkeys are very fierce, untameable, and bite dreadfully. There is a variety of a ferruginous or reddish bay colour, which the Indians call the king of the monkeys; it is large, and as noisy as the former. The natives eat this species, as well as several other sorts of monkeys, but are particularly fond of this. Europeans will also eat it, especially in those parts of America where food is scarce: when it is scalded in order to get off the hair, it looks very white; and has a resemblance shocking to humanity, that of a child of two or three years old when crying (c).

31. The quato, papajus paniscus, or four-fingered monkey, has a long flat face, of a swarthy flesh colour: the eyes are sunk in the head; ears like the human; limbs of a great length, and uncommonly slender: the hair is black, long, and rough. There are only four fingers on the hands, being quite destitute of a thumb; five toes on the feet. The tail is long; and naked below, near the end. The body is slender; about a foot and a half long; the tail near two feet, and so prehensile as to serve every purpose of a hand. They inhabit the neighbourhood of Carthagena, Guiana, Brazil, and Peru; associate in vast herds; and are scarce ever seen on the ground. Dampier describes their gambols in a lively manner: "There was (says he) a great company dancing from tree to tree over my head, chattering, and making a terrible noise and a great many grim faces and antic gestures; some broke down dry sticks and flung them at me, others scattered their urine and dung about my ears: at last one bigger than the rest came to a small limb just over my head, and leaping directly at me, made me leap back; but the monkey caught hold of the bough with the tip of its tail, and there continued twirling to and fro, making mouths at me. The females with their young ones are much troubled to leap after the males; for they have commonly two, one she carries under her arm, the other sits on her back, and clasps its two fore-paws about her neck: are very full when taken; and very hard to be got when shot, for they will cling with their tail or feet to a bough as long as any life remains. When I have shot at one, and broke a leg or arm, I have pitied the poor creature to see it look and handle the broken limb, and turn it from side to side."—They are the most active of monkeys, and quite enliven the torpor of America. In order to pass from top to top of lofty trees, whose branches are too distant for a leap, they will form a chain, by hanging down, linked to each other by their tails, and swinging in that manner till the lowest catches hold of a bough of the next tree, and draws up the rest; and sometimes they pass rivers by the same expedient. They are sometimes brought to Europe; but are very tender, and seldom live long in our climate.

32. The fai, papajus capucinus, or weeper, with a round and flat face, of a reddish brown colour, very deformed: the hair on the head and upper part of the body black, tinged with brown; beneath and on the limbs tinged with red: tail black, and much longer than the head and body: the young excessively deformed; their hair very long, and thinly dispersed.—In the British Museum are specimens of old and young. M. de Buffon has a variety with a white throat. Inhabits Surinam and Brazil: appear as if it was always weeping; of a melancholy disposition; but very full of imitating what it sees done. These probably are the monkeys Dampier saw in the Bay of All Saints, which he says are very ugly, and smell strongly of musk. They keep in large companies; and make a great chattering, especially in stormy weather; reside much on a species of tree which bears a podded fruit, which they feed on.

33. Papajus fatuellas, or horned papajou, has two Fig. 25. tufts of hair on the head, resembling little horns: its beardless. Inhabits South America. The face, sides, belly, and fore-parts of the thighs are brown; the top of the head, middle of the back, tail, legs, and posterior parts of the thighs, are black; the nails are long and rather blunt; the tail is prehensile and twisted spirally. Perhaps of the same species with the simia apella or capuchin (Gm.). This, in all probability, is one of the fictitious species, purposely deformed, by exhibitors of wild beasts, to impose on the public.

34. Saimiri, papajus sciureus, or orange monkey, has no beard; the hinder part of the head is prominent; and the nails on the four toes of the hind paws are narrow and pointed. It inhabits South America, and is the most beautiful of all the papajous; its movements are graceful; its size small; its colour a brilliant yellow; its visage round, with large vivacious eyes, surrounded by flesh-coloured rings; it has hardly any forehead; the nose is elevated at the base, and flattened at the point: the mouth is small, the face flat and naked, and the ears are garnished with hair, and a little pointed; the tail is only half prehensile: it stands with ease on two feet, but commonly walks on all four.

V. Sagoinis, Sagoini. These have long tails, Ker's Trans., which are proportionally longer than those of the papajous; straight, flaccid, entirely covered with hair, and not prehensile; that is, incapable of laying hold of any object: the cheeks have no pouches; and the buttocks, which are covered with hair, have no callosities: the partition between the nostrils is very thick, and the apertures are placed on the sides of the nose. The females do not menstruate. This race of animals is only found in America.

35. The saki, lagoinus pithecia, or fox-tailed monkey, with a swarthy face, covered with short white down: forehead and sides of the face with whitish, and pretty long hair: body with long dusky brown hairs; white or yellowish at their tips: hair on the tail very long and bushy; sometimes black, sometimes reddish: belly and lower part of the limbs a reddish white: length from nose to tail near a foot and a half: tail longer, and like that of a fox: hands and feet black, with claws instead of nails. Inhabits Guiana.

36. The saglin, lagoinus iacchus, or striated monkey,

(c) Ulloa's Voy. I. 113. Des Marchais, III. 311. says, they are excellent eating, and that a soupe aux singes will be found as good as any other, as soon as you have conquered the aversion to the bouilli of their heads, which look very like those of little children. key, with a very round head; about the ears two very long full tufts of white hairs standing out on each side; irides reddish; face a tawny flesh colour; ears like the human; head black; body ash coloured, reddish, and dusky; the last forms striated bars across the body; tail full of hair, annulated with ash colour and black; body seven inches long; tail near eleven; hands and feet covered with short hairs; fingers like those of a squirrel; nails, or rather claws, sharp. Inhabits Brazil; feeds on vegetables; will also eat fish; makes a weak noise; very restless; often brought over to Europe.

37. Pinche, sagoinus edipus, or red-tailed monkey, is beardless; has a flowing head of hair, which hangs down on each side; a red tail and sharp claws. It has neither cheek-pouches nor callosities on the buttocks. His tail is not prehensile, and is more than twice the length of the head and body. The partition of the nostrils is thick, and the apertures are placed at a side. The face, throat, and ears are black; on the head are long white hairs. The muzzle is broad, and the face round. The hair on the body is pretty long; of a yellowish brown or reddish colour till near the tail, where it becomes orange; on the breast, belly, hands, and feet, it is white, and shorter than on the body. The tail, from the origin to one-half of its length, is a vivid red, then brownish red, and toward the point it is black. He is about nine inches in length, and walks on four feet. The females are not subject to the menstrual evacuation.

38. The marikina, sagoinus rosaliae, or silky monkey, is beardless; has a very hairy head; the circumference of the face and the feet are red; and the claws are sharp and narrow. It inhabits South America. A brisk animal, less impatient of cold than the rest of this race; the body is of a yellowish white colour; the nails on the thumbs and great toes are rounded; the ears are naked, but are hidden beneath the fur. It has a round head, and a brown face, which is surrounded with a kind of mane of a bright red colour; the hair on the body and tail is long, silky, and of a pale but vivid yellow colour, almost white, with a considerable tuft at the extremity of the tail. It walks on four feet, and is eight or nine inches in length, from the muzzle to the rump; and the tail is above 13 inches long. This species has the same manners and vivacity with the other sagoinus, but is more robust in constitution, as an individual lived five or six years in Paris, being kept in a warm room during winter.

39. The mico, sagoinus argenteus, or fair monkey, with a small round head; face and ears of the most lively vermilion colour; body covered with most beautiful long hairs of a bright and silvery whiteness, of matchless elegance; tail of a shining dark chestnut; head and body eight inches long; tail 12. Inhabits the banks of the Amazons; discovered by M. de Condamine.

40. The tamarin, sagoinus Midas, or great-eared monkey, with a round head, swarthy, flesh coloured, naked face; upper lip a little divided; ears very large, erect, naked, and almost square; hair on the forehead upright and long; on the body soft, but flappy; the head, whole body, and upper part of the limbs black, except the lower part of the back, which is tinged with yellow; hands and feet covered with orange-coloured hairs, very fine and smooth; nails long and crooked; tail black, and twice the length of the body; teeth very white. It is of the size of a squirrel. It inhabits the hotter parts of South America, and the isle of Gorgona, south of Panama, in the South Sea. There are, says Dampier, a great many little black monkeys; at low-water they come to the sea-side to take mussels and periwinkles, which they dig out of the shells with their claws.

Besides these which we have described, there are a great many species which we have omitted. Those who wish to be better acquainted with the simiae, may consult Buffon, Pennant, and Gmelin's edition of the Zoology of Linnaeus by Mr Ker.